ECMWF业务预报模式地面气温预报的不一致性特征研究

为探讨ECMWF业务预报模式(以下简称ECMWF)的地面气温预报不一致性问题,本文利用2015年12月1日—2016年11月30日业务预报中常用的地面气温预报数据,研究ECMWF地面气温预报产品在不同季节里的不一致性指数分布及变化特征。结果表明:各个季节不一致性指数有不同的特点,冬季不一致性指数最大,大值区主要分布在除华南和青藏高原外的大部分区域;而夏季不一致性指数最小,在青藏高原地区不一致性指数相对较大;春、秋两季不一致性指数大小均处于冬、夏季之间。此外,研究还发现冬季地面气温预报不一致性指数单日变化较大,而夏季较小。夏季不同起报时间的地面气温预报比较稳定。     

Energetics of African wave disturbances derived from the FSU Global Spectral Model

Summary The FSU Global Spectral Model including comprehensive physical parameterization and high resolution (T 106) is used to make predictions to 48 hours for two cases of African easterly wave disturbances which occurred during FGGE. Model output is compared with FGGE III-b analyses to qualitatively assess the model's performance. The results of energetics calculations for the two case studies are included in this study. These calculations are based on model output to 24 hours. The energetics results confirm that combined barotropic/baroclinic instability provides the primary energy source for the African waves. Such energetics results, based on individual case studies, also provide an interesting and valuable comparison with compositing studies on African waves. An aspect of this study deals with the definition of a double jet stream structure at 700 mb for the two cases under consideration. The energetics patierns in zones to the north and south of each of these jets are separately portrayed.With 15 Figures     

A theoretical and numerical study of African wave disturbances

Summary Based upon linearized perturbation analysis, the initiating mechanisms for African wave disturbances were investigated. The analysis indicates that in summer over the deserts of tropical North Africa dynamic instability possessing the prominent characteristics of the wave disturbances can occur in the lower troposphere under the unique thermal conditions maintained by solar heating.The non-linear aspects of the instability and the dynamics of a developing African wave disturbance were examined using real-data forecast experiments. The prediction model was a three dimensional primitive equation model. The numerical results reveal the controlling role of the thermal structure in determining the horizontal scale of motion in West Africa. The dynamic responses to the thermal structure result in a configuration favorable for the baroclinic development of the model wave system. Findings from the modeling are in good agreement with the linear model's assessment of many basic features of the disturbances.This study also underlines the significance of radiation-dynamics interaction in the short-range limited-area numerical weather prediction. In summer, over the arid land of the southwestern United States under strong solar heating short-wave disturbances, which may share the similar origin as African waves, are often observed in the lower troposphere. Encounterring potentially unstable air mass the disturbances can trigger heavy rainfall. The indicator is that the inclusion of adequate radiation processes in regional modeling may be essential for improving the prediction of some heavy precipitation events.With 8 Figures     

ECMWF seasonal forecast system 3 and its prediction of sea surface temperature

The latest operational version of the ECMWF seasonal forecasting system is described. It shows noticeably improved skill for sea surface temperature (SST) prediction compared with previous versions, particularly with respect to El Nino related variability. Substantial skill is shown for lead times up to 1?year, although at this range the spread in the ensemble forecast implies a loss of predictability large enough to account for most of the forecast error variance, suggesting only moderate scope for improving long range El Nino forecasts. At shorter ranges, particularly 3?C6?months, skill is still substantially below the model-estimated predictability limit. SST forecast skill is higher for more recent periods than earlier ones. Analysis shows that although various factors can affect scores in particular periods, the improvement from 1994 onwards seems to be robust, and is most plausibly due to improvements in the observing system made at that time. The improvement in forecast skill is most evident for 3-month forecasts starting in February, where predictions of NINO3.4 SST from 1994 to present have been almost without fault. It is argued that in situations where the impact of model error is small, the value of improved observational data can be seen most clearly. Significant skill is also shown in the equatorial Indian Ocean, although predictive skill in parts of the tropical Atlantic are relatively poor. SST forecast errors can be especially high in the Southern Ocean.     

