Seismic stratigraphy of the Quaternary and its substratum in southeastern Kattegat, Scandinavia

Based on c. 1500 km reflection seismic profiles, the Quaternary formations and their pre-Quaternary substratum in the southeastern Kattegat are described and a geological interpretation is suggested. The major volume of Quaternary deposits is found in a broad north-northwest south-southeast trending topographic depression. The substratum consists of Upper Cretaceous limestone in the region north of the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone, and inside this zone older Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and Precambrian crystalline rocks are found. The Quaternary is divided into four seismic units. No direct stratigraphic control is available, but the units are assumed to represent a period ranging from Late Saalian to Holocene. The oldest unit (unit 3) is composed of deposits of supposed Late Saalian to Middle Weichselian age. This unit was severely eroded probably by the Late Weichselian ice sheets in a zone extending 40–50 km from the Swedish coast. Unit 2 represents the Late Weichselian till deposits. North and east of the island of Anholt unit 3 is cut by a system of channels eroded by glacial meltwater. By the erosion a relief up to c. 100 m was formed. After the recession of the Late Weichselian ice, an up to 100 m thick sequence of water-lain sediments (unit 1) was deposited in the erosional basin and channels. Holocene deposits (unit 0) of considerable thickness have only been identified in the channels in the northern part of the area.     

Effect of metal content on chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll degradation in lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl.: a case study from Uttar Pradesh,India

The major aim of the present study is to identify the relationship of physiological parameters of the photosynthetic system with the elemental content of the naturally growing lichen Pyxine cocoes. The epiphytic foliose lichen P. cocoes was used as biomonitoring indicator and effect of atmospheric pollutants on physiological integrity was examined. Potential quantum yield of Photosystem II (fluorescence ratio Fv/Fm), chlorophyll degradation ratio and quantitative estimation of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe and Zn contained in the lichen thallus were ascertained. Statistical analysis revealed significantly positive correlations between Fv/Fm and element contents (Al and Cr). The chlorophyll degradation as well as alteration in the pigment content was found to be the most sensitive parameters to assess the vitality of lichen thallus against polluted environment. The species accumulated higher amounts of elements (Al, As, Cu, Fe and Zn) in the polluted sites as compared to the non polluted sites. It was also evident from this study that vehicular emission played a significant role in the release of elements as pollutants in the surrounding environment. The effectiveness of this lichen could be further investigated by comparing this species with other biomonitors.     

铁矿区复垦土壤重金属含量变化趋势及其污染评价

通过齐大山矿区不同复垦年限土壤重金属含量变化的趋势,应用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:未复垦土壤重金属含量(除As外)均高于辽宁省背景值,随复垦年限的增加,矿山复垦土壤重金属含量多数呈先增加后减少的趋势。以国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)为评价标准,Ni处于警戒级;Cd在未复垦地区处于警戒级,复垦后处于安全级;其他元素皆处于安全级。以辽宁省土壤背景值为标准,产生潜在生态危害的主要为Hg和Cd;Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr和As属轻微危害水平;复垦后总的潜在生态风险程度由中等变为轻微。     

A comparison between heavy metals released from soil and its efficient speciation extracted by sequential extraction procedure

A simulating experiment was carried out on the interaction between natural precipitation and soil. The results demonstrated that the contents of heavy metals （V, Co, Cr, and Ni） released from soil into the solution under Earth＇s surface conditions are higher than the contents of those metals bonded to exchangeable species, which were extracted by sequential extraction procedure recommended by Tessier and others in 1979. It is demonstrated that the metals bonded to other 3 species （carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, and organic matter） except those bonded to the exchangeable species in efficient speciation can be released under the Earth＇s surface conditions, when pH=4 in the reaction system, and the higher correlation coefficient indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals released from soil into the solution vary approximately with reaction time in terms of index regulations.     

