刚果（金）KOLWEZI铜钴矿床地质特征及成因分析

KOLWEZI铜钴矿位于刚果(金)-赞比亚铜钴矿带,卢菲利弧外部褶皱推覆构造带西北缘,KOLWEZI复式推覆体上。该矿床主要受Mines亚群及卢菲利造山运动D1阶段褶皱、逆冲推覆、断层及层间断裂控制。矿体呈层状,矿石主要为它形粒状结构,层状、浸染状构造,矿石矿物和脉石矿物按生成序次可以分为四个组合。结合毗邻KOLWEZI的类似矿床的地球化学研究及中非铜矿带的研究成果,认为KOLWEZI铜钴矿床的成矿过程经历了三个成矿期次,其中同成岩期成矿是形成KOLWEZI铜钴层状矿体的主要期次,同造山期矿化使先成层状矿体中的硫化物矿物发生活化、再沉淀,同造山构造活动一定程度上塑造了KOLWEZI铜钴矿床如今的产出状态。分析认为,KOLWEZI铜钴矿应属同成岩层状沉积矿床。     

刚果（金）Kimin铜钴矿床地质特征与成矿模式

Kimin铜钴矿床位于刚果（金）加丹加铜钴多金属成矿带北西部,是该带内代表性超大型矿床。文章在剖析Kimin矿床成矿地质背景、矿体特征、控矿因素及找矿标志的基础上,探讨和厘定了矿床成因类型,建立了矿床成矿模式。结果表明,Kimin矿床铜钴矿体呈层状、板状及薄膜状产出,总体呈EW—近EW向展布,明显受控于地层岩性、近EW向层间断裂、氧化淋滤等作用;Kimin矿床由浅部至深部矿物由铜、钴次生氧化物逐渐转变过渡为原生硫化物;其成矿作用主要经历了原始沉积铜钴矿化、热液改造铜钴叠加富集及表生氧化淋滤富集等三个阶段,矿床成因类型为“沉积-热液改造型铜钴矿床”。     

刚果(金)鲁苏西铜钴矿床地质特征及成因探讨

鲁苏西矿床位于刚果(金)加丹加外侧褶皱推覆带,属层控型铜钴矿床。矿床产出于新元古代加丹加超群矿山组还原性地层中,按层序关系分为三层矿体,即坎莫托段底部、白云岩化页岩段底部和刚波夫段底部,矿床受卢非利安造山活动的推覆挤压作用而呈向斜形态。矿石类型分为硫化矿和氧化矿,其中硫化矿主要矿石矿物有黄铜矿、硫铜钴矿、辉铜矿、硫钴矿等,矿化类型主要为浸染状、平行层理细脉状和脉状矿化,前两种矿化为成岩期(821～762 Ma)盆地卤水中的铜钴离子经生物还原作用沉淀形成,后者是由于卢非利安造山期(600～530 Ma)的推覆挤压作用促使早期硫化物再活化、运移并经热化学还原作用形成;氧化矿主要矿石矿物为孔雀石、硅孔雀石、菱钴矿和水钴矿,是在表生期低温(<50°C)流体作用下,经过硫化物氧化、流体酸中和、次生铜钴氧化物沉淀三个过程形成,由于铜钴元素的迁移性差异,形成氧化带上钴下铜的分层矿化特征。     

刚果(金)加丹加省堪苏祁铜-钴矿床地质特征及成因探讨

堪苏祁铜钴矿区位于刚果（金）加丹加省南部的沙巴型铜钴矿亚带北西延部分的转折端。该矿床地质工作及研究程度极低，铜钴矿体受罗安群地层、韧脆性剪切及断裂构造控制，特别是钴明显受韧脆性剪切强变形带控制。罗安群上岩性段以富钴为主，同时也富铜，钴、铜兼有，下岩性段则富铜贫钴，矿体呈似层状或透镜状产出。根据矿床地质特征，初步认为该矿床经历了早期沉积成岩成矿阶段-后期多期热液构造叠加富集-晚期次生氧化改造多个阶段，为复合成因的层控改造矿床，矿区内铜矿早期是受沉积型砂页岩地层的控制，然而，钴矿的形成主要是受后期构造的控制。     

