应力路径对黄土固结不排水剪强度的影响

用总应力法研究了应力路径对陇西Q3原状黄土的固结不排水剪强度的影响。试验基于正交设计,考虑了含水率、固结比、固结末径向应力和剪切路径4个因子、4种水平。试验结果表明,当黄土各向异性程度较小时应力路径对黄土的固结不排水抗剪强度有一定影响;基于正交设计的黄土三轴固结不排水剪试验的破坏点与普通三轴固结不排水剪试验（均压固结常规剪切）得到的破坏点处于一个条带内。黄土强度随含水率的变化规律与普通三轴固结不排水剪试验的相同。     

The behaviour of consolidated volcanic tuffs: weathering mechanisms under simulated laboratory conditions

Five volcanic tuffs ranging from dacitic tuffs of Hungary to rhyolite, phonolite and basaltic tuffs of Germany were consolidated under laboratory conditions. Prior to consolidation an anti-hygro, a hydrous consolidant, which reduces the swelling ability of clay minerals, was applied. The three consolidants, a silicic acid ester (SAE), an elastic silicic acid ester (eSAE) and an acrylate resin (PMMA) were applied on test specimens under vacuum. Petrographic characterisation (polarizing microscopy, XRD, SEM) provided data for fabric analyses and the mineral composition of the tuffs. Changes in fabric, effective porosity, density, tensile strength, ultrasonic wave velocity were evaluated after the treatment. Weathering simulation tests such as hygric dilatation and thermal dilatation aimed to prove the effectiveness of consolidation and the durability of consolidated tuff samples. More than 500 samples were analysed. The tests showed that SAE caused the highest increase in indirect tensile strength. The water absorption and the pore size distribution of the tuffs were modified by consolidation. The PMMA reduced the water absorption the most, whereas SAE modified it the least. All the tested consolidants increased the thermal dilatation of the tuffs. The changes in hygric dilatation were not uniform: for most tuffs SAE increased and PMMA decreased the hygric dilatation, although the clay-rich Habichtswald tuff showed the opposite trend. The changes in hygric and thermal behaviour of consolidated tuff require special care when specific consolidants are chosen. These products modify the physical properties of consolidated tuffs and change the behaviour of weathering.     

Fractal characteristics of loess formation: evidence from laboratory experiments

The fractal is presented as a method for describing the geometry of particles, with particular reference to the breakdown of granular soils and the formation of loess. The preliminary results are reported: (a) for the extent to which silt due to comminution exhibits a fractal distribution; (b) the tendency of fractal dimension to change with the comminution process; and (c) the relationship between fractal dimension describing particle size distribution and the grinding time. Laboratory simulation confirms the general tendency of fractal characteristics to reflect the size reduction process.     

Comparison of Milankovitch periods between continental loess and deep sea records over the last 2.5 Ma

A high-resolution East Asian winter monsoon proxy record reconstructed from the Baoji loess section in China shows two major shifts in climate modes over the past 2.5 Ma, one occurring at about 1.7–1.6 Ma BP and the other at about 0.8–0.5 Ma BP. The 1.7–1.6 Ma shift is characterized by a rather abrupt transition of winter monsoon variability from various periodicities to dominant 41-ka cycles, and accompanied by a substantial increase in intensity of winter monsoon winds as manifested by an increase in average loess grain size. The 0.8–0.5 Ma event shows a relatively gradual transition from constant 41-ka cycles to predominant 100-ka climatic oscillations with a significant increase in amplitude. The 0.8–0.5 Ma shift matches that registered in deep-sea δ¹⁸O records, whereas the 1.7–1.6 Ma shift is absent in global ice volume changes. This comparison suggests that at about 1.6 Ma BP, the ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere may have reached a critical size, sufficient to modulate changes in the global climate system. The discrepancy of climate cyclicity between loess and deep-sea records over the 2.5–1.6 Ma interval suggests that the older Matuyama climate evolution cannot be understood simply by a regular 41 ka cycle model on a global scale. More long proxy records derived from continental deposits are needed.     