A comparison of field-monitored and numerically predicted moisture movement in unsaturated soil

This paper presents the results of the application of a numerical model of flow of water in unsaturated soil to simulate real field behaviour. Numerical predictions are compared with field-monitored results as part of an assessment of the approach adopted. The numerical approach is based on a finite element solution of Richards' theoretical formulation, adopting a finite difference recurrence relationship to model the transient nature of the problem. The field results have been collected by British Gas in Kimmeridge clay at a site in Swindon. The simulation addressed the autumn wetting of the soil during 1983. Comparisons of volumetric moisture content readings from the field and numerical predictions give good correlation. It is concluded that the numerical model has adequately represented field behaviour over the depth of interest. Taken in conjunction with previous results, it is claimed that the model should now be capable of use in a predictive mode.     

Sulfur contents of the parental metallic cores of magmatic iron meteorites

Magmatic iron meteorites are thought to be samples of the central metallic cores of asteroid-sized parent bodies. Sulfur is believed to have been an important constituent of these parental cores, but due to the low solubility of S in solid metal, initial S-contents for the magmatic groups cannot be determined through direct measurements of the iron meteorites. However, experimental solid metal-liquid metal partition coefficients show a strong dependence on the S-content of the metallic liquid. Thus, by using the experimental partition coefficients to model the fractional crystallization trends within magmatic iron meteorite groups, the S-contents of the parental cores can be indirectly estimated. Modeling the Au, Ga, Ge, and Ir fractionations in four of the largest magmatic iron meteorite groups leads to best estimates for the S-contents of the parental cores of 12 ± 1.5 wt% for the IIIAB group, 17 ± 1.5 wt% for the IIAB group, and 1 ± 1 wt% for the IVB group. The IVA elemental fractionations are not adequately fit by a simple fractional crystallization model with a unique initial S-content. These S-content estimates are much higher than those recently inferred from crystallization models involving trapped melt. The discrepancy is due largely to the different partition coefficients that are used by the two models. When only partition coefficients that are consistent with the experimental data are used, the trapped melt model, and the low S-contents it advocates, cannot match the Ge and Ir fractionations that are observed in IIIAB iron meteorites.     

辽阳市土壤重金属含量特征及潜在风险评价

采用污染负荷指数法和生态危害指数法对辽阳城市表层土壤样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等重金属元素的污染程度及其生态风险进行评价。结果表明,土壤As元素基本无污染,其他7项重金属元素含量均高于对应的全国土壤背景值,其中Hg、Cd为主要污染元素,其污染程度分别为重度、中度,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni元素处于轻度污染。生态风险评价结果显示,Hg、Cd亦为主要生态风险因子,Hg属于较强生态风险,Cd属于中等生态风险。辽阳城区存在轻度重金属元素污染,潜在生态风险水平为中等;新城区土壤生态环境优于老城区,建议进一步发挥新城疏导功能,缓解城市压力。     

A comparison of selective extraction soil geochemistry and biogeochemistry in the Cobar area, New South Wales

In parts of the deeply weathered and semi-arid environments of the Cobar area (NSW, Australia), detection of mineralisation using conventional soil sampling and total metal analysis is impeded. This is due to the intense leaching of trace elements within the weathered profile, discontinuous coverage of transported materials and the existence of diffuse regional geochemical anomalies of ill-defined source. Selective chemical extractions, applied to various regolith components, and biogeochemistry offer a means of isolating localised geochemical patterns related to recent dispersion of trace elements through the overburden. Lag geochemical patterns across the McKinnons deposit (Au) and Mrangelli prospect (Pb–Zn–As) reflect mechanical dispersion processes and minor hydromorphic effects. Concentrations of more mobile elements tend to be higher in the non-magnetic fraction, due to higher proportions of goethite and poorly crystalline hematite than in the magnetic fraction. The subdued soil geochemical responses for metals extractable by cold 40% hydrochloric acid (CHX) and for total element concentration reflect the leached nature of the residual profile, low grade of mineralisation, dilution by aeolian components and disequilibrium of fine fractions with coarser, relict Fe-oxides. The stronger contrast for CHX for most metals, compared with total extraction, indicates surface accumulation of trace elements derived from underlying mineralisation. Enzyme leach element anomalies are intense but generally located directly over bedrock sources or major structural breaks, irrespective of the nature of the overburden. Though mechanisms for the dispersion of trace elements extracted by enzyme leaching are not well established, the lack of lateral transport suggests vertical migration of volatile metal species (atmimorphic dispersion). The strong, multi-element response to mineralisation in cypress pine needles indicates significant metal recycling during the present erosional cycle. However, a comparison of the trace element concentrations in vegetation (cypress pine needles) and selective extractions of soils indicates that recycling by the plants is not the dominant mechanism for transportation of metals through the overburden. The vegetation may be responding to hydromorphic dispersion patterns at depth. The use of selective extractions may be useful in detecting mineralisation through deeply leached profiles, but offers even greater potential when integrated with biogeochemistry to detect targets buried by significant thickness of transported cover.     

