半空间中多个三维体电阻率响应的边界积分方程模拟

研究半空间中含多个异常体的复杂条件下电阻率响应数值模拟的理论和计算方法．以半空间中含两个异常作为例，导出了点源激励下地表电位分布所满足的边界积分方程组，将方程组离散化可计算出地表电位分布，从而进行视电阻率模拟．最后给出了算例．     

任意各向异性介质三维非结构谱元法直流电阻率正演模拟研究

各向异性是地电异常解释中不可忽视的因素,广泛存在于裂隙或层理发育的地质环境中.本文针对任意各向异性条件下直流电阻率法三维正演问题进行研究,结合非结构谱元法建立模拟算法,充分利用谱方法的指数收敛性以及非结构有限元对地形和复杂异常体刻画能力,提高计算精度和效率.通过灵活的四面体网格剖分和高阶谱插值,实现了复杂介质任意各向异性模型电阻率响应的高精度数值模拟.我们首先通过层状各向异性模型验证本文非结构谱元法的计算精度,进而我们以半空间中立方体模型为例分析各向异性对电阻率响应的影响特征,并通过计算针对不同各向异性参数的视电阻率极性图,探究地下介质各向异性特征识别方法.最后,我们针对典型的山脊模型计算和分析存在地形效应条件下各向异性电流场分布及视电阻率特征.模型计算结果表明基于四面体网格的谱元法模拟带有复杂地形和异常体的任意各向异性模型具有很高的计算精度.本文的研究成果将在推进电阻率方法用于解决裂隙及层理等环境和工程地质问题中发挥积极作用.     

地壳介质各向异性电性本构关系讨论

讨论了地壳介质中常见的两类电性各向异性。推导了长波长条件下薄中向异性电导率张量;提出了一种新的电导率物理模型并由此推导了与ＥＤＡ裂隙相适应的各向异性电导率张量。从直流电法和大地电磁测深法的角度分别讨论了这两种电性各向异性所显现的地表视电阻率、阻抗和电位特征。     

含垂直裂解隙PTL介质长波长等效正各向异性弹性常数

针对PTL介质中存在定向排列的铅垂裂隙系统的组合模型，探讨在长波长情况下其等效正交各向异性弹性常数的计算方法。根据Backus方法并结合Hudson微裂隙理论，推出了PTL与EDA组合之等效正交各向异性弹性常数的计算公式，且在裂隙呈稀疏分布的假设前提下，导出了等效弹性常数的具体计算表达式，并进而用伪谱法对含垂直裂隙PTL介质的弹性波场进行了数值模拟。本文的理论研究及数值计算结果表明：用5个长波长等效PTL弹性常数和3个无量钢的裂隙柔量，就可描述等效正交各向异性介质力个独立的弹性常数。     

起伏地表条件下各向异性地震波最短路径射线追踪

在地震波正反演研究中,考虑起伏地表和地震各向异性具有非常重要的理论意义和实际应用价值.本文在前人研究的基础上,将最短路径追踪算法引入到起伏地表各向异性介质模型的地震波走时计算中.模型剖分时,整体模型划分成正方形单元,起伏边界附近以不规则网格逼近,进而采用非规则节点布置实现非规则网格处的最短路径计算.追踪计算中采用Sena群速度近似公式,得到各向异性地震波的走时,实现了复杂地表情况下各向异性介质模型中地震波的射线追踪.理论模型计算结果显示,本文方法能够可靠地应用于复杂各向异性介质模型,具有较高的计算精度.     