刚果（金）加丹加省KABARE铜钴矿床地质特征及成因分析

KABARE铜钴矿区位于刚果(金)加丹加铜矿带大型推覆构造带的北部.该矿床地质工作及研究程度极低,铜钴矿体受地层、后生逆掩挤压及断裂构造复合控制,尤其在逆掩断层带中,罗安群和恩古巴群接触带附近的碎裂岩带,形成蚀变明显的铜钴赋矿岩性组合.通过区域地质背景、矿床地质特征分析,认为该矿床经历了早期成岩成矿阶段,后期多期构造热液叠加富集,晚期次生氧化及表生风化淋滤改造多个阶段,为层状多因复控型氧化矿床,受岩性-构造复合叠加控制明显.     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山大型铜矿：海底-喷流沉积与矽卡岩化叠加复合过程

冬瓜山铜矿是长江中下游成矿带铜陵矿集区内的一个大型铜矿.该矿床被惯称为矽卡岩型矿床,但具明显的层控特征.主矿体呈层状、似层状,赋存于上石炭统碳酸盐建造与下伏上泥盆统砂岩建造的接触带附近,主要由一系列层控块状含铜硫化物透镜体、含铜矽卡岩透镜体、磁铁矿矿囊以及层状含铜黄铁矿-蛇纹石矿席组成.主矿体的底部为根植于上泥盆统砂岩...     

中非刚果（金）加丹加铜钴矿带主要矿化类型及特征

文章在总结前人研究成果的基础上,结合野外勘查实践与认识,简要概括了加丹加铜钴矿带的区域地质背景、岩石地层划分、构造演化及沉积环境的变迁、铜钴矿床的空间分布及层控特征.在同生沉积成因理论的基础上,依据铜钴矿床在卢菲利弧内的空间分布规律、加丹加造山运动对矿床的改造程度,将加丹加铜钴矿带的层状铜钴矿床归纳为受D1变形作用改造的同生沉积铜钴矿床以及受D2-D3变形作用改造的同生沉积-热液改造铜钴矿床2种类型.前一类型矿床主要分布在外部褶皱推覆带的北侧,赋矿地层为罗安群的矿山亚群,褶皱构造控制着矿体的形态与空间展布,矿床受热液改造的程度低,氧化程度亦较低,氧化带深度一般为20～50 m,带内矿石矿物以孔雀石和辉铜矿为主,铜主要以结合氧化铜形式存在,矿床的钴含量相对较低,铜钴比值较大.后一类型矿床主要分布在外部褶皱推覆带的南侧,赋矿地层为罗安群的迪佩特亚群和木瓦夏亚群,线型构造如韧性剪切带控制着矿体的形态及空间展布,矿体呈层状、似层状,受热液改造程度高,矿床氧化程度较高,氧化带最深可达300 m,带内矿石矿物以孔雀石和水钴矿为主,钴含量高,铜钴比较值小,铜和钴主要以自由氧化铜及自由氧化钴形式存在.文章解剖了典型矿床的特征,并指出了进一步找矿的方向.     

中条山古元古代沉积岩容矿型铜钴矿床钴来源及富集过程

赋存在石墨片岩和大理岩内的山西中条山沉积岩容矿型铜钴矿床,其矿化类型为细脉浸染状和热液脉状,与中非铜矿带的钴矿床非常相似。本文以关键金属钴作为主要研究对象,综述了中条山矿集区钴矿成因研究近年来取得的重要进展。获得以下主要认识：(1)钴富集形成热液脉状矿化发生在造山抬升阶段,时间为～1.82Ga,而不是在沉积成岩阶段直接富集成矿;(2)黄铁矿原位Fe-S同位素揭示硫化有机质页岩是钴成矿的重要矿源层;(3)蒸发岩在造山作用过程中形成的高温、高盐、强氧化性流体是钴释放-迁移的关键介质;(4)热液白云石化导致流体pH升高和石墨片岩“褪色”反应导致流体氧逸度降低促进含钴硫化物的沉淀。基于上述认识,建立沉积-变质两阶段钴富集过程模型解释赋存在变沉积岩内的钴矿成因,它不同于经典的沉积岩容矿型层状铜钴矿床成矿模型。     

刚果(金)Dipeta铜钴矿床地质特征与找矿方向

Dipeta铜钴矿床处在中非铜矿带北西端,是全球范围内规模最大的铜钴矿床之一.主矿体为产在罗安群矿山亚群SDB和RSF中的上部矿体和下部矿体,呈层状、板状,总体形态、产状与地层一致.主要控矿因素为矿山亚群地层、沉积相、构造和表生氧化作用,主要找矿标志有地层、构造、典型矿物、物化探异常、地形、植物学和古采坑标志等.迪佩特...     