闽侯县表层土壤及农产品硒含量特征

依据福建省闽侯县农业地质调查评价数据,研究了县域耕地和园地表层土壤硒分布特征及主要控制因素,分析了农产品硒含量特征。结果表明,表层土壤硒含量受控于地质背景,晚侏罗世潜花岗斑岩分布区土壤硒含量明显高于其他地质背景区,同时不同地貌条件、土壤类型、土地利用方式均对土壤硒含量有一定的影响。研究区大部分农产品硒含量较低,主要富硒农作物为水稻,初步评价表明稻米富硒率达78.6%,但有个别稻米样品As或Cd含量超标,开发利用富硒稻米应关注重金属超标风险。根据清洁富硒土壤分布结合农产品富硒情况,研究区划分了9处天然富硒土地潜力区。     

赣州市水稻及根系土中硒的含量特征与富硒土壤界限值

以赣州市主要农作物954组水稻及根系土为研究对象,分析了水稻及根系土中硒的含量特征,并研究了赣州市富硒土壤界限值。结果表明,水稻籽实总体富硒概率为53.77%,其中当根系土Se含量≥ 0.4 mg/kg时,水稻籽实的富硒比率高达79.78%。但是在研究区足硒、潜在硒不足和缺硒的土壤中,也发现有一定数量的富硒水稻,说明以0.4 mg/kg为界限划分富硒土壤存在一定的漏判和误判。通过水稻富硒率对比发现,赣州市水稻种植区富硒土壤标准下限值为0.3 mg/kg,此时水稻籽实Se平均含量为0.073 mg/kg,水稻富硒率为72.16%。研究结果对赣州市富硒土壤资源的科学利用和富硒水稻产业的发展具有重要意义。     

江西赣州梓山地区富硒土壤 重金属元素安全性评价

在江西梓山地区采集土壤样712件、水稻样46件,分析该区土壤、水稻中As、Cd等重金属元素含量及其在土壤—水稻系统中的安全性.研究区土壤环境质量总体优良,清洁和较清洁土壤图斑面积为11883.06 hm2,占全区面积的96.82%;轻微污染的土壤图斑面积为368.66 hm2,占全区面积的3.00%;重金属污染的土壤图斑主要分布于富硒土壤区.水稻中As等重金属元素含量较低,均符合国家食品安全标准.水稻对As等元素的吸收富集能力受其土壤总量及其有效性制约,而重金属元素的生物有效性主要受重金属总量与TFe2 O3的控制.研究区土壤脱硅富铁铝的特征表明,该区土壤As等重金属元素的生物有效性较低,可开发富硒水稻.     

Determination of uranium, thorium and potassium contents in rock and soil samples using low-energy gamma ray spectrometry

A low-energy gamma ray spectrometric set-up for determination of uranium, thorium and potassium in rock and soil samples is described. The procedure described exploits the fact that a large proportion of gamma quanta produced in the Th and U decay series have energies of less than 1 MeV. The instrumental parameters such as sensitivity and detection limits for the low-energy region have been studied. The measuring conditions were optimized by suitably minimizing the background and by increasing the overall sensitivity with the help of proper geometry of measurement and sample parameters. High sensitivity and low detection limits for U and Th can be achieved using low-energy gamma ray spectrometry. The method provides a rapid analysis with a counting time of the order of a few minutes for each sample.     

