国际水文计划的科学成就

本文对“国际水文十年”和“国际水文计划”在过去25年里的主要科学成就进行了综述。对“十年”和“计划”发展各阶段的特点也有阐述。最后,对这项国际合作计划的科学进展问题谈了几点认识。     

Three decades of IGCP in China

China celebrated the 30th anniversary of its participation in the International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) on November 11, 2003 in Beijing. About 200 people from the Ministry of Land and Resources.Ministry of Science and Technology, China Seismology Bureau, NSFC, CNPC.SINOPEC CORP., China Geological Survey, Chinese Academy of Geological Sci-     

序

去年12月15日,国土资源部在广西桂林市中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所隆重举行了联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心挂牌成立大会。国际岩溶研究中心是联合国科教文组织在地球科学领域批准成立的第一个国际二类研究中心。国际岩溶研究中心在桂林成立,是联合国教科文组织基于我国丰富的、     

Tri-lateral workshop on natural hazards: towards a comprehensive assessment of risks due to natural hazards,Canada - U.S.A. - Mexico

Summary This workshop was primarily motivated by the goals of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), one of which is that each country should have a comprehensive national assessment of risks due to natural hazards by the year 2000. It was sponsored by the Environmental Adaptation Research Group (EARG) of Environment Canada, the International Partnerships of Environment Canada, the Geological Survey of Canada, Emergency Preparedness Canada and the Canadian National Committee of the IDNDR. The National Science Foundation of the U.S. and the Government of Mexico supported travel costs related to their delegates. The workshop dealt with both atmospheric hazards such as tornadoes and floods, and geological hazards such as earthquakes and landslides. Nine U.S., eight Mexican and 24 Canadian participants included academia, government and the private sector. Six projects were selected as being of joint interest to all three countries, with lead country and agencies identified for possible future cooperative work.     

The reduction of windstorm hazard through the IDNDR

This paper summarizes the target areas for research which will plug gaps in knowledge concerning the windstorm hazard, and initiatives which will improve preparedness, protection and recovery. Part I refers to strategic planning aspects and Part II outlines the character of windstorm damage, the ingredients of disaster, and a research agenda.The international character of both the windstorm hazard itself as well as many of the means for mitigating this hazard give the IDNDR, through the UN, unique advantages and opportunities. Among these are: the UN's current involvement with many aspects of the wind storm problem including World Weather Watch and Disaster Relief as well as the UN's accessibility to many Third World development programmes.Many national and international, governmental, professional and research communities are already hard at work improving the understanding of the wind storm hazard and providing the knowledge base on which advances can be made. This work will continue. The IDNDR will be a catalyst in changing attitudes and in achieving objectives which would otherwise be greatly more difficult.This paper was presented to the ad hoc Committee of Experts, UN Steering Committee for International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) held in Geneva, 6 July 1988. The views expressed are the author's and are not the official views of the UN Steering Committee.     

华南钨地球化学块体结构及成因研究

华南存在水系沉积物钨含量大于3×10^-6、面积达50余万平方千米的钨地球化学块体。在长达2000余千米的西秦岭造山带.华夏地块地球化学走廊带以区域尺度(1件样品/1~2km)采样方法系统采集了不同时代不同类型的岩浆岩、地层中岩石与沉积物样品,精确测定了包括钨在内的81种元素(指标)的含量,解析了华南钨地球化学块体的内部结构,探讨了块体内钨的分布与富集规律,并对块体的成因进行了研究。根据走廊带沉积物中钨的中高背景区(W=3×10^-6~4×10^-6)、高背景区(W=4×10^-6~6×10^-6)和异常区(W>6×10^-6)分别将华南钨地球化学块体套合结构解析为外围、次级浓集中心和浓集中心,并对各结构主要地质体的钨含量分布进行了研究。揭示了华南钨地球化学块体的形成过程:地壳演化早期的不均一导致钨初步富集在华南造山带的沉积岩中;华南造山带早古生代到晚中生代发生多次陆内造山运动伴随大规模岩浆活动,使古老地层中的钨进一步浓集于加里东期.燕山早期花岗岩;华南晚中生代发生大规模钨成矿作用,钨进一步浓集于矿体及周边。     

Compilation of serial maps on karst geology of China and Southeast Asia

The compilation of serial maps of karst geology in China and Southeast Asia is a project under the “One Belt One Road” geological survey plan granted by China Geological Survey. This paper summarized the research trend of geoscientific mapping in China and Southeast Asia and introduced the significance, contents, technical routes, operating methods and progress of the project. Through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, this project builded an international cooperation platform for mapping and completes the preliminary compilation of related karst geological maps in China and Southeast Asia, thus filling up the blank of karst geological maps in this region.     

