K—P关系和和射电脉冲星辐射束宽度的估计

从极冠模型出发，利用观测参数Ｋ和辐射锥角的关系，通过研究Ｋ－Ｐ关系导出了对确定辐射区参数有重要意义的辐射束宽和周期的关系。给出了一种估计辐射束宽度和磁倾角的方法。     

脉冲星PSR J1906+0746射电辐射束的观测特征及其启示

利用公开数据研究了PSR J1906+0746的主脉冲和中间脉冲的辐射特征。通过对各段时期的平均脉冲轮廓进行高斯拟合,得到了对应的10%峰值脉冲宽度和峰值流量密度,进而研究了与碰撞角之间的关系。结果表明,主脉冲辐射束的主要可见部分可由一束有确定磁经度角范围的磁流管产生,而中间脉冲则来自于环绕磁轴的磁力线上的辐射。现有的扇形束模型可以较好地解释主脉冲的特征,但难以解释中间脉冲的辐射特征。中间脉冲的特征要求改进扇形束模型,在假设磁轴四周的磁力线均有辐射的情况下,通过合理选择模型参数模拟观测到的条形辐射束。     

脉冲星射电辐射束半径与周期关系的研究

脉冲星的周期非常稳定.前人通过研究发现脉冲星射电辐射束半径大小应该正比于周期的-1/3或-1/2次方.通过整理收集了87颗信噪比很好的、偏振位置角明显为"S"曲线的脉冲星数据,用脉冲星辐射束几何模型计算得到了每颗脉冲星的辐射束半径及误差.发现脉冲星周期小于0.85 s时,辐射束半径正比于周期的-1/2次方.周期大于0.85 s时,辐射束半径与周期之间并没有明显的幂律关系,但这可能与选择效应有关.当假设脉冲星的磁倾角为90?时,计算得到的辐射束半径随周期分布的下边界正比于周期的-1/2次方,与前人的结论一致.     

大天线太阳射电观测和流量归算的一种方法

本文介绍了高空间分辨率的太阳射电观测流量的归算方法，即对观测的太阳天线温度值作天线功率方向图Ｋ因子的修正，即可得到太阳射电流量值．文中推导了不同温度分布模型下的Ｋ因子表达式，并计算了日面宁静太阳流量值和部分射电源的ＳＶＣ辐射流量值．对日面宁静区的射电辐射而言，因Ｋ的年变化（０．０２３６—０．０２５２）不大，因此按其平均值０．０２４４可计算出２２ＧＨｚ频率上宁静太阳流量ｓ。＝０．１５Ｔａ。（以ｓｆｕ为单位，Ｔａ。是宁静区辐射的太阳天线温度），相应的宁静太阳温度为１０１００土３００Ｋ．１９９０年７月２日源区的ＳＶＣ辐射计算结果表明：日面源区的ＳＶＣ辐射总和为２０ｓｆｕ，约占日面总辐射的２．４％．     

1974年10月11日白光耀斑的光谱分析

１９７４年１０月１１日耀斑的光谱分析表明，连续发射和微波爆发几乎同时达到极大。在连续辐射极大时刻出现了高项巴耳末发射线和微弱的巴耳末跳跃，所有这些说明这个耀斑是Ｉ型白光耀斑。我们发现，在这个耀斑连续发射的极大时刻，ＣａＩＩＫ线的Ｋ１处强度大大增强，约达到连续辐射强度的一半，对应的辐射温度达到５７１６Ｋ。这个反常增强的持续时间小于４分钟。现有的半经验模型似不能给出这样的结果。色球压缩区也不能给出解释     

射电脉冲星锥成分的谱行为

选取２３颗双峰轮廓脉冲星,考察脉冲星射电辐射锥成分的谱行为．通过对前导和后随成分峰值强度比与频率的关系进行幂律谱拟合,给出了前后两部分的相对谱指数．结果显示,大多数脉冲星的相对谱指数集中分布在零附近,这表明,前导和后随成分的辐射本质上没有差别;相对谱指数的近似高斯分布显示出,其辐射部位高辐射束中心距离之差具有一定的随机性．     

射电脉冲星锥成分的谱行为

选取２３颗双峰轮廓脉冲星,考察脉冲星射电辐射锥成分的谱行为,通过对前导和后随成分峰值强度比与频率的关系进行幂律谱拟合,给出了前后两部分的相对谱指数,结果显示,大多数脉冲星的相对谱指数集中分布在零附近,这表明,前导和后随成分的辐射本质上滑有差别;相对谱指数的近似高斯分布显示出,其辐射部位离辐射束中心距离之差具有一定的随机性。     

Blazars的多波段辐射谱:聚束效应和内禀谱

考虑了观测到的Ｂｌａｚａｒｓ多波段辐射的两分量特征,提出该观测特征可由频率相并的聚束效应和内禀谱一起来解释．多普勒因子与频率之间的关系由分析观测数据获得．假定内禀谱由非均匀喷流中同步－自康普顿机制产生,应用该模型解释了３Ｃ２７９的辐射．     

Blazars的多波段辐射谱：聚束效应和内禀谱

考虑了观测到的Ｂｌａｚａｒｓ多波段辐射的两分量特征,提出该观测特征可由频率相并的取束效应和内禀谱一起来解释。多普勒因子与频率之间的关系由分析观测数据获得。假定内禀谱由非均匀喷流中同步－自康普顿机制产生,应用该模型解释了３Ｃ２７９的辐射。     

脉冲星脉冲宽度的测量方法

脉冲宽度的测量方法有几种.最常用的脉冲宽度有W_pp（两峰值点的间距）、W₅₀（最高峰值强度50%处的宽度）和W₁₀（最高峰值强度10%处的宽度）.另外,还有测量两个最外成分各自强度50%处的宽度W_c50和各自强度10%处的宽度W_c10.利用16颗双锥峰脉冲星和7颗核锥三峰脉冲星样本在1.4 GHz的脉冲轮廓数据,测量了5种脉冲宽度.利用有磁倾角α和撞击角β数据的脉冲星,导出了对应的辐射束半径ρ,并验证其与脉冲星周期P之间的关系ρ∝P^-0.5.通过比较5种脉冲宽度导出的ρ与P关系的好坏,发现最外成分之间的宽度比前面3种宽度更好,其中W_c50宽度得出的相关关系最好.由此认为W_c50是最能反映辐射束宽度的测量值.还讨论了脉冲轮廓的对称性,发现后随的锥辐射成分与先导的锥辐射成分相比,更靠近核心辐射成分,两个锥辐射成分的宽度在统计上基本相同.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...