煤层导水裂缝带电各向异性特征研究（英文）

水害是煤矿五大自然灾害之一,严重威胁着煤矿工人的生命安全,其主要原因是煤层导水裂缝带诱发透水事故。由于导水裂隙带电各向异性严重,利用传统的电阻率方法探测的电阻率信息将会导致错误的水文地质结论。本文以煤层导水裂缝带为地质基础,建立地电模型,研究煤层导水裂隙带电各向异性特征。分别讨论了裂隙带地层水电导率、基质孔隙度、基质电阻率、裂缝密度,裂缝表面粗糙度,围岩地层压力大小以及裂缝倾角的对导水裂隙带电各向异性的影响。通过数值模拟,定性分析了各因素对电各向异性的影响以及地表视电阻分布形态与导水裂隙带特征之间的关系,初步探讨了利用导水裂隙带的电各向异性研究裂缝走向以及倾向方法。     

自然电场法勘探火山岩地区地下水的研究

多个火山岩地区找水的勘探实例表明,地表观测到的自然电位异常（简称SP）与地下非饱和区厚度相关。本文认为这种自然电位异常是由于雨水垂直向下流经非饱和区（渗流区）到达地下不透水界面引起,并提出产生自然电位异常的地下极化模型,进而根据静电场理论建立了水文地质模型与自电异常之间的理论关系。这一理论能够实现把一种波数域反演技术引进自然电位异常的反演,以便计算地下水的位置和深度。模型算例和勘探实例表明这一方法可以用于勘探火山岩地区地下水。     

相对渗透率对部分饱和裂隙岩石中横波频变各向异性的影响

地震波在含裂隙岩石内传播时，很大程度上会受到裂隙系统与其内的流体所影响.本文在Chapman提出的频变各向异性理论的基础上，研究气水两相流体受频率影响的程度.不同于许多局限于单一流体假设的频变各向异性理论研究，本文着重于两相流体部分饱和的情况.因此计算频变各向异性弹性常数尤为重要，本文考虑了气水两相的相对渗透率对横波速度及其衰减的影响，并引入了基于分形理论的相对渗透率模型.首先研究在不同分形维数的情况下，气水两相相对渗透率随含水饱和度的变化趋势，并且随着该变化对有效流体迁移率的影响.气体的相对渗透率与分形维数成正比例关系，而水的相对渗透率与分形维数成反比例关系.随后根据数值算例计算双相不混溶流体饱和裂隙岩石频变各向异性弹性模量的方程，得到横波速度及横波衰减，对比分析相对渗透率及分形维数的变化对横波速度和横波衰减的影响．根据算例结果可知，在不同频率下，相对渗透率对横波速度和横波衰减的影响程度不同，在中频时最大．引入不同的相对渗透率模型，能在中频时观察到其对横波速度和衰减的不同影响．     

一维电阻率各向异性对海洋可控源电磁响应的影响研究

地下介质的电阻率常常表现为各向异性,海底裂隙地层和层状沉积序列可能形成宏观电阻率各向异性.在解释海洋电磁资料时,电阻率各向异性的影响不应该被忽略,否则可能会得到错误的海底地电模型.作者编写了电阻率任意各向异性一维层状介质海洋可控源电磁场计算程序,计算了电阻率各向异性层状模型的海洋可控源电磁响应,讨论了覆盖层和高阻储层分别具有电阻率各向异性时的电磁场响应特征.     

各向异性介质空间—波数混合域直流电阻率法三维数值模拟研究

将各向异性介质分成各向同性背景介质和各向异性异常介质,并提出一种空间-波数混合域方法实现了各向异性介质下直流电阻率法的三维数值模拟.不同于传统直流电阻率数值模拟方法,本文算法直接对空间域异常电位满足的偏微分方程沿水平方向进行二维傅里叶变换,使水平方向转换成波数域,保留垂直方向为空间域,可根据地下介质电流密度变化的快慢灵活剖分.这样可把空间域异常电位满足的三维偏微分方程转化成不同波数满足的一维常微分方程,把一个大规模三维数值模拟问题分解为多个一维数值模拟问题,利用一维有限单元法求解方程组,并通过采用压缩算子迭代计算,最终获得较为精确的数值解.与自适应有限单元法对比验证了本文算法的正确性;测试了算法的收敛性,结果表明在满足精度要求的情况下,算法的收敛性只与异常体和围岩之间的电导率差异相关,而与异常体大小和埋深无关;分析了算法计算效率,结果表明算法的计算效率与剖分网格节点成线性关系,算法可在微型计算机中较快计算出剖分节点总数超过千万的各向异性模型的结果;设计简单观测系统并验证其具有反映地下各向异性结构特性的能力;最后模拟异常体沿着不同方向旋转不同角度时的响应特征,对比分析可知异常体为各向异性...     

