柴达木盆地北缘东段中下侏罗统孢粉相及生烃潜力

孢粉相是反映沉积物及其成岩作用环境的沉积有机质组合。为了评价柴达木盆地北缘东段中下侏罗统烃源岩生烃潜力，对中下侏罗统孢粉相进行了详细研究，基于有机质组份的鉴定和统计，将中下侏罗统划分为5个孢粉相带：第Ⅰ孢粉相带为煤质—具结构陆生质有机质组合，分布在小煤沟组；第Ⅱ孢粉相带为无定型有机质组合，分布在大煤沟组1段；第Ⅲ孢粉相带为煤质—草质有机质组合，分布在大煤沟组2～4段。第Ⅳ孢粉相带为无定型—草质有机质组合，分布在大煤沟组5段；第Ⅴ孢粉相带为无定型—半无定型—结构水生质有机质组合，分布在大煤沟组第7段。大煤沟组第1段、第7段烃源岩孢粉相带有机质类型最好，是最有利的生油气层段，其次是大煤沟组第5段，其它层段生烃潜力差。     

中国海相页岩岩相精细划分及测井预测:以四川盆地南部威远地区龙马溪组为例

开展海相页岩岩相精细划分及预测研究对页岩气勘探开发层位选择具有重要意义。本文基于页岩储层品质及压裂品质两个要素,提出以TOC含量、矿物组成为基础的"两步法"页岩岩相划分方案。在岩心观察描述的基础上,利用岩石薄片分析、X全岩衍射分析及TOC含量测量等资料,以川南威远地区龙马溪组页岩为例,开展了页岩岩相划分,分析了不同岩相的属性差异。结合测井资料,根据概率神经网络原理,建立了页岩岩相预测模型,开展了该地区单井岩相预测,揭示了威远地区龙马溪组页岩岩相组合及分布特征:(1)威远地区龙马溪组发育11种岩相类型,其中5种富有机质页岩岩相,6种贫有机质岩相;(2)富有机质硅质页岩相、富有机质碳酸盐质-硅质页岩相及富有机质硅质-碳酸盐质页岩相因具有高TOC含量和高脆性特征,保证了页岩良好的生气能力及可压裂性,为最有利岩相类型;(3)有利岩相组合主要分布在龙马溪组底部,平面上自威远地区北西向南东方向,组合厚度增大,组合类型变化。北西部W1井,以富有机质硅质页岩岩相与富有机质碳酸盐质-硅质页岩相组合为主,厚20m;往南东至W2井,以富有机质硅质页岩相、富有机质碳酸盐质-硅质页岩相、富有机质硅质-碳酸盐质页岩相夹薄层状富有机质黏土质页岩相为主,厚30m;至南东部W4井,为富有机质硅质页岩相、富有机质碳酸盐质-硅质页岩相、富有机质硅质-碳酸盐质页岩相夹厚层状富有机质黏土质页岩相组合,厚35m。     

长江口表层沉积物孢粉相特征及其在碳循环中的意义

选自长江口F2-F5站住的4个表层沉积物及其粒度分级（1～8Ф）样品,经过孢粉相和热解检测,探讨有机质特征及其在碳循环中的命运。未分级样品的孢粉相主要由木质组织、丝炭和黑团块组成,显示陆地输入有机质的贡献巨大。样品分级后,孢粉相面貌发生显著变化。细粒的8函中无定形为主,其他粒级（2～7Ф）中主要由结构有机质组成。细粒的...     

长江三角洲晚新生代沉积物有机碳、总氮和碳酸盐组成及古环境意义

长江三角洲地区埋深达320m的PD钻孔揭示了上新世以来河湖相、滨海相和三角洲相的沉积环境特征。钻孔沉积物中有机碳、总氮和碳酸盐组成变化较大,但具有一定的规律性。上新世东部地区气候较暖湿,古湖泊发育,化学风化强烈,有机质保存率较低;早更新世气候波动较大,相对温湿气候下高等植被发育;中、晚更新世长江流域气候逐渐变冷干,晚第四纪气候变化较显著,流域植被类型发生明显变化;全新世气候转暖,有机质保存率高。有机碳、总氮和碳酸盐组成揭示的古气候变化与孢粉、沉积地层等资料相当吻合,与相邻内陆地区的第四纪古环境研究认识也具有明显的可比性。本研究也揭示,运用有机碳、总氮和碳酸盐组成重建我国东部地区第四纪古环境和季风演化史具有相当的难度,必须充分考虑沉积地层不连续性、粒度、有机质来源、埋藏成岩环境以及陆海相互作用等多因素的复杂影响,同时需要结合有机碳同位素等分析来深化古环境研究。     

