桃源县热市地热田地热流体特征及成因分析

桃源县热市地热田在地热构造上位于花垣—张家界—慈利区域性深大控热断裂的北东端南东延伸带上,属断裂控制的带状热储。热异常沿热市河谷呈北西向带状展布。地热流体的补给源主要为大气降水,深部热能沿热市断层带上升到一定部位后遇到丰富的岩溶水,岩溶水吸收热能使地下水温度增高形成热水,其成因模式为大气降水补给的断裂带深循环型地热系统。结果表明:研究区温泉水温及流量动态变化较小,地下热水水量丰富,温度适宜,具有良好的开发前景。     

油气田古岩溶与深岩溶研究新进展

项目来源:国家“九五”重点科技攻关项目“中国大中型气田勘探开发”研究专题 起止时间: 1996年—2000年 项目负责人:夏日元 主要完成人:夏日元唐健生罗伟权邓自强关碧珠 承担单位:中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所 古岩溶是指地质历史时期而非现代营力环境下形成的岩溶;深岩溶则为不受地表侵蚀基准面控制环境条件下的深埋藏岩溶作用。近年来,鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海湾盆地及塔里木盆地等深埋藏碳酸盐岩中的油气勘探相继取得了重大突破,在埋藏深度大于2000~3000m的碳酸盐岩中发现了高产古岩溶储集层。由于储集空间主要为岩溶孔洞、裂缝等,非均质性明显,空间分布规律复杂,加之碳酸盐岩储层经历了漫长的岩溶作用过程(既有地质历史时期近地表环境下的古岩溶作用,又经历了长期逐渐被埋藏过程中深岩溶作用的叠加与改造),造成油气储集规律十分复杂,给勘探、开发带来了一定难度。为此,从1996年起,国家“九五”重点科技攻关项目“中国大中型气田勘探开发研究(96—110)”特设立了油气田碳酸盐岩古岩溶与深岩溶专题研究。 专题研究采用古水文地质综合方法、溶蚀作用地球化学物理和数学模拟、岩石地球化学测试、岩溶储层介质结构定量评价和预测等技术手段,系统研究了鄂尔多斯盆地和渤海湾盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶和深岩溶的形成条件、影响控制因素和发育特征,揭示了不同时期岩溶作用的机制、发育演化特征及其与油气富集关系,识别出多种多样的古岩溶成因类型: (1)鄂尔多斯盆地古岩溶包括早期“层状岩溶”、中期“膏溶”和晚期“断裂系统岩溶”三个发育演化阶段。“膏溶”作用起关键作用,古岩溶地貌形态对油气富集有明显的控制作用; (2)深岩溶包括压释水岩溶和热水岩溶两种类型。压释水岩溶是指在压力差驱动下,上覆煤系地层成岩压实过程中释放出来的酸性水,通过渗流窗口侵入古风化壳产生对流循环而形成的岩溶。具有“水平渗流”、“侧向渗流—对流循环”、“纵向对流循环”三种发育模式,与烃类运移、聚集的关系为:早期为烃类改善运移通道,中期改造贮存空间,晚期对储集体形成封闭; (3)热水岩溶为奥陶系古风化壳深埋藏后,受燕山运动构造热事件影响,古地温梯度明显增高,呈承压状态向上运移的具有溶蚀能力的深循环热水对可溶岩所产生的溶蚀作用。热水岩溶主要经历了深循环对流热水形成、溶蚀与白云岩化作用两大阶段,对油气藏的形成具有建设性作用; (4)渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶发育主要经历了三个演化阶段:①加里东晚期—海西早期裸露古岩溶;②印支—燕山早期裸露和浅埋藏古岩溶:③燕山晚期—喜山期埋藏深岩溶。通过研究,建立了向斜翼部侵蚀洼地排泄型、向斜轴部山间洼地排泄型、山前浅埋藏断陷盆地型等三种古岩溶发育模式,以及倾斜垒式断块压释水作用、深埋褶断凸起构造压释水作用、深大断裂带高位掀斜断块热水作用等三种深岩溶发育模式。 (5)建立了各类古岩溶和深岩溶发育演化模式,提出了岩溶型油气储层定量评价和预测的模拟勘探技术,预测了三处有利勘探块区,取得了一定社会经济效益。     

深成古岩溶不整合构造系统构造岩相学与金属成矿

古岩溶风化壳和岩溶构造与生态环境资源和地球演化关系密切,对深成的古岩溶构造系统识别属关键科学问题和技术难题。在滇黔桂地区地表水岩溶作用形成了山顶侵蚀面、岩溶侵蚀相系和砖红壤岩溶风化壳;地下水岩溶作用形成了垂向岩溶构造相带、缓倾斜的侧向岩溶构造相带、隐伏岩溶相带及隐伏岩溶前锋面,它们为表生岩溶构造的物质组成。进行大比例尺构造岩相学填图和解析研究认为云南个旧表生岩溶构造系统具有“顶面红土型岩溶风化壳、上部垂向岩溶构造带、中部缓倾斜的侧向岩溶构造带、底部不透水层(花岗岩和变海相火山岩顶面)”4个构造岩相学垂向分带模型,它们继承了先存多期次岩溶作用和岩浆热液岩溶作用。这种垂向分带模式有助于重建深成的古岩溶不整合构造系统。深成的古岩溶不整合构造系统由古气成热水、古火山热水、古火山喷发-岩浆侵位有关的复合热液岩溶作用等叠加在先存岩溶构造系统上形成,发育上覆岩性封闭层,经历了埋藏成岩、热液叠加成岩和层间滑脱构造叠加改造等,具有显著多期次的热流体叠加改造和再造作用。深成古岩溶不整合构造系统属重要油气储层、(非)金属矿产的储集层。对云南个旧地区中—新生代岩溶构造系统、新疆乌拉根地区古近纪热水岩溶不整合构...     

广东三坑地热田形成条件及开发潜力分析

广东三坑地热田位于吴川－四会深大断裂带的东北侧,三坑向斜岩溶盆地内。地下热水主要赋存于ＮＥ与ＮＷ向断裂构造及其交汇部位的岩溶裂隙发育带中。根据地热地质条件及水热对流系统分析,地下热水是在水热对流系统中由深循环高温构造裂隙水与浅循环８常温岩溶水混合而成。三坑地热田热水资源具有水温适中、水量丰富、水质良好、动态稳定等特点。开发潜力很大。     

湖南省地下热水特征及其成因类型和开发利用

湖南省地下热水已发现158处,以低温(<40℃)居多,高温热水仅两处,最高温度达92.2℃。地下热水总天然排泄量为8828.78立方米/时。地下热水点大量产于碳酸盐岩中,同时,岩浆岩和构造(深断裂及褶皱)对地下热水的控制都极为突出,构成了湖南省地下热水分布的三大特点。湖南省地下热水的水化学特征有别于一般常温水,多为低矿化度、中低硬度的碱性水。部分热水中还含较高的氟、锶、可溶性二氧化硅、镭及氡等微量元素,并有19处形成矿水,很值得进一步开发利用。水质除与围岩关系密切外,热水中还存在一些源于地壳深处岩浆的挥发组分。据热水区的构造形式、埋藏条件及热源三大因素,全省地下热水的成因类型可分为地温增热型、深断裂导热型、深断裂导热—岩浆岩余热型、深断裂导热—岩浆岩余热—放射性热型四类。意义较大的是后三类,而且,深断裂构造对此三类热水形成都起着主导作用。湖南省地下热水已开始用于发电、医疗、农业、工业、民用生活等方面,境内点多,储量丰富,开发利用的潜力还很大。     

天津中南部地区奥陶系地热流体层控性

在天津中南部地区,奥陶系地热井成功率较低( 66. 67%) 。通过岩石、岩溶、构造等条件,对奥陶系热储层控性进行研究。结果表明,本区奥陶系顶部风化壳岩溶条件不足,能够形成经济热储的地质作用主要是压释水岩溶作用和热水岩溶作用,且两种作用均与地质构造相关,具有不同的岩溶特征: 风化壳“击穿”、褐铁矿被蚀变成硫铁矿、晶体大小不等是上覆地层压释水对下伏奥陶系进行岩溶作用的重要特征; 节状构造、嵌晶结构、硫铁矿不发育及风化壳保存完好是发生热水岩溶作用的重要特征。这些特征及与构造相关性可成为寻找热储的标志。     

洛阳龙门地下热水形成条件的研究

采用地质条件与水文地球化学分析相结合的研究方法,分析龙门地下热水的形成条件,认为地下水在活动深大断裂内循环深度大、径流速度慢是高温热水形成的主要原因,与岩浆活动无关,草店断层以东低温热水由高温热水和常温岩溶水混合而成。     

云南省宜良地热田基本特征研究及成因分析

对云南宜良盆地地热资源水文地质条件、热储层结构及地热田特征等分析研究,可将宜良地热田划分为3个相对独立的地热区,并对宜良地热田基本特征、形成机制、储集形式等规律进行探究,建立了宜良地热田热储概念模型,其成因模式为大气降水补给的断裂控热深循环型地热系统。研究区热储岩性主要为震旦系灯影组白云岩,为岩溶型层状热储,热储温度一般在43℃~55℃之间,埋藏深度一般在800~1200m。宜良断裂带为水热对流循环提供了良好的通道和储集空间,地下热水在震旦系灯影组岩溶含水层中富集,最终形成宜良地热田。     

南京汤泉地下热水补给来源与成因模式

南京汤泉地区地下热水资源丰富,阐明其补给来源及成因模式,对于地下热水的科学开发意义重大。采用水化学及同位素地球化学分析方法对其进行了系统研究。结果表明,研究区地下热水与浅层冷水水化学组成差异明显,热储温度为63~75℃,循环深度为1.8~2.3 km。大气降水入渗是地下热水的补给来源,补给高程范围为321~539 m;循环周期为2046~6474 a;地下热水上涌过程中会混入比例为4%~26%的浅部岩溶冷水。经分析,该地热系统成因上属于中低温对流型,补给区主要为老山复背斜构造内的碳酸盐岩裸露区,依靠区域大地热流供热,热储层主要为上震旦统白云岩,盖层为寒武系、白垩系及第四系,地下热水经深循环沿NEE向与NW向断裂交会通道向上运移,并与浅部冷水发生混合,形成本区的地热异常。     

武汉城市圈岩溶热储水化学特征及水——岩作用研究

根据武汉城市圈岩溶热储地热田的地下热水水化学数据,总结了岩溶热水的水化学类型,分析了岩溶热水中主要组分随温度的变化特征,重点研究了水—岩作用程度和作用时间的关系,系统分析了热水中主要离子的水化学作用过程。研究结果表明,热水中主要组分含量受温度和水岩作用过程控制,TDS含量随水岩作用时间的增加而增加,随着TDS含量的增加,水岩作用受碳酸盐溶解控制逐渐转变为受硫酸盐溶解控制,高TDS时,盐岩溶解作用加强;浪口、五洪山、蛇屋山地热田属同一个岩溶水流系统,汤池地热田、马口地热井属同一个水流系统,其他地热田属各自独立的水流系统。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来,黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出,鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低,当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流,这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水,提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力,今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997