Differentiation of charcoal,soot and diagenetic carbon in soil: Method comparison and perspectives

The various sources of pyrogenic and coalified carbon (black carbon, BC) in soil have considerable structural heterogeneity, making the quantification of BC a challenge. This study was aimed at evaluating the capability of different detection procedures to recover different types of BC from soil. We added defined quantities of urban dust (UD, NIST SRM1649a), diesel particulate matter (DPM, NIST SRM2975), charcoal, lignite, bituminous coal and wood to four topsoil samples. Mixtures were analyzed by way of chemo-thermal oxidation (CTO), thermal gradient oxidation (ThG), the benzene polycarboxylic acid method (BPCA) and mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS). CTO returned good quantification of soot BC in the pure DPM, yet the recovery of soot BC from soil was unsatisfactory (18–270%). ThG gave good precision but lower values for pure soot BC. It severely overestimated the BC content for all soil-standard mixtures. The BPCA method gave a low return for soot BC, but for the spiked soil it reliably detected charcoal and coalified C (69–107% avg. recovery) but underestimated soot BC (52–90% recovery of DPM). Linear coherence in specific MIR vibrations was found in one component soil-BC mixtures for each BC type. Applying these standard calibrations to multi-component mixtures allowed detecting charcoal and a quantification of soot BC (88% avg. recovery) via MIRS, but ignored the presence of diagenetic C. We see the greatest potential in differentiating soot from charcoal in soil by employing a combination of chemical and thermal oxidation and MIRS, while the differentiation from diagenetic C is not possible yet.     

贵屿及其上下游沉积物中23种金属元素的污染特征、来源和风险

近年来大量的文献报道了粗放式电子垃圾拆解区环境中的高浓度重金属污染,但对其是否迁移并影响周边、上下游地区的研究很少。本研究选取典型电子垃圾拆解区贵屿所在的练江进行沉积物采样并分析了其中的23种金属元素。结果表明,练江贵屿段沉积物中Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Y、Mo、Ag、Pd、Cd、Sn、Sb、Hg、Pb和Bi的浓度显著高于其上下游,但Li、Be、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、As和Ba的浓度与其上下游没有显著差异。贵屿沉积物中的金属污染存在显著的点位差异,这与其沿岸所从事的拆解活动类型不同有关,其中酸洗点附近浓度最高。因子分析结果表明,练江流域最主要的污染模式以Mn和Ba为主,其次是Cr、Pb和V,该模式对练江多数样品(60%以上)的浓度贡献比例大于40%;贵屿污染模式则以Cu为主,其次是Ni、Pb、Mn和Zn,该模式对贵屿及其下游部分样品有较高浓度贡献比例(51.8%～90.6%),证实了贵屿的高浓度金属污染可向下游迁移并造成影响,尤其是酸洗区。相比之下,露天焚烧所造成的污染迁移和影响相对有限,这可能与金属的赋存形态有关。根据地累积指数结果,练江流域沉积物中23种金属的污染程度顺序为Sn、S...     

石生藻类,地衣,苔藓与碳酸盐岩持水性及生态意义

对藻类,地衣,芭藓生物财溶校样品及相应岩石样品进行了室内蒸发失水,主动吸水试验,结果表明：与无生物覆盖的岩石相比,有藻类生物覆盖的岩石表面失水量,吸水量分别提高１８．８,１．６倍,蒸发失水,主动吸水的时间分别延长４８％,５７％,持水量提高１６．６倍,有地衣生物覆盖的岩石表面失水量,吸水量分别提高２．９,１９．１倍,蒸发失水,主动吸水的时间分别延长３１％,１１９％,持水量提高２．９倍;有苔藓生物覆盖     

The effects of soil sand contents on characteristics of humic acids along soil profiles