碳酸盐组分在四川盆地三叠纪蒸发岩系中的分布及其成盐标志研究

四川盆地三叠纪蒸发岩系普遍含碳酸盐组分 ,除方解石、白云石外 ,常出现大量菱镁矿。三种碳酸盐矿物的分布 ,可反映出盆地海水浓缩程度 ,进而分析成盐盆地浓缩淡化发展进程 ;可作为纵、横向蒸发岩系剖面成盐相的对比标志     

贵州福泉-凯里地区含铝岩系孢粉组合特征及形成时代研究

贵州福泉-凯里地区含铝岩系分布广泛,但其产出时代一直存在争议。本文运用孢粉年代学的方法,对凯里-福泉地区铝土矿4条典型剖面采集6件孢粉样品,讨论铝土矿的形成时代。研究表明:本次发现的孢粉样品中"四方十字粉Crucisaccites quadratoides、布氏厚角孢Triquitrites bransonii和固定三肩孢Tantillus perstantus等是贵州早二叠世时期最常见的特征属种,因此将本区铝土矿成矿时代限定为早二叠世。与黔北务正道地区铝土矿对比,含铝岩系孢粉组合特征与黔北务正道地区含铝岩系中孢粉组合特征相似度高,含铝岩系应形成于早二叠世紫松期-隆林阶,与黔北务正道地区大竹园组铝土矿形成时代相当。     

西昆仑穆呼锰矿晚石炭世含锰碳酸盐岩地质地球化学特征及其沉积环境

西昆仑玛尔坎苏地区晚石炭世发育一套碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩建造,近期研究成果揭示其具有巨大的菱锰矿找矿前景而备受关注。通过对穆呼锰矿含锰岩系剖面测量、薄片鉴定、电子探针、扫描电镜、地球化学分析和碳酸盐岩锶同位素测试,对其进行碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩岩相划分与沉积环境分析。研究结果表明,含锰岩系可以识别出八种碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩岩相:泥灰岩相、砂屑灰岩相、微晶碳酸锰相、微晶—粉晶灰岩相、砾屑灰岩相、含砾砂屑灰岩相、钙质砂岩相、钙质砾岩相和3种岩相组合。结合矿体及其顶底板岩石地球化学和锶同位素特征,指示古海水温度平均22.68 ℃,属于亚热带区。含锰岩系为海水较浅的碎屑滨岸相和浅海陆棚相沉积,矿体顶底板处于海水相对较浅的氧化—弱还原环境,菱锰矿则形成于海水相对较深的浅海陆棚沉积洼地,处于还原沉积环境,与海底火山热液有关。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长期湖泊热流体活动对烃源岩有机质丰度和类型的影响

选择鄂尔多斯盆地南部连续取岩心的YK1井延长组样品开展了系统的烃源岩评价、元素地球化学和孢粉相分析,探讨了延长期湖泊热流体活动对烃源岩有机质丰度和类型的影响。以碳质泥岩和油页岩为主的长7-3段发育优质烃源岩,灰黑色泥岩为主的长7-1+2段部分层段发育好的烃源岩,砂泥岩互层的长6段个别层位也可形成较好的烃源岩。热流体活动强度指标Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)和(Fe+Mn)/Ti比值指示,与上述3个烃源岩发育阶段相对应古湖泊经历了3幕明显的热水活动过程,其中长7-3期为热水活动的高峰。YK1井烃源岩可划分出3种孢粉相:孢粉相A分布于长8—长9段和长6-2+3段,主要出现Ⅲ型及少量Ⅱ型有机质,有机碎屑以半透明木质和凝胶化颗粒为主;孢粉相B分布于长7-3段,主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ₁型有机质,以高丰度藻类体和无定形体有机质为特征;孢粉相C分布于长7-1+2段,主要为Ⅱ型有机质,丰富的无定形体和植物碎屑同时出现。烃源岩总有机碳含量、有机质类型以及主要生烃组分含量均与热水活动强度表现出很好的耦合关系,表明热流体活动可能导致湖泊藻类和浮游生物的繁盛,使烃源岩有机质丰度和质量得到明显提高。热水活动高峰长7-3期发生了藻类勃发和优质烃源岩的沉积。     