贵州省新一代天气预报业务流程系统

对我省新一代天气预报流程系统的开发进行了系统性的探讨，提出了一种以MICAPS二次开发为主线，以数值预报的分析产品为基础，以人机交互系统为平台，以提高重大性、灾害性、转折性天气的预报准确率为重点，综合多种预报的技术和手段来制作并发布天气预报的新流程系统。     

Origin of the pre-tropical storm Debby (2006) African easterly wave-mesoscale convective system

The origins of the pre-Debby (2006) mesoscale convective system (MCS) and African easterly wave (AEW) and their precursors were traced back to the southwest Arabian Peninsula, Asir Mountains (AS), and Ethiopian Highlands (EH) in the vicinity of the ITCZ using satellite imagery, GFS analysis data and ARW model. The sources of the convective cloud clusters and vorticity perturbations were attributed to the cyclonic convergence of northeasterly Shamal wind and the Somali jet, especially when the Mediterranean High shifted toward east and the Indian Ocean high strengthened and its associated Somali jet penetrated farther to the north. The cyclonic vorticity perturbations were strengthened by the vorticity stretching associated with convective cloud clusters in the genesis region—southwest Arabian Peninsula. A conceptual model was proposed to explain the genesis of convective cloud clusters and cyclonic vorticity perturbations preceding the pre-Debby (2006) AEW–MCS system.     

NCEP、ECMWF及CMC全球集合预报业务系统发展综述

总结了目前最具代表性的3个全球集合预报系统（global ensemble forecast system,GEFS）——美国国家环境预报中心（National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP）、欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）和加拿大气象中心（Canadian Meteoro-logical Centre,CMC）建成至今的发展概况。由于计算资源的不断扩展,各中心集合预报系统的模式分辨率、集合成员数也随之增加。同时各中心都在不断地致力于发展和完善初始和模式扰动方法,来更好地估计与初值和模式有关的不确定性,促进预报技巧的提高。其中初始扰动方法从最初的奇异向量法（ECMWF）、增殖向量法（NCEP）和观测扰动法（CMC）更新为现在的集合资料同化—奇异向量法（ECMWF）、重新尺度化集合转换法（NCEP）和集合卡尔曼滤波（CMC）。在估计模式不确定性方面,ECMWF和CMC都修订了各自的随机参数化方案和多参数化方案,NCEP最近也在模式中加入了随机全倾向扰动。为提高全球高影响天气预报的准确率,TIGGE计划（the THORPEX interactive grand global ensemble）的提出增进了国际间对多模式、多中心集合预报的合作研究,北美集合预报系统（North American ensemble forecast system,NAEFS）为建立全球多模式集合预报系统提供了业务框架,这都将有助于未来全球交互式业务预报系统的构建     

洞庭湖区域暴雨预报模型及其业务化系统

对暴雨的气候规律进行了统计分析,综合运用多种气象信息建立暴雨短期预报模型及其业务化系统,经使用效果良好.     

铜仁致洪暴雨的短期数值预报产品释用预报业务系统

本文利用T106-L19数值预报产品资料对铜仁地区1995－1999年5－6月14次致洪暴雨天气过程进行物理量诊断分析，在此基础上给出致洪暴雨动力诊断预报模式及其预报指。同时，利用相似以对2000年和2001年5－6月进行试报，其致洪暴雨预报准确率达75％。     

Composite patterns of easterly disturbances over West Africa and the tropical Atlantic: a climatology from the 1979–95 NCEP/NCAR reanalyses

 The horizontal and vertical structure of the 3–5-day and 6–9-day easterly waves over West Africa and tropical Atlantic are investigated. NCEP/NCAR reanalyses are used for the period 1979–1995 to produce a 17-year climatology of both 3–5-day and 6–9-day easterly waves. Composite patterns of convection, wind, temperature and vertical velocity are analysed with respect to the following: the modulation by 3–5-day and 6–9-day wave regimes; the contrasts between the ITCZ (5°N–10°N) and the Sahelo-Saharan band (15°N–20°N); the difference between land and ocean, and seasonal variations. Similarities and differences in the characteristics of the two wave regimes are identified. Received: 18 August 1999 / Accepted: 14 March 2001     

基于ECMWF再分析数据的大气波导分布规律研究

大气波导对电磁波传播有显著的影响,大气波导特征参量分布研究对于分析电磁波传播乃至雷达、通信等电子设备效能具有重要意义,利用ERA-Interim数据计算大气波导特征参量,并用海洋调查期间的低空探空火箭数据计算的大气波导进行了验证,在此基础上用2011—2016年ERA-Interim温度、湿度分层数据统计分析了全球大气...     

