全新世以来辽河三角洲地区的化学风化及其对气候变化的响应

以辽河三角洲ZK2孔为研究对象,对其57件沉积物样品进行常量元素测试和分析。研究表明,该地区总体遭受的化学风化作用较弱,基本处于化学风化的初期阶段,与所处纬度整体化学风化特征类似。将该区全新世以来的气候变化过程分为如下5个阶段:全新世早期(11.0—8.8 cal ka BP):化学风化程度逐渐增强,气候逐步向温湿方向发展;全新世早中期(8.8—6.9cal ka BP):化学风化程度最强,气候暖湿;全新世中期(6.9—4.6cal ka BP):风化强度较强,但有减弱的趋势,气候温湿;全新世中晚期(4.6—1.3 cal ka BP):化学风化程度在该时期属于最弱阶段,气候冷干;全新世晚期(1.3 cal ka BP—至今):气候温干,风化程度有所增强。总体来说,该区常量元素反映的气候变化过程与石笋δ~(18)O曲线基本一致,揭示了常量元素在反演气候变化过程中有一定的作用。     

新疆东部全新世气候变化特征——以巴里坤湖为例

巴里坤湖泊沉积地层较好地记录了北疆东部地区全新世以来的气候变化。通过对沉积物粒度组分及碳酸盐含量的测量分析,结合测年结果,得出北疆东部地区全新世以来气候环境变化大致经历了5个阶段：（1）8700cal．aBP以前,为全新世早期,环境变干;（2）8700～8200cal．aBP,为一过渡期,湖泊面积扩大;（3）8200～7700cal．aBP,气候以变湿为主要特点,波动较大;（4）7700～2400cal．aBP,气候较为湿润,期间存在一次明显的突发强干旱事件;（5）2400cal．aBP以来,气候转干,剖面顶部指标指示环境恶化。区域气候变化以干湿为主要特点,5500～6000cal．aBP期间的突发气候事件在大区域上与其他记录对应较好。     

辽东湾北部LH01孔晚更新世24Ka以来古环境演变

通过对辽东湾北部LH01孔柱状岩芯样品进行粒度、孢粉、有孔虫和测年多项环境指标测试,探讨了辽东湾北部晚更新世24ka BP以来的古环境演变。LH01孔沉积环境经历了晚更新世晚期河湖相沉积—全新世早期海陆交互相沉积—全新世中期浅海相沉积—全新世晚期河口滨海相沉积;气候经历了晚更新世晚期冷较干—晚更新世晚期凉稍润—新仙女木降温—全新世早期凉稍润—全新世中期温暖较润—全新世中期温暖较干—全新世晚期温较干的变化;LH01孔在大约7.5ka BP发生了盘山海侵。     

珠江口全新世沉积物粒度与磁化率的变化特征及其所反映的气候环境变化（英文）

通过对来自珠江口万顷沙W2孔的沉积物进行AMS14C测年,结合古地磁测试以及孢粉分析结果,并与其他相关记录综合对比,建立了该地区全新世以来的年代框架。使用粒度组合特征以及磁化率为环境代用指标,获取了该地区约6000 cal yr BP以来的气候环境变化信息。经过分析与对比,认为该区自中全新世以来,经历了暖干-凉湿-温湿三个气候环境变化阶段。在晚全新世中国南方地区气候（尤其是降雨量）发生了重要的变化,这与北半球太阳辐射减弱,气温降低,亚洲季风减弱,降雨带南移有着一致的对应关系,同时还很可能与这一时期厄尔尼诺—南方涛动活动加强有着紧密的联系。     

珠江口全新世沉积物粒度与磁化率的变化特征及其所反映的气候环境变化

通过对来自珠江口万顷沙W2孔的沉积物进行AMS 14 C测年,结合古地磁测试以及孢粉分析结果,并与其他相关记录综合对比,建立了该地区全新世以来的年代框架。使用粒度组合特征以及磁化率等环境代用指标,获取了该地区约6000cal yr BP以来的气候环境变化信息。经过分析与对比,认为该区自中全新世以来,经历了暖干-凉湿-温湿3个气候环境变化阶段。在晚全新世中国南方地区气候(尤其是降雨量)发生了重要的变化,这与北半球太阳辐射减弱,气温降低,亚洲季风减弱,降雨带南移有着一致的对应关系,同时还很可能与这一时期厄尔尼诺—南方涛动活动加强有着紧密的联系。     

长江北翼古河间台地全新世海岸环境变迁

本研究获取了位于长江三角洲北翼吕四外古残留台地之上的SR11孔,通过对该孔上部22.2m地层粒度、磁化率、有孔虫属种和14 C年代的研究,重建了该河间台地全新世海岸环境变迁历史。结合辐射沙洲核部其他钻孔资料,本研究认为:末次盛冰期北坎和三余之间古长江支谷与干流河谷之间存在残留的谷间台地,向东向南延伸至吕四外的潮滩及近滨地带。9—5cal ka BP期间,吕四外的残留河间台地主要处于浅海环境,但部分时段频繁受到风暴活动影响。该阶段后期,海平面上升速率减缓,台地演化至潮下带下部环境。5cal ka BP以后,海平面上升到-3m以上,台地逐渐演化到潮间带下部-潮下带上部的粉(细)砂滩环境。吕四外残留台地之上的全新统地层中未发现潮流沙脊相沉积。     

全新世海侵以来山东荣成朝阳港泻湖沉积层与古环境记录

泻湖是全新世海侵以来发育的以淤积为主的海岸地貌,其沉积地层蕴含了丰富的古环境演变信息.对朝阳港泻湖SO4钻孔岩芯样品作粒度、软体动物、孢粉和14C等项目的测试分析,将该孔地层自下而上划分成陆相、滨浅海相、泻湖相、泻湖-沼泽相等四层和Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ个孢粉组合带.基于对地层和孢粉组合特点的深入剖析,结果表明朝阳港泻湖自全新世海侵以来经历了海湾、沙坝-泻湖和泻湖-沼泽等3个环境演化阶段,同时存在明显的沉积环境和气候变化事件,包括8～7 ka B.P.海陆相之间的不整合沉积间断事件、7～6 ka B.P.的气候暖湿事件和5～4 ka B.P.的明显降温事件.     