黔北下寒武统黑色岩系古地温及其指示意义

采用显微光度计测定黔北下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系固体沥青反射率平均为5.89%,按相关经验公式折算出来的镜质体反射率平均为4.123%,在迈维尔图解、Karwell图解、Hood图解上投点,结合干酪根和孢粉颜色指数法,推断黑色岩系的古地温为60～250℃。结合黄铁矿热电系数法和包裹体均一法测温值,认为黑色岩系属中、低温沉积成岩成矿作用,以低温沉积成岩成矿作用为主。"热"的来源为海底火山喷溢,含矿热卤水提供了丰富的有用元素。黑色岩系有机碳含量高,属好烃源岩,有机质成熟度高,热演化程度高,属过成熟。黑色岩系古地温的研究,对阐明黑色岩系的沉积、成岩和成矿条件具有重要意义。     

云南省鸡街-篆角地区达莲塘组锰矿成矿条件及找矿前景分析

泥盆纪时期鸡街—篆角地区处于拉伸台盆—台地沉积环境,在早泥盆世—中泥盆世沉积了一套碳酸盐陡坡和深水硅质盆地、碳酸盐缓坡相间的岩石序列,其中中上部发现有硅质岩夹含锰泥岩岩系,本文通过对研究区内锰矿成矿的地质背景、含锰岩系层序分析、岩石组合特征、岩相古地理及成矿预测模式研究,进一步提高了该地区泥盆系达莲塘组含锰岩系的找矿认识,对该地区今后的找矿前景进行了分析。     

Sedimentary organic matter in condensed sections from distal oxic environments: examples from the Mesozoic of SE France

A detailed analysis of sedimentary organic matter (or palynofacies) was carried out on thermally immature to early mature Upper Jurassic and Hauterivian condensed intervals in deep-sea carbonate–marl alternations outcropping in the Vocontian Basin (SE France). All the condensed sections studied are characterized by intense bioturbation and very low organic carbon content (< 0·25 wt.%), indicative of oxic depositional conditions. Oxic condensed sections display variable palynofacies signatures, which are best illustrated by: (1) the ratio of continental to marine constituents; (2) the ratio of opaque to translucent phytoclasts (i.e. woody debris) and (3) the preservation of palynomorphs (based on fluorescence intensity and morphological preservation state in transmitted light microscopy). Both of the ratios increase with the degree of palynomorph degradation, which shows that phytoclasts, especially the opaque ones, become relatively concentrated in the most degraded facies. These observations lead to the classification of oxic condensed sections into three organic facies types showing different degrees of preservation and palynofacies signatures. Type 1 organic facies display intense degradation and are characterized by high values of the ratio of continental to marine fraction. They record unfavourable depositional environments for preservation of organic matter. Type 2 organic facies are most common and are characterized by a decreasing value of the ratio of continental to marine fraction. Type 3 organic facies display the same trend of the ratio of continental to marine fraction as type 2, but the palynomorph assemblage is better preserved. Type 1 and type 3 organic facies are relatively rare. Recognizing these organic facies types is important when analysing the relationship between sedimentary organic matter and sequence stratigraphy, because it allows the use of the appropriate palynofacies parameters. In particular, the use of the ratio of continental to marine constituents, usually a very good indicator of regressive–transgressive trends, becomes questionable in highly degraded intervals. Moreover, distinguishing between well-preserved or highly degraded palynofacies in condensed intervals provides valuable information on the oxicity of the depositional environment.     