Impact of ECMWF,NCEP, and NCMRWF global model analysis on the WRF model forecast over Indian Region

The global model analysis has significant impact on the mesoscale model forecast as global model provides initial condition (IC) and lateral boundary conditions (LBC) for the mesoscale model. With this objective, four operational global model analyses prepared from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS), NCEP Global Forecasting System (GFS), and National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) are used daily to generate IC and LBC of the mesoscale model during 13th December 2012 to 13th January 2013. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.4, broadly used for short-range weather forecast, is adopted in this study as mesoscale model. After initial comparison of global model analyses with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) retrieved temperature and moisture profiles, daily WRF model forecasts initialized from global model analyses are compared with in situ observations and AIRS profiles. Results demonstrated that forecasts initialized from the ECMWF analysis are closer to AIRS-retrieved profiles and in situ observations compared to other global model analyses. No major differences are occurred in the WRF model forecasts when initialized from the NCEP GDAS and GFS analyses, whereas these two analyses have different spatial resolutions and observations used for assimilation. Maximum RMSD is seen in the NCMRWF analysis-based experiments when compared with AIRS-retrieved profiles. The rainfall prediction is also improved when WRF model is initialized from the ECMWF analysis compared to the NCEP and NCMRWF analyses.     

风场在预报暴雨发生中的作用——1975年8月上旬特大暴雨的数值实验

本文使用一个细网格的多层原始方程模式对1975年8月上旬(即著名的“758”)特大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟.我们发现: 1)初始风场对于暴雨的发生有相当大的影响,要想得到较好的预报结果,应设法使用实测风为初始资料. 2)交替使用两类光滑算子,可以使得由于采用实测风初值而产生的锯齿波有所削弱.     

新一代气象信息分析与预报系统介绍

以国家重点项目9210工程和计算机网络为依托，结合州、县两级预报业务的具体情况，研究建立了气象信息的传输、采集、处理、贮存、综合分析、预报制作、预报集成、产品分发与服务等相配套的新一代气象信息分析与预报业务系统。该系统可作为州、县两级气象台站的预报工作平台，具有良好的可移植性和推广价值。     

Easterly wave regimes and associated convection over West Africa and tropical Atlantic: results from the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses

 NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF daily reanalyses are used to investigate the synoptic variability of easterly waves over West Africa and tropical Atlantic at 700 hPa in northern summer between 1979–1995 (1979–1993 for ECMWF). Spectral analysis of the meridional wind component at 700 hPa highlighted two main periodicity bands, between 3 and 5 days, and 6 and 9 days. The 3–5-day easterly wave regime has already been widely investigated, but only on shorter datasets. These waves grow both north and south of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). The two main tracks, noted over West Africa at 5 °N and 15 °N, converge over the Atlantic on latitude 17.5 °N. These waves are more active in August–September than in June–July. Their average wavelength/phase speed varies from about 3000 km/8 m s^-1 north of the jet to 5000 km/12 m s^-1 south of the jet. Rainfall, convection and monsoon flux are significantly modulated by these waves, convection in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) being enhanced in the trough and ahead of it, with a wide meridional extension. Compared to the 3–5-day waves, the 6–9-day regime is intermittent and the corresponding wind field pattern has both similar and contrasting characteristics. The only main track is located north of the AEJ along 17.5 °N both over West Africa and the Atlantic. The mean wavelength is higher, about 5000 km long, and the average phase speed is about 7 m s^-1. Then the wind field perturbation is mostly evident at the AEJ latitude and north of it. The perturbation structure is similar to that of 3–5-days in the north except that the more developed circulation centers, moving more to the north, lead to a large modulation of the jet zonal wind component. South of the AEJ, the wind field perturbation is weaker and quite different. The zonal wind core of the jet appears to be an almost symmetric axis in the 6–9-day wind field pattern, a clockwise circulation north of the AEJ being associated with a counter-clockwise circulation south of the jet, and vice versa. These 6–9-day easterly waves also affect significantly rainfall, convection and monsoon flux but in a different way, inducing large zonal convective bands in the ITCZ, mostly in the trough and behind it. As opposed to the 3–5-day wave regime, these rainfall anomalies are associated with anomalies of opposite sign over the Guinea coast and the Sahelian regions. Over the continent, these waves are more active in June–July, and in August–September over the ocean. GATE phase I gave an example of such an active 6–9-day wave pattern. Considered as a sequence of weak easterly wave activity, this phase was also a sequence of high 6–9-day easterly wave activity. We suggest that the 6–9-day regime results from an interaction between the 3–5-day easterly wave regime (maintained by the barotropic/baroclinic instability of the AEJ), and the development of strong anticyclonic circulations, north of the jet over West Africa, and both north and south of the jet over the Atlantic, significantly affecting the jet zonal wind component. The permanent subtropical anticyclones (Azores, Libya, St Helena) could help initiation and maintenance of such regime over West Africa and tropical Atlantic. Based on an a priori period-band criterion, our synoptic classification has enabled us to point out two statistical and meteorological easterly wave regimes over West Africa and tropical Atlantic. NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses are in good agreement, the main difference being a more developed easterly wave activity in the NCEP/NCAR reanalyses, especially for the 3–5-day regime over the Atlantic. Received: 28 May 1998 / Accepted: 2 May 1999     

一次典型东风波极端暴雨的中尺度特征及地形影响分析

利用湖南省常规气象观测资料、区域自动站资料、NCEP再分析资料、常德多普勒雷达资料,分析2016年8月8—15日在多个东风波倒槽接力影响下,湘北地区反复出现的极端暴雨天气的中尺度特征,并利用WRF-ARW中尺度数值模式,对8月10—11日湘北地区极端暴雨过程进行数值模拟和地形敏感性试验。结果表明：(1)1604号台风在广东深圳登陆后沿西北路径移动和1605号台风在西北太平洋向北移动后,副热带高压快速西伸控制华东及沿海地区,其底部的东风波扰动为极端暴雨提供了环流背景;(2)近地面不均匀加热为东风波槽附近强对流提供了充足的热力不稳定条件,地面中尺度辐合线为对流的触发和加强起到重要作用;(3)东风波槽带来的边界层暖湿气流在武陵山东侧激发深厚中尺度涡旋,是极端暴雨形成的主要原因;(4)地形敏感性试验进一步验证了东风波暖湿气流在武陵山脉地形抬升和阻挡作用下,在迎风坡上游地区形成气旋性辐合导致暴雨增幅。     

The Dynamical Characteristics and Wave Structure of Typhoon Rananim （2004）

Typhoon Rananim (2004) was one of the severest typhoons landfalling the Chinese mainland from 1996 to 2004. It brought serious damage and induced prodigious economical loss. Using a new generation of mesoscale model, named the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system, with 1.667 km grid horizontal spacing on the finest nested mesh, Rananim was successfully simulated in terms of track, intensity, eye, eyewall, and spiral rainbands. We compared the structures of Rananim to those of hurricanes in previous studies and observations to assess the validity of simulation. The three-dimensional (3D) dynamic and thermal structures of eye and eyewall were studied based on the simulated results. The focus was investigation of the characteristics of the vortex Rossby waves in the inner-core region. We found that the Rossby vortex waves propagate azimuthally upwind against the azimuthal mean tangential flow around the eyewall, and their period was longer than that of an air parcel moving within the azimuthal mean tangential flow. They also propagated outward against the boundary layer inflow of the azimuthal mean vortex. Futhermore, we studied the connection between the spiral potential vorticity (PV) bands and spiral rainbands, and found that the vortex Rossby waves played an important role in the formation process of spiral rainbands.     

Analysis of the surface temperature and wind forecast errors of the NCAR-AirDat operational CONUS 4-km WRF forecasting system

Investigating the characteristics of model-forecast errors using various statistical and object-oriented methods is necessary for providing useful guidance to end-users and model developers as well. To this end, the random and systematic errors (i.e., biases) of the 2-m temperature and 10-m wind predictions of the NCAR-AirDat weather research and forecasting (WRF)-based real-time four-dimensional data assimilation (RTFDDA) and forecasting system are analyzed. This system has been running operationally over a contiguous United States (CONUS) domain at a 4-km grid spacing with four forecast cycles daily from June 2009 to September 2010. In the result an exceptionally useful forecast dataset was generated and used for studying the error properties of the model forecasts, in terms of both a longer time period and a broader coverage of geographic regions than previously studied. Spatiotemporal characteristics of the errors are investigated based on the 24-h forecasts between June 2009 and April 2010, and the 72-h forecasts between May and September 2010. It was found that the biases of both wind and temperature forecasts vary greatly seasonally and diurnally, with dependency on the forecast length, station elevation, geographical location, and meteorological conditions. The temperature showed systematic cold biases during the daytime at all station elevations and warm biases during the nighttime above 1,000 m above sea level (ASL), while below 600 m ASL cold biases occurred during the nighttime. The forecasts of surface wind speed exhibited strong positive biases during the nighttime, while the negative biases were observed in the spring and summer afternoons. The surface wind speed was mostly over-predicted except for the stations located between 1,000 and 2,100 m ASL, for which negative biases were identified for most forecast cycles. The highest wind-speed errors were found over the high terrain and near sea-level stations. The wind-direction errors were relatively large at the high-terrain elevation in the Rocky and Appalachian mountain ranges and the western coastal areas and the error structure exhibited notable diurnal variability.