浅成低温热液金矿床的全球背景

浅成低温热液金矿床分为冰长石-绢云母型和明矾石-高岭石型两类,主要分布于环太平洋地区、地中海-喜马拉雅带和蒙古-鄂霍次克带,形成了许多超大型和大型金矿床.矿床主要形成于大陆边缘和岛弧环境,与陆相火山岩和火山机构有密切的关系,已发现矿床的形成时间以中、新生代为主.矿化发生于火山作用后,火山体系脆性断裂带和深部侵入体的发育使地下水循环,具有大量成矿流体及成矿物质来源是形成浅成低温热液金矿床的重要条件.     

中国浅成低温热液金矿床

浅成低温热液金矿床在中国传统上称为陆相火山岩型金矿床,主要发现在中国东部,后来在北疆地区也有新的发现.根据产出的大地构造背景,它们集中分布在3个带,并分属于3个成矿时期.它们包括:(1)新生代台湾东部岛弧带;(2)晚古生代北疆岛弧带;(3)中生代沿中朝克拉通北界的大陆边缘带;(4)中生代中国东南沿海地区的大陆边缘带.绝大多数矿床是低硫化型的,只有3个是高硫化型的,另有1个是与碱性岩系有关的Au-Te型矿床.除了中国最大的金矿床金瓜石矿床外,迄今为止中国大陆上的浅成低温热液金矿床总的来说只有较小的经济重要性.在中国东部发现的浅成低温热液金矿床的总储量,与区内广泛分布的中生代陆相火山岩十分巨大的体积极不相称.较古老的成矿年龄,中国东部的中生代和北疆的晚古生代,是中国大陆浅成低温热液金矿床的一个鲜明的特点.根据中国的成矿条件和保存条件的分析,以及与美国西部和俄国东部的对比,提出了中国浅成低温热液金矿床成矿潜力的一个初步评估.北疆可能有较大的寻找浅成低温热液金矿床的潜在重要性.     

浅成低温热液型金矿研究综述

浅成低温热液型金矿是重要的金矿类型,近年来对该类矿床的地球化学特征、成矿岩浆背景、成矿机理及成矿模式等方面的研究取得了重大进展。研究表明,该类矿床形成时代主要是中、新生代,其次为晚古生代;高硫化型矿床主要形成于挤压应力场环境和流体混合导致成矿物质沉淀,而低硫化型矿床主要产于张性或中性环境下由于流体的沸腾使得成矿物质沉淀;蒸气冷却收缩模式合理地解释了浅成低温热液矿床和斑岩矿床在时间和空间上的共生关系,对指导找矿具有一定的实践意义。     

东南亚大型-超大型浅成低温热液金矿床成矿地质特征研究

东南亚地区地处西太平洋构造－岩浆活动带上,是中新生代以来地球岩石圈中最复杂的构造活动区之一,也是全球浅成低温热液金矿床的重要产区之一。文章介绍了东南亚地区几个浅成低温热液金矿床的成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征,分析了矿床形成环境及变化的原因、成矿物质来源和导致金在不同环境下沉淀的主要因素,并讨论了浅成低温热液矿床形成的几个问题。     

东天山西滩浅成低温热液金矿床地球化学

对东天山西滩金矿床稀土元素地球化学,流体包裹体和Ｈ、Ｏ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｒ、Ｃ、Ｓｉ等稳定同位素组成的研究表明,该金矿床成矿元素来自赋矿围岩;成矿流体主要为大气降水,显示出低温、低压、低－中等盐度、弱酸－中性等特性。成矿作用发生在碰撞山期,多期次的认叠加和幕式特征显著;矿床成因应属冰长石－绢云线型浅成低温液金矿床。     

东北地区浅成低温热液矿床的地质特征和构造背景

通过中国东北地区浅戍低温热液矿床的综合特征研究,将矿床的分布划分为德尔布干、呼玛、小兴安岭和吉东4个矿集区,根据其矿床地质、地球化学特征初步确定成矿流体主要来自大气降水,部分混有岩浆水;戍矿物质主要来自赋矿围岩和戍矿岩浆-流体系统;多数矿床形成于中低温、中浅成环境,个别矿床成矿温度高、深度大,显示了斑岩型或造山型与浅成低温溶液型成矿系统之间的连续性;厘定大规模成岩成矿时间为130Ma左右,构造环境是古亚洲洋闭合后陆陆碰撞过程的挤压-伸展转变体制,并以矿集区尺度的CMF模式解释了浅成低温热液矿床岩浆-流体系统的发育机制。     

火山岩区浅成低温热液金矿床研究进展

浅成低温热液金矿床是火山岩区一种重要类型矿床。人们普遍接受将其划分为冰长石－绢云母型和明矾石－高岭石型。近些年研究表明该类矿床与地热系统和斑岩型金矿有着密切的时空及成因关系,建立了一系列成矿模式,并成为研究的焦点。     