Palynofacies characterization for hydrocarbon source rock evaluation in the Subathu Formation of Marhighat,Sirmaur district,Himachal Pradesh

This paper deals with the hydrocarbon source rock evaluation of the Subathu Formation exposed at Marhighat on Sarahan–Narag road in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. Hydrocarbon potential of these sediments is estimated on the basis of palynofacies analysis and thermal alteration index (TAI) values based on the fossil spores/pollen colouration. The analyses are based on the classification and hydrocarbon generation potential of plant derived dispersed organic matter present in the sediments. The palynofacies analysis of Subathu Formation in the area reveal moderate to rich organic matter, with amorphous organic matter constituting the bulk of the total organic matter, followed by charcoal, biodegraded organic matter, fungal remains, spores/pollen and structured terrestrial organic matter. The TAI value for the organic matter in these sediments has been ascertained as 3.00. A dominance of the sapropelic facies (amorphous organic matter) and the measured TAI values for the Subathu sediments in the Marhighat area suggests a good source-rock potential for the hydrocarbon generation.     

Palynofacies evidence of dysoxia and upwelling in the Turonian of the Sergipe Basin,Brazil

This paper presents the integrated results of palynofacies and geochemical analyses in Turonian carbonate strata from the Sergipe Basin, Brazil. Forty-three outcrop samples were analyzed from sections of the Cotinguiba Formation in the Votorantim and Rita Cacete quarries. Our results allow for the characterization of the organic matter and interpretation of the environments of deposition. Together with the existing geochemical data, the results allow for recognition of oxic and dysoxic intervals and inferences pertaining to local oceanographic conditions to explain these environmental changes. The palynofacies groups are dominated by marine palynomorphs and amorphous organic matter (AOM), with minor amounts of terrigenous palynomorphs and phytoclasts. The total organic carbon (TOC) and δ¹³C ratio are directly correlated with the dominant palynofacies elements, particularly AOM. The upper section in Rita Cacete quarry has the most complete data set, and the TOC, δ¹³C and marine-derived AOM in this section tend to decrease upsection and serve to differentiate the oxic and dysoxic intervals. The sections also contain abundant, low-diversity dinoflagellate assemblages composed primarily of Trichodinium boltenhagenii, Cribroperidinium? muderongense, Canningia reticulata and Xenascus plotei. The palynofacies and dinoflagellate assemblages indicate deposition in shallow marine to outer neritic environments. The dysoxic events are recognized by an increase in TOC and δ¹³C, high amounts of AOM, an abundance of the low-diversity dinoflagellate assemblages and the lowest amounts of terrestrial components. The changes in marine productivity seem to be related to periods of low-intensity upwelling, which likely decreased the levels of dissolved oxygen in the basin.     

南海颗粒物质的通量、组成及其与沉积物积累率的关系初探

通过大孔径时间系列沉积物捕获器的多年测量及对样品的多学科综合分析表明:南海北部与中部深海区1000m左右水深颗粒通量大约为90mg·m-2·d-1,在多数情况下,季风期间的颗粒通量有比较明显的增高。颗粒物主要组成为钙质生物来源的CaCO₃、生物硅、岩源物质及海洋生物来源的有机质。颗粒通量与组成在水柱中的垂向变化表明,生源组分中CaCO₃及有机质随深度具有较为明显的减少。颗粒物侧向运动可能是造成某些时段南海中部深层颗粒通量增加的主要原因。颗粒物质在进入深海沉积物之前,CaCO₃、生物硅均在深层水与沉积物界面之间发生大量的溶解作用。有机质在沉降过程中的减少,一方面是由于硅质与钙质壳体的溶解而使结合在壳体内部的有机质随之溶解造成;另一方面可能与生物及生物地球化学作用有关。岩源物质除水柱沉降之外,还可以通过浊流等底层搬运机制进入南海北部及中部海盆,其中在南海北部这种搬运作用更为明显。     

Distribution of sedimentary organic matter in Anisian carbonate series of S Poland: evidence of third-order sea-level fluctuations

The stratigraphic distribution of sedimentary organic matter in Anisian carbonate series of southern Poland is studied with respect to relative sea-level fluctuations. Palynofacies patterns clearly reflect transgressive–regressive trends that are interpreted in terms of third-order cyclicity. Major flooding phases are detected by maximum abundance of marine plankton in the upper Bithynian and Pelsonian. Transgressive and highstand deposits are recognized by changes in the terrestrial input of organic particles and the relative percentages and diversity of the plankton group. The palynological data support the sequence stratigraphic interpretation based on sedimentological features and geochemical signatures. The corresponding eustatic signals of sedimentary and organic facies are discussed. The study highlights the potential of palynofacies analysis for sequence stratigraphical interpretation.     