刚果（金）卡尔维铜钴矿区成矿规律

通过对刚果(金)卡尔维铜钴矿区矿床(田)地质特征分析以及现场前期勘探,可确定矿区中有罗安群矿山组(Mines)地层的存在.对比分析区域上类似成因类型的几个超大型层控型铜钴矿床,该矿区的成矿背景和控矿要素很相似,推测该矿区的矿床有望达到大型乃至超大型规模,找矿前景非常理想.     

赞比亚成矿区带的划分及主要成矿带地质特征

文章依据地质构造单元、主要矿种和主要成矿类型,将赞比亚划分为古元古代班韦乌卢金-铁-锰多金属成矿带、中元古代基巴拉锡-钽-钨成矿带、中元古代伊鲁米德金-铜-铁成矿带、新元古代中非铜-钴成矿带、新元古代谦比西金-铜-钴成矿带、古生代-新生代卡鲁金刚石成矿带以及卡拉哈里沙漠等7个Ⅲ级成矿区带,并阐述了其中赞比亚主要的中元古代伊鲁米德金-铜-铁成矿带和新元古代中非铜钴成矿带的地质特征。     

Revision of the stratigraphical position of the ‘Roches Argilo-Talqueuses’ (R.A.T.) in the neoproterozoic Katangan belt,south Congo

The outer sector of the Neoproterozoic Katangan Orogen of Central Africa is characterised by nappes thrust northwards, toward the foreland region, the major part of which occurs in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The rocks called R.A.T. (‘Roches Argilo-Talqueuses’) are terrigenous clastics traditionally considered as the oldest stratigraphical interval of these allochthonous units. They are correlated with the terrigenous clastic sediments at the base of the autochthonous Katangan succession in Zambia to the south, which were deposited at the opening stage of the Katangan Rift Basin. The lower interval of the R.A.T. represents red beds, whereas the upper one was deposited in anoxic conditions. Therefore, they are called red and grey R.A.T., respectively. This paper presents stratigraphic, structural and geochemical arguments against the traditional stratigraphical view and demonstrates that the R.A.T. rocks are younger than previously considered. They are interpreted here as synorogenic sediments of the Katangan foreland basin.Olistostromes with R.A.T. olistoliths, which occur either interbedded within ‘normal’ R.A.T. sediments or overlie angular unconformities, testify to pronounced tectonic movements and palæotopography of the basin in which the R.A.T. sediments were deposited. The provenance of other olistoliths implies that, contrary to the previous views, the R.A.T. olistostromes are younger than the overlying rock complexes and the contact between the two is tectonic. Clastic dykes of the incompetent R.A.T. lithologies injected into the overlying competent units suggest that the former were partly unconsolidated sediments over-ridden by the Katangan nappes. Plots of the geochemical compositions point to two distinct tectonosedimentary cycles and two types of sources, each related to a different stage of orogen evolution. The terrigenous materials of the Katangan autochthonous strata (Roan and Kundelungu Groups) and correlative allochthonous units are derived from basement granitic and metamorphic rocks eroded during the opening of the Katagan rift basin. By contrast, the R.A.T. rocks are related to the closure of the basin. Their provenance is from the orogenic source-the Katangan nappes advancing towards the foreland region in the north.The autochthonous Roan Group rocks in Zambia and their allochthonous correlatives in DRC contain one of the richest Cu-Co deposits known. In accord with the previous correlation, the CuCo mineralisation in the grey R.A.T. rocks was considered of the same age as the Zambian deposits. However, the results presented in this paper imply that the grey R.A.T. deposits represent a second generation of mineralisation in the Katangan belt, younger than the Roan Group orebodies. The R.A.T. Cu-Co mineralisation is related to the anoxic stage of the foreland basin, and the advancing nappes containing Roan-correlative orebodies acted as the sources of the metals. In conclusion, points pertaining to the revision of stratigraphical classification of the Katangan Supergroup are proposed.     