It is generally accepted that the compositions and properties of soil organic matter (SOM) are influenced by many factors. In order to reveal the effects of soil texture on characteristics and dynamics of SOM and its sub-fraction, humic acid (HA), along two soil profiles, a yellow soil profile and a purplish soil profile, under the same climate and vegetation conditions were determined. Results indicate that the decomposition and humification degrees of SOM and HA of the purplish soils are higher than those of the corresponding yellow soils indicated by A/O–A ratios of HAs, TOCs and HA yields of bulk soil samples, nevertheless, the development degree of the purplish soil is lower than that of the yellow soil. The variations of E₄/E₆ ratios of HAs along the soil profiles indicate the overall molecular sizes of HAs decreased downward along the soil profiles. A/O–A ratios of HAs decreased downward along both the soil profiles indicate that humification processes decrease downward along both the soil profiles. Leaching of SOM shows significant effects on the distribution and characteristics of HAs in the yellow soil profile but the purplish soil profile, which is consistent with the higher hydrophobicity of HAs in purplish soils, shows that the distribution characteristics of SOM along the soil profiles are a complex result of the combination of soil texture and characteristics of SOM itself. The remarkably different sand contents are concluded tentatively as one of reasons to the different distributions and dynamics of HAs along the soil profiles, however, to profoundly understand the evolution and transport of SOM along soil profiles needs more researches.     

广东大降坪黄铁矿矿床的铅、钕同位素及金属成矿物质来源探讨

大降坪黄铁矿矿床 3号、 4号矿体和硅质物的铅同位素指示 ,铅来源于基底混合岩和矿体围岩细碎屑岩的混合 ,灰岩的铅同位素反映是细碎屑岩或基底混合岩和震旦纪海水的混合铅。矿石和围岩 2 0 7Pb/ 2 0 4Pb比值高 ,具有古老基底铅同位素组成特征。钕模式年龄与 2 0 7Pb/ 2 0 4Pb显示出较好的正相关关系 ,说明具放射成因越高 ,铅来源于越老的地壳。块状矿石和硅质物的εNd (0 ) =- 13.9～ - 16 .5 ,钕模式年龄 t DM为 1340× 10 6～ 2 85 9× 10 6a,反映其物源为古老的前震旦纪基底物质。 Sm - Nd等时线年龄为 (2 30± 13)× 10 6a,或许反映了粤西地区古特提斯构造运动的热动力事件年龄     

长三角湖州市土壤磁化率与铜、锌有效量和全量分布规律

通过对84个地表土样、17个剖面土样和11个基岩样的磁参数与化学分析测试,对湖州市土壤磁化率与重金属元素Cu、Zn有效量和全量分布规律、成因及两者的相关性进行了研究.研究发现:①表层土壤磁化率高值异常区总体上与土壤重金属元素Cu、Zn有效量和全量高值分布区吻合程度非常高;剖面土壤磁化率值与Cu、Zn有效量和全量含量总体上均呈现出向下递减的相同特点.②表层土壤磁化率与Cu、Zn有效量和全量高值异常均系人类经济工程活动影响所致,主要与当地城镇生活垃圾随意堆放、垃圾施肥、工业"三废"排放、农药和化肥的过量使用等有关.③表层土壤磁化率值与重金属元素Cu、Zn有效量和全量含量之间在不同环境条件下相关性存在明显差异.     

使用微观试验确定软土中晶质矿物的类型与含量

土中矿物成分的类型与含量是软土物理力学性质研究的基础,可以使用微观试验进行研究。本次研究以上海软土为例,使用X射线荧光（XRF）分析得到土中不同元素的含量,使用X射线衍射（XRD）分析和XRF分析得到了晶质矿物的类型,根据元素含量和矿物类型得到不同矿物的含量,对不同土层中矿物含量的分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,上海软土主要矿物中的元素为O,Si,Al,Fe,C,K,Mg,Ca和Na;所有土层中,元素含量最多的是O,其次是Si,主要矿物成分为石英、钠长石、方解石、白云石、伊利石、鲕绿泥石和黑云母,石英的含量最高、含量为35.8%~50.8%,其它矿物的含量均不超过21%;黏性土中,元素Al要略多于砂性土或粉性土,伊利石和鲕绿泥石含量明显高于砂性土或粉性土,钠长石和方解石含量要明显小于砂性土或粉性土。研究结果对从微观上研究不同土的物理力学性质有一定的参考价值。