Hydrocarbon source potential of the Jurassic sediments of Salam-3X borehole,Khalda Concession,Northern Western Desert,Egypt

A total of 51 samples, collected from the Jurassic sediments (Ras Qattara, Yakout, Khatatba, Masajid, and Alam El Bueib (member 6) formations) of Salam-3X well, were subjected to organic geochemical analysis. Of the samples, nine have been subjected to palynofacies investigation. Based on the sedimentary organic matter, these sediments show only one palynofacies type, indicating the presence of gas- and oil-prone source rocks and reflecting deposition under marginal dysoxic–anoxic to shelf-to-basin transition conditions. The total organic content of the samples analyzed is characterized by a wide range of content, including fair, good, very good, and excellent. The organic matter quality of these samples is concentrated around types III (gas prone), III–II (gas and oil prone), and II (oil prone), reflecting gas- and oil-prone sediments, with a tendency to generate gas rather than oil; the result matches with the palynological analysis data. The temperature of maximum pyrolytic hydrocarbon generation of analyzed samples are ranging between 440 and 457 °C, reflecting thermally mature organic matter.     

Palynofacies and hydrocarbon generation potential of the upper Triassic Kurrachine Formation and lower part of the Baluti Formation, Mosul Block, Northwestern Iraq

Three exploration wells were selected near Mosul city (Az-29, Bm-15, and Kd-1) to study the palynozones and hydrocarbon generation potential of the Upper Triassic Baluti and Kurrachine Formations. This study was completed in two phases: The first was a study of palynofacies and their paleoenvironmental indications, degree of preservation, diversity of palynomorphs, and organic maturity of the rocks according to palynomorphs’ color using a refracted light microscope. More than 80 slides of organic matter were used for this study. Four palynofacies were tentatively recognized. (1) The first palynofacies is diagnostic of the Baluti Formation in the Az-29 and Kd-1 wells; (2) The second palynofacies appeared at different depths in the Kurrachine Formation in three wells. (3) The third was only found between the depths of 4,534 to 4,685 m in the well Az-29. (4) The fourth was only found between 3,500- and 3590-m depth in the well Bm-15. A distal coastal marine environment is suggested for the Baluti Formation and restricted lagoonal environment for the Kurrachine Formation. The second phase used organic geochemical analyses to confirm the suggested paleoenvironmental and hydrocarbon generation material. Three techniques were used, namely total organic carbon, pyrolysis, and pyrolysis gas chromatography, on more than 35 samples from different depths in three wells. The analyses proved that a sufficient quantity of organic matter occurs that and has suitable maturity for hydrocarbon generation potential of oil and gas.     

Source rocks evaluation, hydrocarbon generation and palynofacies study of late cretaceous succession at 16/G-1 offshore well in Qamar Basin, eastern Yemen

Subsurface Late Cretaceous succession has been recovered from 16/G-1, an offshore exploratory well that located in the Qamar Basin, eastern Republic of Yemen. This paper deals with the study of source rocks, maturation, hydrocarbon evaluation, and palynofacies of the Late Cretaceous Mukalla and Dabut Formations of the Mahra Group. These two formations consist of an intercalation of argillaceous, carbonates, siltstones, sandstones and coal layers. The sedimentary organic matter as amorphous organic matter, phytoclasts and palynomorphs are investigated and identified under transmitted light microscope. Spores, pollen, dinoflagellates, algae, fungi, and acritarchs in addition to foraminiferal lining test have been also identified. The optical and organic geochemical studies were used to evaluate the source rock, maturation and its hydrocarbons potentiality. The thermal alteration index, vitrinite reflectance, rock-eval pyrolysis, and palynofacies were also used. The upward increase in the relative abundance of marine versus terrestrial input reflects a major marine transgression and retregration cycles from Campanian to Maastrichtian stages. The Mukalla and Dabut Formations are late immature to mature stages with kerogen types II and III. The hydrocarbons generation potentiality of two formations is oil and wet gas prone indicators.