一种高频震级标度

提出一种高频震级标度(m): m=2log■_(kf)+3式中,■_(kf)是在震源或距断层10km处加速度傅里叶振幅谱的高频水平,单位是cm/s(平均的或其中任意一个水平分量)。可以从仪器资料或地震的有感面积来测定m。在北美东部和加州,我们规定对应于“平均”应力降的地震,m=M(矩震级)。如果M也是已知的,则m提供应力降的测量。观测的m与M之间的关系表明,对于北美东部地区地震,平均应力降大约是150bar;对于加州地区地震,平均应力降大约是70bar。北美东部地区应力降的变化又比加州地区的大得多。所提出标度的主要理由是它可用来解释有仪器记录的以前的大地震,而这些地震对北美东部地震危险性估计是十分重要的。对于这样的地震,m可以比M或m_N(Nuttli震级)的测定更为可靠,并且形成测定高频地面运动的更好基础。当将m和M作为一对使用时,则可提供为覆盖整个工程频带的地面运动的一个好的指标。如果能够给出一个地震的两种震级,那么,就可以用一个地面运动模型,如随机模型,获得可靠的反应谱和地面运动峰值。     

不同震级标度转换关系研究概述

简述了中国学者近年来在地震震级转换关系方面的研究成果与进展,比较了中国台网测定的各种震级与国外主要地震机构测定的地震标度之间的差别与各震级间的转换关系。在前人研究的基础上,统一给出了矩震级与各种震级标度之间的对应关系：在国外震级标度中,6.5≤M≤7.6时,mB≈MW;5.2≤M≤8.0时,mS≈MW;4.2≤M≤7.0时,mL≈MW;4.0≤M≤6.0时,mb≈MW。在上述震级区间,MW与mB、mb、ML和MS的偏差≤0.2。经过推导,我国常规震级标度与矩震级的之间的对应关系为：4.5≤M≤5.8时,mb≈MW;4.5≤M≤7.5时,mB≈MW;4.5≤M≤7.0时,ML≈MW;MS≈MW;MS7=MW。在上述震级区间,MW与mB、MS的偏差≤0.2,与MS7偏差为0;与ML偏差为0.22。上述结论可为地震预测及相关领域的研究提供参考。     

即将通用的矩震级标度Mw──远震震级测定工作综述

本文从地震观测数据的利用角度出发，讨论世界范围内远震震级的测定问题。笔者认为，现震级标度存在的弊病是：震级饱和，测值偏差大，过分依赖频率的变动以及需要各种校正等。体波震级的问题大于面波；周期较短的震相问题大于周期较长的震相问题。矩震级标度将逐渐取代依据变幻不定的各种地震波的观用的各种标度。对于远震，长周期地震仪记录的面波震级Ｍｓ将得以发展，成为矩震级的一种辅助标度。本文最后提出了矩震级标度实行后，历史地震震级和区域地震震级如何与之衔接的初步设想。     

关于震级标度的讨论

就震级标度的一些议题提出看法,包括震级的国家标准、多种震级标度的存在、“全覆盖”震级、不同震级标度的换算、震级的校准等.文中还对改善震级测定工作提出了建议.     

传统与现代震级标度

首先阐述并比较传统震级(M_L、m_b、m_B、M_S及M_JMA)所用数据、计算方法及适用范围,系统梳理两种现代震级标度M_e和M_W的理论基础及计算方法。然后根据使用数据及适用场景不同,介绍M_WW、M_WC、M_Wb、M_wp及M_dt等矩震级测定方法;同时,随着越来越丰富的GPS观测数据,基于高频GPS观测也越来越多地被用于地震震级快速测定工作。最后对这些震级测定方法的时效性进行对比分析,讨论不同震级标度的适用场景及其稳定性。     

新国家标准震级标度与传统震级标度对比研究

使用四川省地震台网2013年4月以来的宽频带数字地震资料,对新国家标准震级标度与传统震级标度中的4类震级进行了对比分析。结果表明:新M_L与传统M_L、M_S（BB）与M_S7之间的差别最小,相关性最高;所有事件的新m_b均大于或等于传统m_b;大部分事件的新M_L大于传统M_L;m_B（BB）大于m_B的事件多于m_B（BB）小于m_B的事件;M_S（BB）小于M_S7的事件数量与M_S（BB）大于M_S7的事件接近;新M_L较传统M_L更符合区域地质实际状况,新m_b较传统m_b更便于测量,M_S（BB）较M_S7、m_B（BB）较m_B更适应当前的宽频带数字地震资料,其测定结果更稳定。新国家标准震级标度充分考虑了我国震级测定的历史连续性,很好地继承和衔接了传统震级标度,在可操作性和资料适用性方面有极大提高。      

不同类型地震的地震矩-震级标度关系研究

收集整理了中国大陆1977～2001年发生的107次M≥5．0地震的震型、震源机制、发震断层、地震矩等参数，在此基础上研究了不同震型、不同断层性质地震的地震矩与震级的关系。结果表明，地震矩和震级标度关系中直线的斜率与地震视应力和介质非均匀程度相联系，走滑断层地震的视应力和介质的非均匀程度均高于非走滑断层地震，走滑断层中孤立型地震的视应力和介质的非均匀程度均低干多震型地震。     

Scaling of stress drop and high-frequency fall-off of source spectra

It has been observed for a long time that the high-frequency fall-off constant of source spectra is about 2 for "large" earthquakes and about 3 for "small" earthquakes. For earthquakes between "large" and "small", the highfrequency fall-off constant is not an integer and varies with the size of the earthquake. In this article such a variation is explained in the perspective of the scaling of stress drop, which proposes a new approach to the study of the scaling of stress drop using seismic data with lower quality of completeness and high-frequency characteristics. The study on the source spectra of the aftershocks of the 1988 Lancang-Gengma, Yunnan, China earthquake shows that the high-frequency fall-off of source spectra and its variation with the size of earthquake can be well explained by the model that for "large" earthquakes the stress drop is a constant while for "small" earthquakes the stress drop increases with the size of the earthquake.     