美国全球变化研究的法律基础

自1990年以来，美国全球变化研究计划（USGCRP）已经实施了10多年，并取得了丰硕的成果，这在很大程度上归因于相对完善的法律体系。一方面，《1990年全球变化研究法案》全面协调该计划在国内和国际的实施，使计划在实施的10年里获得了大量的基础科学数据和丰富的研究成果；另一方面，美国《信息自由法》、《版权法》及相关数据政策促进了全球变化研究数据和信息的共享，避免了在获取科学数据方面的重复建设，提高了数据的使用效率。在全球变化研究法案的强制要求下，美国的全球变化研究计划稳定发展、不断完善。     

2000～2013年美英日地质调查机构科研态势分析——基于文献计量学方法研究

本文基于文献计量方法,以美国、英国和日本地质调查机构2000～2013年发表的论文为对象,从产出论文数量及年度变化、主要研究领域和热点变化、国际合作和机构合作等方面,对3家地质调查机构的科研发展态势进行判读,为国内地质调查机构的发展提供参考。     

国际全球变化研究发展态势文献计量评价

全球变化研究是国际上地球系统综合研究的重大跨学科研究领域.随着全球环境问题的日益突出,国际上先后组织发起了全球环境变化研究的四大科学计划WCRP、IGBP、IHDP、DIVERSITAS及其组成的地球系统科学联盟ESSP,开展对全球变化和地球系统科学的研究.当前,全球变化问题不仅是科学界关注和研究的问题,也是政治界、经济界都关注的重大问题.科技文献能够反映科学前沿的发展动态.对SCIE和SSCI数据库收录的全球变化研究文献进行统计,从文献计量学的角度,分析国际全球变化研究领域的发展态势,了解中国全球变化研究的国际影响力.可以看出:国际上全球变化研究的论文数量一直呈增长趋势,以地球科学多学科、生态学、环境科学、自然地理学、植物学等学科领域为主.中国自2000年以来在该领域的发文数量增长较快,特别是中国科学院的发文量已进入国际前列,但中国在该研究领域尚缺少高影响力的论文.     

Topical Collection: Climate-change research by early-career hydrogeologists

Scientific outreach, international networking, collaboration and adequate courses are needed in both developed and developing countries to enable early-career hydrogeologists to promote long-term multidisciplinary approaches to cope with climate-change issues and emphasize the importance of groundwater in a global strategy for adaptation. One such collaboration has involved the Early Career Hydrogeologists’ Network of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (ECHN-IAH) and the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme’s (IHP) Groundwater Resources Assessment under the Pressures of Humanity and Climate Changes (GRAPHIC) project. This collaboration seeks to foster the education and involvement of the future generation of water leaders in the debate over groundwater and climate change.     

The TRANSMED Atlas： geological-geophysical fabric of the Mediterranean region——Final report of the project

Geological research on the Mediterranean region is presently characterized by the transition from disciplinary to multidisciplinary research, as well as from national to international investigations. In order to synthesize and integrate the vast disciplinary and national datasets which are available, it is necessary to implement maximum interaction among geoscientists of different backgrounds. The creation of project-oriented task forces in universities and other research institutions, as well as the development of large international cooperation programs, is instrumental in pursuing such a multidisciplinary and supranational approach. The TRANSMED Atlas, an official publication of the 32nd International Geological Congress (Florence 2004), is the result of an international scientific cooperation program which brought together for over two years sixtythree structural geologists, geophysicists, marine geologists, petrologists, sedimentologists, stratigraphers, paleogeographers, and petroleum geologists coming from eighteen countries, and working for the petroleum industry, academia, and other institutions, both public and private. The TRANSMED Atlas provides an updated, synthetic, and coherent portrayal of the overall geological-geophysical structure of the Mediterranean domain and the surrounding areas. The initial stimulus for the Atlas came from the realization of the extremely heterogeneous nature of the existing geological-geophysical data about such domain. These data have been gathered by universities, oil companies, geological surveys and other institutions in several countries, often using different procedures and standards. In addition, much of these data are written in languages and published in outlets that are not readily accessible to the general international reader. By synthesizing and integrating a wealth of preexisting and new data derived from surficial geology, seismic sections at various scales, and mantle tomographies, the TRANSMED Atlas provides for the first time a coherent geological overview of the Mediterranean region and represents an ideal springboard for future studies.     