井-地与井间电位技术联合数值模拟研究剩余油分布(英文)

电法测井有很高的分辨率,但是它的探测半径仅限于井孔周围;井-地电位技术虽然可以探测到足够大的范围,但是它的分辨率却受到很大的限制,特别是对于油水分布或者结构复杂的储层。本文试图通过井-地电位技术和井间电位技术的联合来研究地下储层油水分布范围。具体方法是,采用井-地电位技术研究油水分布在在横向上的展布情况,利用井间电位技术研究油水储层在垂向上的分布,然后采用井间电位结果标定井地电位结果,两者结合提高纵向分辨率,从而确定剩余油的三维空间分布。研究中通过研究注水初期数值模拟结果与水淹期数值模拟结果之差,求取剩余油分布范围。有限差分方法数值模拟表明:井-地电位技术与井间电位技术联合方法可以有效地确定剩余油分布。     

A fractal model for streaming potential coefficient in porous media

Streaming potential is the result of coupling between a fluid flow and an electric current in porous rocks. The modified Helmholtz–Smoluchowski equation derived for capillary tubes is mostly used to determine the streaming potential coefficient of porous media. However, to the best of our knowledge, the fractal geometry theory is not yet applied to analyse the streaming potential in porous media. In this article, a fractal model for the streaming potential coefficient in porous media is developed based on the fractal theory of porous media and on the streaming potential in a capillary. The proposed model is expressed in terms of the zeta potential at the solid?liquid interface, the minimum and maximum pore/capillary radii, the fractal dimension, and the porosity of porous media. The model is also examined by using another capillary size distribution available in published articles. The results obtained from the model using two different capillary size distributions are in good agreement with each other. The model predictions are then compared with experimental data in the literature and those based on the modified Helmholtz–Smoluchowski equation. It is shown that the predictions from the proposed fractal model are in good agreement with experimental data. In addition, the proposed model is able to reproduce the same result as the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski equation, particularly for high fluid conductivity or large grain diameters. Other factors influencing the streaming potential coefficient in porous media are also analysed.     

Nonlinear diffusive instabilities in differentially rotating stars

Abstract

Angular momentum driven instabilities in a stratified differentially rotating star are investigated. In the strong buoyancy limit axisymmetric instabilities of the Goldreich-Schubert type are the most important. A detailed discussion of the linear and small amplitude theories at an arbitrary latitude is given. The bifurcation to finite amplitude steady modes is typically transcritical, and occurs whenever the angular momentum or its gradient is neither parallel not perpendicular to local gravity. Such misalignments enhance the time scale for transport of angular momentum by the Goldreich-Schubert instability. Depending on the turbulent viscosity produced by secondary shear instabilities time scales as short as the Kelvin-Helmholtz time scale are possible.     

Zeta potential of porous rocks in contact with mixtures of monovalent and divalent electrolytes

The zeta potential is one of the most important parameters influencing the electrokinetic coupling. Most reservoir rocks are saturated or partially saturated by natural water containing various types of ions (mostly monovalent and divalent ions). Therefore, understanding how the zeta potential behaves for mixtures of electrolytes is very important. In this work, measurements of the zeta potential for four different silica-based samples saturated by seven different mixtures of monovalent and divalent electrolytes are then carried out at a fixed ionic strength. It is seen that the magnitude of the measured zeta potential decreases with increasing divalent cation fraction. The experimental results are then explained by a model developed for mixtures of monovalent and divalent electrolytes. The result shows that the theoretical model is able to reproduce the main trend of the variation of the zeta potential with divalent cation fractions. Additionally, the model can fit the experimental data reported in literature well for reasonable values of the input parameters.     

灌注桩钢筋笼的充电电场特征研究

充电法是用于良导电矿体勘探的传统方法.利用良导椭球体的充电电场特征,结合模型桩试验,分析了灌注桩中钢筋笼周围的充电电场特征.结果表明在钢筋笼底边缘附近,电位曲线急剧下降,出现明显拐点,梯度曲线相应出现极小值.研究成果为检测灌注桩钢筋笼长度提供了理论依据.     