Estimation of seismic stress drop from the peak velocity of ground motion

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川东南地区地震视应力时空分布特征

利用四川数字地震台网记录资料,计算2008年汶川地震后,川东南地区ML 3.0以上地震的震源动力学参数特征,分别得到视应力、应力降与震级之间、震级和地震矩之间,以及地震矩和视应力之间的定标关系。通过扣除震级影响,计算归准化视应力值的时空变化特征。得到结果如下:1从时间分布图来看,研究区4级以上地震频发时段刚好对应视应力涨落较明显时段,而该时段当地工业采矿注水活动强烈,故该区域视应力水平或许反映了工业活动对区域应力场的影响;2从空间分布图来看,自贡隆昌一带震级偏大,视应力反而偏小的现象可能与该区域应力释放不充分、构造应力水平偏低有关,未来要关注该区域发生中强地震的可能。     

数字化地震数据与震源参数的测定——广东河源地震的震例分析

以发生在广东省河源地区的地震为例，展示如何利用数字化地震数据进行波谱分析及震源参数估算，并对该区的地震破裂模式作了初步的分析，利用上述结果，建立了地震矩M0与震级ML的关系式，以便利用震级ML来估算矩震级Mw.     

Studies on seismic source

During the period of 1999-2002, the Chinese seismologists made a serious of developments in the study on seis-mic sources including observations, experiments and theory. In the field of observation, the methods of the accu-racy location of earthquake sources, the inversion of seismic moment tensor and the mechanism of earthquake source are improved and developed. A lot of important earthquake events are studied by using these methods. The rupture processes of these events are inverted and investigated combined with the local stress fields and the tec-tonic moment by using the measurements of surface deformation. In the fields of experiments and theory, many developments are obtained in cause of seismic formation, condition of stress and tectonics, dynamics of earthquake rupture, rock fracture and nucleation of strong earthquakes.     

1992兰德斯地震震源处应力量值的研究

给出了根据地震前后应力轴偏转、地震应力降和地震前后相对主应力大小,计算震源处应力量值的方法.并将该方法运用于兰德斯地震的霍姆斯特德谷断层段,获得了该子断层10 km深度处震前最大、中间和最小主应力的量值分别为271,266 MPa和259 MPa;震前断层面上的正应力和剪切应力分别为265MPa和6.2 MPa;震后断...     

Moment magnitude determination of local seismic events recorded at selected Polish seismic stations

The paper presents the method of local magnitude determination used at Polish seismic stations to report events originating in one of the four regions of induced seismicity in Poland or its immediate vicinity. The method is based on recalculation of the seismic moment into magnitude, whereas the seismic moment is obtained from spectral analysis. The method has been introduced at Polish seismic stations in the late 1990s but as of yet had not been described in full because magnitude discrepancies have been found between the results of the individual stations. The authors have performed statistics of these differences, provide their explanation and calculate station corrections for each station and each event source region. The limitations of the method are also discussed. The method is found to be a good and reliable method of local magnitude determination provided the limitations are observed and station correction applied.     

Seismic source-parameter relations for earthquakes in Greece

A data set of nineteen, mainly shallow, moderate to large earthquakes, which occurred in the Aegean and the surrounding area, has been used to derive empirical relations for kinematic fault parameters. Thus the relations between seismic momentM ₀ and magnitudeM _s andm _b and betweenM ₀ andM _s and fault dimensionsS andL have been determined. From these relations and theoretical ones it was deduced that earthquakes in the Aegean and the surrounding events, chiefly interplate, are characterized by low average stress drop values. Values of ranging from 1 to 30 bar are consistent with the data. It was also found that, in general terms, most of the data obey the geometrical similarity conditionL=2w, whereL is the fault length measured along the strike andw is its width measured along the dip. For strike-slip faults, however, the conditionL=4w seems to hold.     

能量震级及其测定

对于地震灾害与风险评估,人们更关注的是地震辐射能量E_S和能量震级M_e的大小,能量震级M_e反映震源动态特征,适合描述地震的潜在破坏性。本文介绍地震波能量E_S和地震矩M₀的物理意义及能量震级M_e的定义和测定方法,并测定得到2017年8月8日四川九寨沟M_S 7.0地震的能量震级M_e为6.3。     

利用宽频带数字地震资料测定地震震级的方法研究

在国际地震学与地球内部物理学联合会(IASPEI)新推荐震级标度在中国地震台网中心应用的基础上,提出中国地震台网地震震级测定方法.研究指出,地方性震级ML与不同地区的地震波衰减特性具有密切关系,区域性特征明显,为保证中国地方性震级的一致性,宜沿用中国传统测定方法.建议:用IASPEI新推荐的短周期体波震级mb和宽频带体...