论水资源学和水文学的关系

水资源学的基础是水文学。水资源学在发展中不断向水文学提出新的要求,水文学也在加强对水资源学服务中得到新的发展。水资源学和水文学沿着各自的途径前进,并且在发展中相互促进,以求在更高层次上相互依存,共同发展。     

世界地下水资源图介绍

世界地下水资源图由联合国教科文组织、世界地质图委员会、国际水文地质学家协会、国际原子能机构和德国地球科学及自然资源研究院共同组织编制,其目标是利用地理信息系统在全球尺度上汇总地下水资源,以比例尺1:25M的图件为基础,为国际社会了解世界地下水系统提供基础。2004年3月在法国巴黎召开了世界地下水资源图指导委员会工作会议,8月将在第32届国际地质大会上展示1:50M世界地下水资源图。最终的成果将于2006年国际水文地质学家协会成立50周年之际出版。     

The Opening Ceremony of the International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO was held in Guilin on 15 December,2008

The Opening Ceremony of the International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO was held in the Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences in Guilin on 15 December, 2008.     

主要发达国家地质信息服务的政策体系及其特点

信息服务政策是信息服务顺利实施的保障。美、加、澳和英国等主要发达国家的地质调查机构制定并执行了一系列的信息服务政策。这些政策规定了服务的对象、内容、定价、合作伙伴关系、信息发布、客户关系、服务质量等方面的行为准则,涵盖了实施信息服务涉及的所有主要行为,已经形成了比较完整的体系。从以下几个方面阐述了上述主要发达国家信息服务政策体系的特点:信息自由法、版权对地质信息服务的影响,比较完善的定价政策、价格体系和重视用政策、标准规范信息服务。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Landslides</Emphasis>: a review of achievements in the first 5 years (2004–2009)

The international journal Landslides was initiated in April 2004. It is the core project (IPL-C100) of the International Programme on Landslides, a joint initiative of the International Consortium on Landslides and the United Nations and other global organizations. The aims of Landslides are to promote landslide sciences, technology, and capacity building and strengthen global cooperation for landslide risk reduction within the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. This paper presents an analysis of the first 5 years of Landslides, the study methods employed, the types and major causes of landslides, the number of different contributors per country, and the “times cited” per issue and most frequently cited papers and briefly discusses some of these. Strategies for future development of the journal involve obtaining input and suggestion from researchers and readers worldwide.     

岩溶地区水文地质环境地质综合调查工程进展

近年来,由中国地质调查局组织实施的“岩溶地区水文地质环境地质综合调查”工程,按阶段任务目标,基本查明了我国南方岩溶区岩溶地下水资源赋存分布规律和开发利用潜力,发现了石漠化、地下水污染、内涝灾害等环境地质问题,揭示了岩溶作用对油气资源、矿产资源、岩溶旅游资源、碳循环和环境地质问题的控制机制,启动了“全球岩溶动力系统资源环境效应”国际大科学计划,在岩溶动力学理论、岩溶石笋高分辨率测年、岩溶人工增汇和岩溶地下水探测等方面实现了重大科技创新。建立的不同类型区岩溶地下水富水模式、成井模式、有效开发利用模式以及石漠化区综合治理模式,经实践表明具有推广应用价值,可为岩溶水资源可持续开发利用、石漠化综合治理、地下水污染防治和岩溶贫困区脱贫攻坚提供技术支撑。     

Observation of isotopes in the water cycle—the Swiss National Network (NISOT)

The Swiss National Network for the Observation of Isotopes in the Water Cycle (NISOT) includes eleven precipitation, seven surface water (river) and three groundwater stations, where tritium, deuterium and oxygen-18 are monthly measured in composite samples. The network provides a good overview of the characteristic isotope signatures in recharge waters in Switzerland and of the relations between isotopes and altitude, orography and the amount of precipitation. Mixing of air water vapour and surface waters can be observed along a NW/SE cross section through the Alps. With increasing length of the data series, the network provides a valuable contribution for national and international scientific and practical applications in surface and subsurface hydrology, climatology and biology. The Swiss Geological Survey at the Federal Office for Water and Geology operates the isotope network within the legal framework of the Federal Law on the Protection of Waters and guarantees quality, access and distribution of the isotope data.