赞比亚沉积型铜（-钴）矿地质及未来矿业展望

沉积型铜矿作为重要的铜矿类型之一,一直是工业界找矿和开发的重点。中非铜(-钴)矿带是世界著名的巨型沉积型铜矿带之一。赞比亚谦比希铜矿是我国企业在非洲矿业开发的成功典范项目,其矿体分布和产状严格受新元古代加丹加超群的下罗恩组地层控制,含矿岩石为下罗恩组下部的含矿泥质页岩、砂岩。本文通过对谦比希铜矿的矿床地质特征、成矿地质背景、成岩-成矿规律的详细研究,揭示了其含矿地层和矿体明显受古沉积环境、基底形态的控制;成岩-成矿过程经历了海侵-海退过程,沉积古地理环境为滨浅海蒸发背景。赞比亚铜带省和西北省拥有巨大的资源和找矿潜力,未来必将吸引更多投资。     

Geochronology and fluid source constraints of the Songligou gold‐telluride deposit,western Henan Province,China: Analysis of genetic implications

The Songligou gold‐telluride deposit, located in Songxian County, western Henan Province, China, is one of many gold‐telluride deposits in the Xiaoqinling‐Xiong'ershan district. Gold orebodies occur within the Taihua Supergroup and are controlled by the WNW F101 Fault, and the fault was cut across by a granite porphyry dike. Common minerals in gold orebodies include quartz, chlorite, epidote, K‐feldspar, calcite, fluorite, sericite, phlogopite, bastnasite, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tellurides, gold, bismuthinite, magnetite, and hematite, and pyrite is the dominant sulfide. Four mineralization stages are recognized, including pyrite‐quartz stage (I), quartz‐pyrite stage (II), gold‐telluride stage (III), and quartz‐calcite stage (IV). This work reports the Rb–Sr age of gold‐telluride‐bearing pyrite and zircon U–Pb age of granite porphyry, as well as S isotope data of pyrite and galena. The pyrite Rb–Sr isochron age is 126.6 ± 2.3 Ma (MSWD = 1.8), and the average zircon U–Pb age of granite porphyry is 166.8 ± 4.1 Ma (MSWD = 4.9). (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i values of pyrite and δ³⁴S values of sulfides vary from 0.7104 to 0.7105 and ?11.84 to 0.28‰, respectively. The obtained Rb–Sr isochron age represents the ore formation age of the Songligou gold‐telluride deposit, which is much younger than the zircon U–Pb age of the granite porphyry. Strontium and S isotopes, together with the presence of bastnaesite, suggest that the ore‐forming fluid was derived from felsic magmas with input of a mantle component and subsequently interacted with the Taihua Supergroup. Tellurium was derived from metasomatized mantle and was related to the subduction of the Shangdan oceanic crust and Izanagi plate beneath the North China Craton (NCC). This deposit is a part of the Early Cretaceous large‐scale gold mineralization in east NCC and formed in an extensional tectonic setting.     

中非新元古代铜钴成矿带的地质背景和控矿因素

卢菲利安弧形构造带由泛非运动引起,该带由南往北可进一步划分为加丹加高地、复向斜带、穹隆区、外部褶皱逆冲带和前陆带等5个单元。泛非运动期间,卢菲利安弧经历了3个不同的构造变形阶段。文章对中非铜钴成矿带的地层层序进行了合理划分,将中非铜钴成矿带中的矿床类型划分为6种,最著名的为矿山亚群中的层状铜钴矿床,次为恩古巴群中以碳酸盐岩为容矿岩石的锌铅铜银矿床;总结了成矿带中矿床的时空分布规律,认为矿床受地层、岩性、构造和表生氧化作用的联合控制。     

Rare earth element study of exhalites within the Willyama supergroup,Broken Hill Block,Australia