A laboratory study of collapse behaviour of remoulded loess under controlled wetting and flooding

This paper presents the effect of initial placement conditions and flooding stress (vertical compressive stress at flooding) on the collapse potential of remoulded loess. Compacted specimens of loess were tested in a one-dimensional consolidometer to study the collapse behaviour. Initial water content, dry unit weight and flooding stress were varied. Collapse potential was found to be dependent on initial water content, initial dry unit weight and flooding stress. Partial collapse was studied by allowing measured increments of water into the specimens.     

黄土结构强度与湿陷性的关系初探

阐述了黄土结构强度的概念和测定方法及其变化规律,并依据其与含水率的幂函数关系以及黄土湿陷系数与含水率的幂函数关系,找到了结构强度与湿陷系数的线性拟合关系,对黄土结构强度与湿陷性的关系进行了分析。结果表明,黄土的初始含水率越大,结构强度越小,湿陷系数也越小;在含水率相同或相近的情况下,黄土的湿陷系数会随着结构强度的增大而减小。     

原状黄土的结构性及其与变形特性关系研究

在不同含水率下对兰州、西安原状黄土进行压缩试验,根据同一压力下原状、重塑及饱和黄土的孔隙比定义了一个定量结构性参数,探讨了结构性参数随压力及含水率变化的规律性。研究表明：（1）用结构性参数随含水率及压力变化特性来研究结构性对原状黄土的压缩性、湿陷性的影响可以得到良好的规律性。（2）同一含水率下结构性参数在压力未达到结构强度以前,随压力的增大而增大;达到结构强度之后,压力增大使结构性参数明显减小或缓慢增大。（3）同一压力下结构性参数在含水率未达到结构破坏起始含水率?f之前降低很小;达到?f之后,含水率增大,使结构性参数快速减小。?f随压力的增大而减小,高压力处含水率变化对结构性参数有显著影响。（4）两地黄土在不同压力或含水率下湿陷系数与结构性参数mp关系可以归一为一条直线,即湿陷系数受结构性影响的规律是相同的。     

青藏高原东缘湖相沉积和黄土高原黄土沉积磁化率与粒度相关性对比*

为探讨构造稳定地区(如黄土高原)和构造活跃地区(如青藏高原东缘)粉尘沉积物中磁化率(SUS)与粒度的相关性及其对环境事件的指示意义,本次研究分析了黄土高原蓝田剖面黄土—古土壤样品和青藏高原东缘湖相沉积样品的粒度和磁化率记录。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强正相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强负相关,反映2~10 μm粒度组分为黄土高原和青藏高原乃至亚洲干旱—半干旱地区连续稳定敏感的背景沉积组分。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强负相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强正相关,反映32~63 μm粒度组分不仅是黄土高原尘暴事件沉积的敏感指标,也是青藏高原东缘湖相沉积记录的地震事件敏感指标。SUS与粒度组分的相关性在青藏高原东缘地区地震事件层开始部分高于结束部分,也较好地反映地震事件为研究区添加新鲜沉积物后随地形地貌恢复逐步减少的过程。SUS与粒度组分相关性也受当地物源的影响。     

黄土的湿陷性与击实试验指标关系研究

进行了黄土的击实试验,提出了击实率的概念,拓展了CART(classification and regression trees)决策树算法的功能。将其用于相关性挖掘,进行了原状黄土湿陷性与击实率等指标的相关性挖掘,结果表明,击实率与湿陷系数具有相关性,击实率与最优含水率状态的击实率呈显著负相关性。根据试验及分析结果提出黄土在击实过程中的变形特性可反映黄土的湿陷性,黄土的击实效果同其湿陷性具相关性。这一研究为黄土湿陷性的评价提出了一条新的思路,同时成果具有实用性。     