利用毛管模型研究泥质砂岩电化学测井响应机理

自然电位和激发极化电位测井响应所涉及的离子导体激发极化电位的微观机理解释,主要依据双电层形变假说和浓差极化假说,缺少定量描述的数学模型和理论体系.本文利用孔隙介质的微观毛管模型,给出了毛管模型中双电层理论和阳离子交换量与Zeta电位的关系,推导出毛管中离子流量和电流强度表达式.由电荷守恒定律和物质守恒定律,推导出毛管中离子浓度分布的解析表达式,建立了描述含水泥质砂岩激发极化电位和自然电位的数学模型.从而系统地严格证明了含水泥质砂岩激发极化现象是在电流场和浓度梯度场的共同作用下,由孔隙中离子浓度浓差极化电位和双电层形变电位形成的.并且证明了描述泥质砂岩自然电位的数学方程和描述激发极化电位的数学方程及形成机理是一致的.计算结果表明：激发极化极化率随孔隙度和渗透率的增大而减小;极化率随溶液浓度的增加而减小,随阳离子交换量的增加而增加;证明了地层水浓度、阳离子交换量是影响自然电位大小的主要因素.     

Second order potential vorticity and its potential applications

A new invariant, the second order potential vorticity (SPV), is derived in this paper. SPV is the dot product of vorticity and the potential vorticity (PV) gradient, and is proven conservative for a compressible, adiabatic and frictionless atmosphere. Research shows that the new invariant may be used to indicate the evolution of PV, because SPV includes all the information that determines PV evolution: the wind field, and the PV gradient. Furthermore, SPV is capable of diagnosing heavy precipitation because of the strong signals it presents in areas of heavy rainfall. SPV also shows great potential as a comprehensive conserved quantity for indicating the dynamical tropopause and baroclinic instability.     

Environmental Impact Assessment of High Pressure Water Scrubbing Biogas Upgrading Technology

The aim of this work was to assess the burdens of a process in terms of environmental and health impacts, resource depletion issues, and energy demand based on the ability of the Life Cycle Assessment methodology to link the environmental impacts with the mass and energy flows. The analysis was done in terms of process and environmental performances of high pressure water scrubbing (HPWS) system applied for biogas upgrading. The application of process simulation based on the Aspen Plus® software has been considered as supportive for the calculation of mass and energy balances. Data processed using GaBi 4: Software showed that global warming, acidification, and human toxicity potentials were the main impact categories associated with the HPWS process. These indicators are largely related to the exhaust gas from the desorption column and the indirect emissions generated during energy consumption. The life cycle inventory study resulted in the development of a database with a vast inventory of data regarding HPWS technology. A basis for assessing potential improvements in the environmental performance of the system is provided. Future studies in this area will address the economical evaluation of the HPWS technology, so as to maximize economic efficiency and minimize environmental impacts.     

嘉山台自然电位研究

本文使用嘉山地电台自１９７４年建台以来近２０年的自然电位日均值，研究了该台自然电位与附近３００ＫＭ范围内ＭＬ≥４．５地震的关系，根据１９７９年的实验数据分析初步推测，该东台西向自然电位在七十年代与中强震较好的对应关系可能是由于西测量电极埋在对地震孕育敏感的部位所致。震前由于局域应力场的变化引起地下水流动和渗流的变化，影响到西测量电极周围的水文物理条件或化学条件的变化，从而造成东西方向自然电位大幅度     

REPLY: PEAT MOUNDS WITH NON-UNIFORM PROPERTIES

In estimating the form of a peat mound from the equilibrium water table position, the assumption that hydraulic conductivity shows an exponential decline with depth (as used in the Armstrong (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 1995, 20 , 473–477) analysis) may be questioned in some circumstances. However, this does not invalidate the use of the hydrologic model for peat mounds, and results are presented which could be used to evaluate other forms of the depth-dependent relationship.