A wide variety of unusual rock types, exhalites, are commonly associated with or host to exhalative mineralisation within the Willyama Supergroup. Chondrite normalised REE patterns of feldspar-, gahnite-, calcite-, magnetite-and garnet-rich lithologies in the vicinity of stratiform Broken Hill-type Pb-Zn-Ag mineralisation are LREE and Eu enriched similar to the REE patterns of pure metalliferous sediments and hydrothermal fluids of the East Pacific Rise and the Red Sea. In contrast, tourmaline-, garnet-, amphibole-, feldspar- and gahnite-rich exhalites in strike extension of Broken Hill-type orebodies possess LREE enrichments and negative Eu anomalies and also HREE enrichments and negative Ce anomalies. These REE patterns are the result of decreasing temperatures of the hydrothermal fluids, changing oxidation-reduction conditions and increasing influence of basic volcanism with increasing distance from the sulphide mineralisation.     

刚果(金)加丹加鲁苏西铜钴矿床S、C、O、Sr同位素特征及矿床成因

鲁苏西铜钴矿床位于刚果(金)加丹加铜钴矿带,是该区域典型层控铜钴矿床。该矿床的矿石类型依据氧化程度可分为硫化矿和氧化矿。野外地质观察和区域资料分析表明,硫化矿的成矿期可分为成岩早期和造山期,矿石矿物为黄铜矿、斑铜矿、硫铜钴矿和辉铜矿。氧化矿主要为铜钴硫化物在富水表生环境下淋滤而成。矿床的同位素数据分析表明:该矿床成岩期的硫化物为以生物还原作用为主,硫源来自元古宙海水,碳源以海相无机碳为主,放射性锶同位素与基底物质有关;造山期硫化物生成以热化学还原作用为主,成矿流体来自蒸发盐的溶解,硫源来自早期硫化物再活化和蒸发盐溶解,碳氧同位素表明成矿流体与围岩发生了强烈的缓冲反应。综合分析表明,蒸发相的海水为鲁苏西铜钴矿富集和成岩早期成矿提供了有利条件,造山期改造和表生期氧化对矿床品位的富集影响明显。     

刚果(金)DIMMA铜钴矿床地质特征及成因分析

DIMMA铜钴矿区位于著名的刚果（金）-赞比亚卢菲利褶皱弧铜钴矿带的北西端。DIMMA铜钻矿床的形成与成岩期的火山活动、同生断裂活动有关,并受后期造山过程中的褶皱、断裂和变质作用的改造和次生富集,形成多成因多重控制的铜钴矿床。     

Sediment-hosted Zn–Pb–Cu deposits in the Central African Copperbelt

Stratabound epigenetic sulphide Zn–Pb–Cu ore deposits of the Central African Copperbelt in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia are mostly hosted in deformed shallow marine platform carbonates and associated sedimentary rocks of the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup. Economic orebodies, that also contain variable amounts of minor Cd, Co, Ge, Ag, Re, As, Mo, Ga, and V, occur mainly as irregular pipe-like bodies associated with collapse breccias and faults as well as lenticular bodies subparallel to bedding. Kipushi and Kabwe in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia, respectively, are the major examples of carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb–Cu mined deposits with important by-products of Ge, Cd, Ag and V in the Lufilian Arc, a major metallogenic province famous for its world-class sediment-hosted stratiform Cu–Co deposits. The carbonate-hosted deposits range in age from Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic (680 to 450 Ma). The formation of the relatively older Neoproterozoic deposits is probably related to early collision events during the Lufilian Orogeny, whereas the younger Palaeozoic deposits may be related to post-collisional processes of ore formation. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data indicate that hydrothermal metal-bearing fluids evolved from formation brines during basin evolution and later tectonogenesis. Ore fluid migration occurred mainly along major thrust zones and other structural discontinuities such as karsts, breccias and faults within the Katangan cover rocks, resulting in ore deposition within favourable structures and reactive carbonates of the Katangan Supergroup.     

四川得荣扎仁铜钴矿地质特征及成因

扎仁铜钴矿位于金沙江蛇绿构造混杂岩带东带内的扎仁断裂岩浆活动带上。下二叠统下段灰绿色变质基性火山岩(绿片岩)为铜钴矿(化)体主要赋存层位。经初步研究,矿床与海底火山喷发-变质改造成因有关。