黄土滑坡发育特征参数的幂律相依性研究

以天水市麦积区幅为例,利用最小二乘法的拟合方法,对黄土滑坡发育特征参数的幂律相依性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)滑坡-累积频率的幂律相依性不仅存在于滑坡面积-累积频率、体积-累积频率间,还存在于滑坡后缘距离分水岭高程与其发生的累积频率之间;(2)滑坡规模参数幂指数分布特征为面积与长度＞面积与宽度＞体积与面积;运动特征参数幂指数的分布特征为体积与最大垂直滑动距离＞体积与最大水平滑动距离＞面积与最大垂直滑动距离＞面积与最大水平滑动距离;(3)滑坡的等效摩擦系数与滑坡面积、体积的幂函数相关性差,故而该经验关系式仅能代表趋势特征,不能作为定量分析的依据。     

青藏高原东缘湖相沉积和黄土高原黄土沉积磁化率与粒度相关性对比*

为探讨构造稳定地区(如黄土高原)和构造活跃地区(如青藏高原东缘)粉尘沉积物中磁化率(SUS)与粒度的相关性及其对环境事件的指示意义,本次研究分析了黄土高原蓝田剖面黄土—古土壤样品和青藏高原东缘湖相沉积样品的粒度和磁化率记录。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强正相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强负相关,反映2~10 μm粒度组分为黄土高原和青藏高原乃至亚洲干旱—半干旱地区连续稳定敏感的背景沉积组分。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强负相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强正相关,反映32~63 μm粒度组分不仅是黄土高原尘暴事件沉积的敏感指标,也是青藏高原东缘湖相沉积记录的地震事件敏感指标。SUS与粒度组分的相关性在青藏高原东缘地区地震事件层开始部分高于结束部分,也较好地反映地震事件为研究区添加新鲜沉积物后随地形地貌恢复逐步减少的过程。SUS与粒度组分相关性也受当地物源的影响。     

黄土边坡二维和三维变形破坏模型的对比分析

边坡变形特征在稳定性预测中尤为重要,已有文献往往只局限于二维或三维分析,没有对两者加以比较,导致模型选择与分析的问题不一致,浪费了时间和金钱。针对这个问题,课题组以某黄土边坡加固为例,运用ADINA软件建立二维和三维模型进行模拟,并与现场实际对照。结果表明：两种模型对边坡变形趋势的分析结果一致;三维模型变形预测值大于二维模型的30％～100％,分别得出定性和定量的结果,三维模型更符合实际变形;两种模型预测出的最薄弱部位和现场实际一致,具有实用性。这些结论为黄土边坡的变形预测和加固分析模型的选择提供了参考依据。     

黄土台缘滑坡滑距与滑体形态的关系分析

在黄土台塬地区,由于过量引水灌溉导致塬边滑坡频繁发生。本文以24起甘肃黑方台滑坡及11起陕西泾阳南塬滑坡为研究对象,分析台缘地区滑坡滑动距离与滑体各参数之间的关系,结果显示滑距与滑体体积、宽度及厚度的关系较为明显,并以表征滑体形态的滑体长度、宽度及厚度作为计算滑距的指标,通过多元线性回归及模糊信息优化法量化滑体参数与滑距之间的关系,计算滑距,并对计算结果进行对比,结果表明其计算值与实际值吻合度都较高,可为滑距的计算及统计提供参考。     

非饱和黄土结构性参数与其强度指标关系初探

在非饱和黄土结构性前期研究成果的基础上,初步探索了结构性参数与强度指标之间的联系规律以及如何利用结构性参数求取土体不同结构状态下的强度指标等问题。分析表明,结构性参数与强度指标之间存在良好的内在联系;所定义的非饱和黄土结构性参数比与土结构性的影响因素之间关系密切;通过反映土结构性各因素综合影响的定量指标--综合结构状态量,结合原状黄土天然含水率下的强度指标,可以在较大范围求出给定结构状态下非饱和黄土的强度指标。     

基于联合强度的黄土主动土压力公式与计算比较

土压力计算问题虽然是岩土工程中的传统研究课题之一,但对于结构性黄土而言,抗剪强度和抗拉强度是结构性黄土强度特性的两个方面,因此,黄土抗拉强度在黄土土压力计算中存在的影响需要进行合理的评价。基于建立的可综合考虑黄土抗拉和抗剪特性的联合强度理论,开展了主动极限应力平衡分析,推导了主动土压力新的计算公式,对该计算公式进行了验证并与朗肯主动土压力进行了比较。研究结果表明:在主动土压力计算与比较中,基于黄土联合强度确定的主动土压力比基于传统的Mohr-Coulomb理论确定的朗肯主动土压力要大,且墙后填土拉张区开裂深度相对要小。由于Mohr-Coulomb强度理论高估了黄土的抗拉强度,导致朗肯主动土压力计算值偏小,而基于黄土抗拉强度建立的联合强度可以合理地评价黄土的主动土压力。     

Comparison of potentially toxic metals leaching from weathered rocks at a closed mine site between laboratory columns and field observation

Potentially toxic metals, such as Cu, Pb and Zn, are leached from weathered rocks at many closed mine sites due to the acidic environments and mineralogical modifications. The mobilized toxic metals may cause contamination of surrounding water bodies. In this study, both laboratory column experiments and field observations at a former mine located in the north of Japan were carried out to compare the leaching behavior of Cu, Pb and Zn. The thickness of the surface weathered rock was varied (10, 20 and 30 cm) for the columns experiments while porous cups for porewater sampling were set up at different depths (GL-15, -45, -70, and -95 cm) for the field observations. Deionized water was added once a week over 75 weeks to the columns to simulate rainfall while porewater was extracted by a vacuum pump in several sampling campaigns (over 18 months). Similar low pH and leaching behavior of potentially toxic metals were observed for column experiments and field observations. A moderate increase in concentration with depth was observed for Cu and Zn. However, no increase in concentration was observed for Pb. This suggests that the leaching of Cu and Zn is enhanced by the length of the flow pathway through the weathered rock layer while Pb concentration is restricted by the precipitation of insoluble Pb sulfate. Thus, the thickness of the weathered rock layer is an important parameter that should be taken into consideration to estimate the loads of some potentially toxic metals, which is important when designing remediation schemes.     

非饱和重塑黄土基质吸力变化特征与物理性质的关系

本文以兰州重塑黄土为对象,通过室内试验分析6组非饱和重塑黄土土-水特征曲线分段特征值与主要物性指标的统计关系,探讨了非饱和重塑黄土物理性质对其基质吸力变化特征的影响。结果表明,对于非饱和重塑黄土,分段特征含水量、特征饱和度、特征基质吸力与干密度关系密切,与颗粒级配关系较弱。随干密度增加,过渡区特征饱和度、残余饱和度线性增加,饱和含水量、过渡区特征含水量线性降低,残余基质吸力及过渡区特征基质吸力分别为线性及非线性增加。过渡区特征饱和度、残余饱和度与土体中粘粒含量线性正相关,与粉粒含量负相关。饱和含水量与粉粒含量线性正相关,残余基质吸力与其线性负相关。重塑黄土的微观结构显示这些关系受制于土体的孔隙结构和颗粒间的相互关系。     

Relation between dislocation density and subgrain size of naturally deformed olivine in peridotites

The subgrain size and the dislocation density of subgrain interiors were measured by the oxidation-decoration method under the optical microscope on naturally deformed olivine from peridotite xenoliths and alpine-type peridotites. Relation of the subgrain size, d and the dislocation density, , within subgrains is represented by the equation, d=15/. Combining with relations of the differential stress and the dislocation density proposed by Kohlstedt and Goetze (1974), relation between the stress () and the subgrain size becomes d=45 Gb/, where G and b are the rigidity and the magnitude of the Burgers vector of olivine. This relation is in good agreement with those in a simple oxide (MgO), and alkali halides (NaCl, LiF) given by Hüther and Reppich (1973), Poirier (1972), and Streb and Reppich (1973), respectively.     

饱和黄土的性质与非饱和黄土流变模型

对西安地区相关数据统计分析，把西安市饱和黄土、软黄土的工程性质与一般黄土进行详细对比，指出它们之间的工程性质差异。同时重点介绍推导非饱和黄土加载体积流变模型过程以及模型的适用条件，对该模型的应用作了分析。