辽河三角洲晚更新世以来的地层层序及沉积环境变迁

通过分析辽河三角洲获取的长41.4m的ZK2孔岩心的岩性、粒度、有孔虫丰度及分子标志物等资料的基础上,结合精确的测年数据、海面变化等资料,并与其他钻孔资料分析对比,构建了辽河三角洲晚更新世33ka BP以来的年代地层框架,将ZK2孔自下而上划分为U1-U4这4个沉积相段:U1为河道相,U2为河漫滩相,U3为海相(全新世海侵)和U4为上三角洲平原相。U3段的海相沉积自下而上又可进一步分为U3~1、U3~2、U3~3、U3~4、U3~5 5个沉积层,分别对应了河口湾相、浅海相、前三角洲相、三角洲前缘相、下三角洲平原相(潮坪相)。沉积物的粒度、有孔虫及生物标志物BIT等指标在不同沉积环境中出现了较为明显的变化,且变化趋势相似,揭示了辽河三角洲晚更新世33ka BP以来的海平面变化的沉积历史,其中U3段沉积物(15.75~2.65m)沉积连续,地层完整,测年数据可靠,较完整地反映了辽河三角洲9 100cal.a BP以来全新世海侵期的沉积历史。     

渤海东部晚第四纪沉积环境变化的稀土元素地球化学记录

对渤海东部DLC70-1孔157个沉积物样品进行了稀土元素(REE)测定,结合有孔虫丰度和粒度参数研究,探讨了该孔稀土元素地球化学特征与晚第四纪环境变化关系。DLC70-1孔沉积物物源分析表明,该孔沉积物物质来源比较稳定,其沉积物主要来源于黄河。渤海东部DLC70-1孔REE的分布特征与晚第四纪沉积环境变化密切相关,约100 ka BP以前,研究区发育浅海环境,ΣREE含量较高,且HREE相对富集。100~75 ka BP期间,ΣREE含量受沉积物粒度的影响,明显低于前一阶段,LREE相对富集,稀土元素分布表现为河口半咸水环境特征。75~60 ka BP期间,研究区发育以细颗粒沉积物为主,ΣREE含量达到高值。60~35 ka BP期间为晚更新世玉木冰期中间冰阶(暖期)沉积,研究区发育滨海沉积环境,其ΣREE含量总体较低,并显示LREE相对富集;随着水体深度和盐度条件发生多次波动,稀土元素分布特征也表现出小幅度变化。35~30 ka BP期间,研究区发育滨岸和滨海沉积环境,其ΣREE含量总体较高。30~10 ka BP期间,研究区表现为河流环境,受矿物组成和沉积物粒度的影响,ΣREE含量总体较低,显示向上HREE相对富集。10 ka BP以来为全新世海侵期,研究区持续发育滨海-浅海沉积环境,其ΣREE含量总体较高,显示LREE富集。     

台湾海峡晚更新世以来的高分辨率地震地层学研究

基于4 530 km高分辨率单道地震数据和钻孔资料,采用高分辨率地震地层学的方法,对台湾海峡晚更新世以来的地层进行了划分,自上而下共识别出R₀、R₁、R₂、R₃、R₄等5个主要反射界面,分别对应海底、3 ka BP前后高海平面、最大海泛面、海侵面和 Ⅰ 型层序界面,并以此划分出4个地层单元:晚全新世浅海-滨海沉积A,中全新世浅海沉积B,早全新世海侵沉积C,晚更新世陆相河流沉积D。在海平面变化的作用下,海峡地区先后发育低水位沉积D（低位体系域）,海侵沉积C （海侵体系域）、高水位沉积B和A（高位体系域）。研究了台湾海峡的典型地震相,提出了关于台中浅滩（云彰隆起）处的楔状沉积体的新观点,认为该楔状体为全新世中期以来形成的三角洲沉积受波浪和潮流作用改造而形成的潮流沙脊,其物质主要来源于台湾。识别出了晚更新世和早全新世古河道沉积,海平面变化和地势高低是其形成时间差异的主要因素。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.     

The stages of the development of the basin of the Bransfield Strait

The study of the sedimentary body of the Bransfield Strait has made it possible to identify several sedimentary complexes, to construct the first electronic charts for the acoustic basement, and to establish four stages of the evolution of its floor, which updates the previous knowledge about the formation of the strait. At the first stage, there was an increase in tension stresses that were accompanied by the local splits of the continental crust at the periphery of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the second stage, a graben-like structure filled with the Lower stratigraphic complex was formed northward of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the third stage, the continuing processes of extension led to intensive explosive activity of the growing volcanic structures and filling of the graben with sediments of the Middle seismostratigraphic complex. The fourth stage, which has continued until recently, is characterized by quasi-linear localization of the major centers of volcanic activity in the band closer to the South-Shetland Islands and the formation of the Upper seismostratigraphic sedimentary complex. The evolution of the floor of the Bransfield Strait reflects the process of penetration of the American-Antarctic ridge to the continental lithosphere of the Antarctic Peninsula for the last million years.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev