横-竖立体加筋地基中附加应力的分析计算

建立了横-竖立体加筋（H-V筋）地基的有限元模型,通过分析地基中的竖向应力分布、水平向位移分布以及筋-土界面相互作用,发现横-竖立体加筋地基中的竖向应力在筋材下方出现扩散和重分布,并逐渐向土体下部传递,使得土体中整体的应力分布更加均匀;同时,横-竖筋材中的竖筋类似于一个侧壁,其提供的垂直侧向力约束了介于竖筋间的土体,限制了土体的侧向水平位移,使得地基中筋材上部土体的侧向水平位移变小。基于有限元模拟对横-竖立体加筋地基加固机制的认识,将横-竖立体筋视为作用在地基上的一维弹性地基梁,通过弹性地基梁理论,根据弗拉曼解推导求解了横-竖立体加筋地基中任意一点竖向附加应力的计算表达式。将模型计算结果与有限元模拟所得结果进行对比发现两者吻合良好。     

Bearing capacity of two close strip footings on soft clay reinforced with geotextile

For many years ago, the beneficial effects of using reinforcement to improve the property of soil have been demonstrated. Over the last three decades, the use of polymeric reinforcement such as geotextile has increased in geotechnical engineering. Among the possible applications, earth reinforcement techniques have become useful and economical techniques to solve many problems in geotechnical engineering practice, such as improve the bearing capacity and settlement characteristics of the footing. This research presents the effect of geotextile inclusion on the bearing capacity of two close strip footings located at the surface of soft clay. A broad series of finite element analysis were performed on two footings with width of 1 and 2 m using two-dimensional plane strain model using the computer code Plaxis (ver 8). Only one type of soft clay was used for the analysis, and the soil was represented by two yielding criteria including hardening soil model and Mohr–Coulomb model, while reinforcement was represented by elastic element, and at the interface between the reinforcements and soft clay, interface elements have been used. A wide range of boundary conditions, including unreinforced and reinforced cases, was analyzed by varying parameters such as number of geotextile layers, vertical spacing of layers, depth to topmost layer of geotextile, tensile stiffness of geotextile layers, and distance of between two footings. From numerical results, the bearing capacity ratio and the interference factor of the foundations have been estimated. On the basis of the analysis performed in this research, it can be concluded that there is a best distance between footings and optimum depth for topmost layer to achieve maximum bearing capacity for closely spaced strip footings. The bearing capacity was also found to increase with increasing number of reinforcement layers if the reinforcements were placed within a range of effective depths. In addition, the analysis indicated that increasing reinforcement stiffness beyond a threshold value does not result in a further increase in the bearing capacity.     

Numerical investigation of the stabilisation behaviour of shallow foundations under alternate loading

This article presents a stability criterion for shallow foundations on sand for various loading conditions. By means of laboratory model tests, a behaviour called self-healing is shown. Numerical simulations of these tests prove the suitability of the employed numerical model. Based on this validation, a numerical parametric study is done to analyse the influence of loading condition and initial state of the soil on the self-healing. Main focus is on the rotational behaviour and settlement of the foundation. The observations and numerical results are discussed and an explanation is presented based on results of cyclic laboratory tests.     

非均质地基承载力及破坏模式的FLAC数值分析

利用基于Lagrangian显式差分的FLAC算法，通过数值计算，对黏结力随深度线性增长的非均质地基上条形基础和圆形基础的极限承载力及地基破坏模式进行了对比计算与系统分析。研究表明：（1）随着地基黏结力沿深度非均匀变化系数的增大，地基的破坏范围逐渐集中在地基表层和基础两侧：（2）即使地基的非均质程度较小，当将非均质地基近似地按均质地基考虑时，由此所估算的承载力可能过于保守；（3）地基承载力系数随黏结力沿深度非均匀变化系数的增大而非线性地增大。与数值解相比，skempton与Peck等近似公式均可能高估了非均质地基承载力。     

吸力式沉箱基础极限拉拔承载力的数值分析

作为新型的深水海洋基础型式,吸力式沉箱基础被广泛地用于系泊深水海洋设施中,从而承受巨大的倾斜上拔荷载。在上拔荷载水平分量与竖向分量的共同作用下,吸力式沉箱的承载特性及其工作性能评价是海洋工程设计与建设中的关键技术问题之一。然而现有的理论分析与试验研究并不能满足工程实践的需要,因此,对吸力式沉箱基础的极限承载力分析建立了有限元数值计算方法。当沉箱基础在快速拔出过程中,正常固结黏土处于完全不排水状态,沉箱基础发生整体破坏时表现出反向地基承载力失稳模式,此时沉箱基础所发挥的极限承载能力往往最大。为此,在数值计算中直接假定沉箱基础及其周围土体处于完全不排水状态,针对不同的沉箱长径比,分别确定了在竖向上拔荷载和水平拉拔的单独作用下沉箱基础极限承载力。对比发现：竖向上拔极限承载力有限元解能够较好地与理论计算结果相符合,而水平极限承载力解与理论计算结果存在一定的差异。     

加筋材料动态松弛有限元模型的建立及应用

为分析加筋材料的抗弯刚度对加筋性能的影响,加筋材料采用梁单元形式。基于动态松弛法,通过定义梁单元的刚度矩阵,求解内力矢量,随后定义虚拟质量密度而建立总质量矩阵,将加筋材料的梁单元有限元模型嵌入到已有的动态松弛法求解程序中。通过对简支梁的简单加载模拟验证了该梁单元模型的准确性能。随后,将该有限元模型与已有的动态松弛法计算程序结合（含砂土本构及弱面单元模型）,对加筋砂土地基室内模型试验进行了数值模拟。将梁单元的模拟结果与杆单元（梁单元的特例）模拟结果进行了比较,并分别探讨了抗拉刚度和抗弯刚度对加筋砂土地基承载性能的影响。结果表明：抗拉刚度对承载能力的影响较小;抗弯刚度对承载力的影响程度与加筋材料的布置形式有关,特别是当加筋砂土中出现剪切带以后,其影响逐渐增大。因此,在分析加筋砂土结构的增强机制时,建议采用梁单元（具有一定的抗弯刚度）对加筋材料进行模拟。     

直接加固软弱下卧土层的地基工作性状模型试验研究

高压喷射注浆法可以在软弱下卧土层中直接形成加固桩体对软土地基进行加固。对这种加固方法形成的地基进行了一组模型试验,其中包含了天然地基和加固地基,加固地基中设置了一组3×3的加固桩体,通过对比研究了直接加固软弱下卧土层的地基处理方法对地基工作性状的影响。结果表明：直接加固软弱下卧土层的方法能很好地改善地基的沉降特性,提高地基的承载能力。加固桩体能有效地传递荷载,使加固区软弱土体的压缩量大大减小。随着荷载的增加,加固桩体顶端承担的荷载大体呈线性增加,桩顶轴力表现为角桩最大,边桩次之,中心桩最小。加固桩体上部受负摩阻力作用,下部受正摩阻力作用,桩身最大轴力位于距桩顶25 cm处。加固区的平均桩-土应力比随荷载的增加而减小。     

水平荷载作用下根式基础受力特性分析

根式基础是一种新型的结构式基础,利用自身的结构性,可以在增加少量成本的情况下大幅度提高基础的承载力。但是,目前还没有关于根式基础的理论研究成果,有必要对根式基础的受力特性进行分析。采用弹塑性有限元法,对淮河特大桥1#桥的根式基础原位试验进行数值模拟,验证了数值模拟方法和参数选取的合理性。在此基础上,通过无根键沉井基础和有根键沉井基础的受力特性对比,分析了根式基础的受力特性,对根键上的弯矩分布型式进行了研究,并探讨了根键沿深度位置分布对根式基础承载力的影响。研究证明,根键分布在合理的位置可以有效地提高沉井基础的水平承载力。     

Behaviour of model footing on pond ash

This paper focuses on the effective utilization of pond ash, as foundation medium. A series of laboratory model tests have been carried out using square, rectangular and strip footings on pond ash. The effects of dry density, degree of saturation of pond ash, size and shape of footing on ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations are presented in this paper. Local shear failure of a square footing on pond ash at 37% moisture content (optimum moisture content) is observed up to the values of dry density 11.20 kN/m³ and general shear failure takes place at the values of dry density 11.48 kN/m³ and 11.70 kN/m³. Effects of degree of saturation on ultimate bearing capacity were studied. Experimental results show that degree of saturation significantly affects the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing. The effect of footing length to width ratio (L/B), on increase in ultimate bearing capacity of pond ash, is insignificant for L/B ≥ 10 in case of rectangular footings. The effects of size of footing on ultimate bearing capacity for all shapes of footings viz., square, rectangular and strip footings are highlighted.     

扩展基础冲剪破坏特征试验研究

通过10个基础模型试验,研究了钢筋混凝土扩展基础的冲剪破坏特征和破坏规律。试验结果表明,当基础宽度大于柱宽加两倍基础有效高度时,将发生冲切破坏;当基础宽度小于或等于柱宽加两倍基础有效高度时,若基础底板只配置抗弯钢筋时,基础将发生剪切破坏;当基础板按梁式配筋时,基础将发生弯曲破坏,在基础尺寸、底面纵筋相同时,柱下条形基础按基础梁配筋与按板式配筋相比,基础的延性性能和承载力都将有较大提高。建议在柱下条形基础设计时按基础梁的形式进行配筋,以避免基础发生脆性的剪切破坏。     

Bearing capacity of strip foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand

Results of small-scale laboratory model tests to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip foundation supported by sand with multiple layers of geogrid reinforcement are presented. Tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid and a sand compacted to one relative density. The embedment ratio of the foundation was varied from zero to 0.6. It is found that, for the given reinforcement-depth ratio, the bearing capacity ratio with respect to ultimate load increases with embedment. The relationship between the bearing capacity ratio at ultimate load and at limited levels of settlement (less than or equal to 5% of foundation width) is also presented. The bearing capacity ratio at limited levels of settlement is smaller than the value at ultimate load.     

Experimental Study of Bearing Capacity of Granular Soils,Reinforced with Innovative Grid-Anchor System

The pull-out resistance of reinforcing elements is one of the most significant factors in increasing the bearing capacity of geosynthetic reinforced soils. In this research a new reinforcing element that includes elements (anchors) attached to ordinary geogrid for increasing the pull-out resistance of reinforcements is introduced. Reinforcement therefore consists of geogrid and anchors with cubic elements that attached to the geogrid, named (by the authors) Grid-Anchor. A total of 45 load tests were performed to investigate the bearing capacity of square footing on sand reinforced with this system. The effect of depth of the first reinforcement layer, the vertical spacing, the number and width of reinforcement layers, the distance that anchors are effective, effect of relative density, low strain stiffness and stiffness after local shear were investigated. Laboratory tests showed that when a single layer of reinforcement is used there is an optimum reinforcement embedment depth for which the bearing capacity is the greatest. There also appeared to be an optimum vertical spacing of reinforcing layers for multi-layer reinforced sand. The bearing capacity was also found to increase with increasing number of reinforcement layer, if the reinforcement were placed within a range of effective depth. The effect of soil density also is investigated. Finally the results were compared with the bearing capacity of footings on non-reinforced sand and sand reinforced with ordinary geogrid and the advantages of the Grid-Anchor were highlighted. Test results indicated that the use of Grid-Anchor to reinforce the sand increased the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow square footing by a factor of 3.0 and 1.8 times compared to that for un-reinforced soil and soil reinforced with ordinary geogrid, respectively.     

Bearing capacity tests of strip footings on reinforced layered soil

The ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings resting on subsoil consisting of a strong sand layer (reinforced/unreinforced) overlying a low bearing capacity sand deposit has been investigated. Three principal problems were analysed based on results obtained from the model tests as follows: (1) the effect of stratified subsoil on the foundations bearing capacity; (2) the effect of reinforcing the top layer with horizontal layers of geogrid reinforcement on the bearing capacity; (3) effect of reinforcing stratified subsoil (reinforced and unreinforced) on the settlement of the foundation. It has been observed that reinforcing the subsoil after replacing the top layer of soil with a well-graded soil is beneficial as the mobilization of soil-reinforcement frictional resistance will increase.     

A Simple Limit Equilibrium Approach for Calculation of Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations on Two-Layered Granular Soils

The bearing capacity of shallow foundations in a non-homogeneous soil profile has been a challenging task in geotechnical engineering. In this paper, a limit equilibrium method is used for calculating bearing capacity factors of shallow foundations constructed on a two-layered granular soil profile. The main objective has been to determine the ultimate bearing capacity computed from equivalent bearing capacity factors N_q and N_γ and comparing that with numerical analysis using finite element methods. It will be shown that the data obtained form the developed method are well comparable with those obtained from FE approach, specially when the difference between shear strength parameters of layers is low which is a practical case for sedimentary soil profiles and also for artificially compacted soils. A computer program has been developed to investigate the influence of various parameters on bearing capacity factors.     

Interference effect of two closely-spaced shallow strip foundations on geogrid-reinforced sand

Summary Geotextiles and geogrids are now being used extensively in many civil engineering construction works. This study presents some laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of an isolated, and two closely-spaced, strip foundations resting on unreinforced sand, and sand reinforced with layers of geogrid. Based on the model test results, the variation of the group efficiency with the centre-to-centre spacing of the foundation has been determined.     

Uplift response of symmetrical anchor plates in reinforced cohesionless soil

The uplift response of symmetrical anchor plates with and without geogrid reinforcement layers has been evaluated in model tests and numerical simulations using PLAXIS. Many parameters of the reinforcement layers were used to reinforce the sandy soil over circular, square, and rectangular symmetrical anchor plates of various sizes. In the current research, different parameters, such as relative density of sand and embedment ratios, in conjunction with geogrid reinforcement layer parameters including size, number of layers, and the proximity of the layer to the circular anchor plate, were investigated in a scale model. The failure mechanism and the associated rupture surface were observed and evaluated. Test results showed that using geogrid reinforcement layers significantly improves the uplift capacity of symmetrical anchor plates. It was found that inclusion of one geogrid layer resting directly on top of the symmetrical anchor plate was more effective in enhancing the symmetrical anchor capacity than the layer itself. It was also found that the inclusion of one geogrid layer on the symmetrical anchor plate improved the uplift capacity more than the same symmetrical anchor plate embedded without a reinforcement layer. The single geogrid layer was also more effective in enhancing the uplift capacity compared to the multiple geogrid layer reinforcement approach. In general, the results show that the uplift capacity of symmetrical anchor plates in loose and dense sand can be significantly increased by the inclusion of geogrid layers. It was also observed that the inclusion of geogrid layers reduces the requirement for a higher L/D ratio to achieve the required uplift capacity. The results of the laboratory and numerical analysis are found to be in agreement in terms of the breakout factor and failure mechanism pattern.     

Transient loading-related settlement of a square foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand

Summary Laboratory model test results are presented that determine the effectiveness of using layers of geogrids as reinforcement in sand to reduce the settlement of square surface foundations subjected to transient loading. The model tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid at one relative density of compaction of sand. The maximum intensity of the transient load applied always exceeded the static ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation when supported by unreinforced sand. The settlement reduction factors for various depths of reinforcement have been determined.     

Experimental and analytical investigations on bearing capacity of strip footing in reinforced sand backfills and flexible retaining wall

This study focuses on the experimental and analytical investigations of small-scale physical model tests. For this purpose, a set of tests were conducted with and without reinforcement on the top of the backfill. The specimens were different in terms of parameters like the number of geotextile layers, the vertical distance between layers and the strip footing distance from the wall. Soil failure in the bearing capacity step and the backfill shear zones was analysed using particle image velocimetry methods. Bearing capacity of the strip footings was studied using analytical procedures. The results indicate that a reinforcing top zone of the flexible retaining structures may be more appropriate than unreinforced case. The ultimate bearing capacity and wall deflection can be significantly improved by increasing the number of reinforcement layers. When the three layers of reinforcement are used, there is an optimum vertical spacing of the layers at which the bearing capacity is the greatest (h/H?=?0.12, d/H?=?0.33 and u?=?B). The study shows that the analytical solution and the results from the experimental models are in good agreement.     

Bearing capacity of strip foundations with structural skirts

A modified bearing capacity equation is proposed for skirted strip foundations on dense sand. A series of tests on foundation models were carried out to study the factors that affect the bearing capacity of foundations with skirts. Several factors including foundation base friction, skirt depth, skirt side roughness, skirt stiffness and soil compressibility were studied and incorporated in the equation. The results obtained from the proposed equation were compared with the results obtained from Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen and Vesic bearing capacity equations for foundations without skirt. Comparison shows that the use of structural skirts can improve the bearing capacity by a factor of 1.5 to 3.9 depending on the geometrical and structural properties of the skirts and foundation, soil characteristics and interface conditions of the soil-skirt-foundation system. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

循环荷载及静载下土工格室加筋路堤模型试验研究

为探究土工格室加筋路堤在循环荷载及静载下的各种性能,利用美国GCTS公司的USTX-2000加载装置进行加载,通过改变加筋层数、格室高度,格室焊距对土工格室加筋路堤进行一系列模型试验。对各种工况下加筋路堤极限承载力、长期循环荷载及固定振次循环荷载后极限承载力的变化进行研究。试验表明,土工格室加筋能显著提高地基极限承载力并能显著减小坡顶和坡中临界破坏时的法向累积变形,在加筋间距一定的情况下,加筋层数增加和格室高度增大均可不同程度提高极限承载力并减小临界破坏时坡顶法向累积变形,格室焊距的减小也可在一定程度提高极限承载力,格室焊距对边坡法向变形影响不大;长期循环荷载下固定间距加筋层数对路堤竖向累积沉降量影响不大,而对边坡坡顶法向累积变形有一定影响,格室高度增大和格室焊距减小均可不同程度减小路堤竖向累积沉降量和坡面法向累积变形;越靠近加载点处,路堤土压力值受加筋影响越显著,加筋提高了土体刚度和密实度,使加筋路堤土压力值较无筋路堤明显增大;对于无筋路堤,改变动载幅值和振次均导致振后极限承载力有不同程度的降低,而对于加筋路堤,当动载幅值≥30 kPa或动载振次≥1 000时,振后极限承载力均有不同程度的提高。