浅成低温热液多矿床的全球背景

浅成低温热液金矿床发为冰长石－绢云母型和明矾石－高岭石型两类,主要分布于环太平洋地区,地中海－喜马拉雅带和蒙古－鄂霍次克带,形成了许多超大型和大型金矿床,矿床主要形成于大陆级和岛弧环境,与陆相火山岩和火山机构有密切的关系,已发现矿床的形成时间以中,新生代为主,矿化发生于火山作用后,火山体系脆性断裂带和深部侵入体的发育使地下水循环,具有大量成矿流体及臧放物质来源是形成浅成低温热液金矿床的重要条件。     

新疆北部古生代浅成低温热液型金矿特征及其地球动力学背景

文章在总结前人研究成果的基础上,提出新疆北部古生代浅成低温热液型金矿床可以划分为高硫型和低硫型两大类,以后一种为主。金矿的形成和分布受破火山口、隐爆角砾岩筒、与火山机构有关的断裂以及区域断裂控制。与金矿有关的火山岩,主要是一套以玄武岩_安山岩_英安岩_流纹岩及其火山碎屑岩组合为特征的钙碱性陆相火山岩,少数为海相_陆相火山岩。矿体赋存在火山岩、潜火山岩中,少数在斑岩中。主要的蚀变组合为冰长石_石英(玉髓)_绢云母或明矾石_高岭石_石英(玉髓)。金矿成矿时代在340~244Ma之间,金矿在时间和空间上与新疆古生代在(350±10)Ma、(300±10)Ma和(250±10)Ma3个阶段的大规模火山_潜火山活动有密切关系。金矿床形成的地球动力学背景为区域伸展环境或大范围挤压背景下的局部伸展环境。     

Role of basement in epithermal deposits: The Kushikino and Hishikari gold deposits, southwestern Japan

The magma–ore deposit relationship of most low-sulfidation epithermal ore deposits is still unclear, partly because many stable isotopic studies of such deposits have indicated the predominance of meteoric waters within hydrothermal fluids. However, it is certainly true that hydrothermal systems are ultimately driven by magmatic intrusions, and epithermal gold deposits might therefore be produced by magmatic activity even in deposits having has no obvious links to a magma. We re-examine the genesis of two typical low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits, the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits, using structural simulations and isotope data.Many epithermal gold deposits including the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits have been discovered in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The Kushikino deposit comprises fissure-filling veins within Neogene andesitic volcanics that overlie unconformably Cretaceous sedimentary basement. The veins consist of gold- and silver-bearing quartz and calcite with minor amounts of adularia, sericite and sulfides. Although carbon and oxygen isotopic data for the veins indicate a meteoric origin of the ore fluid, finite element simulations suggest that the vein system might have formed in direct response to magma intrusion. In particular, geophysical data suggest that intruding magma has uplifted the basement rocks, thereby producing fractures and veins and a positive Bouguer anomaly, and providing the heat necessary to drive an ore-forming hydrothermal system.The second component of this study has been to investigate the nature and evolution of the Kushikino and Hishikari epithermal systems. Isotope data document the geochemical evolution of the hydrothermal fluids. We conclude that the existence of sedimentary basement rocks at depth might have affected the strontium and carbon isotopic ratios of the Kushikino and Hishikari ore fluids. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and δ¹³C–δ¹⁸O trend reveal that major ore veins in the Hishikari deposit can be distinguished from shallow barren veins. It was suggested isotopically that fluids responsible for the barren veins in nearby shallow and barren circulation systems were only controlled by the shallow host rocks. Such multi-isotope systematics provide a powerful tool with which to determine the center of hydrothermal activity and thereby document the evolution of hydrothermal fluids.     

低硫化型与高硫化型浅成低温热液金矿中蚀变特征与成矿关系的对比研究

文章对浅成低温热液金矿床特征产物、蚀变分带、蚀变类型演化的成因及蚀变形成的主控因素进行了总结。与矿质沉淀在同一机制下形成的特征岩相和蚀变保存了成矿过程的重要信息,是有效勘查标志。低硫化型中热液爆破角砾岩、刃片状方解石/石英、细粒梳状石英及具快速冷却无序结构冰长石,是沸腾作用的产物,而沸腾同时控制金沉淀;高硫化型中蚀变以孔洞状石英、硫酸盐及粘土化等酸性淋滤产物为特征,流体酸性性质主要源于岩浆酸性挥发分在液相中的解离及SO2的歧化或氧化反应,孔洞状硅化岩是主要赋金部位,受孔洞或裂隙控制的石英中发生金矿化,它不同于岩浆酸性气水相与大气水为主流体混合形成的酸性淋滤蚀变及浸染状金矿化,而可能是由源于较深部岩浆单相流体（直接从熔体中出溶或与卤水相分离出来）浓缩形成的低温液相流体产生的。由绢英岩化到中级泥化的连续分带蚀变,有利于低硫化型金成矿;而由高级泥化到中级泥化的连续分带蚀变,对高硫化型金成矿有利。流体和围岩的性质、它们的物理化学梯度以及水岩比是控制热液蚀变最主要因素。初始流体酸碱成分对于形成的蚀变矿物组合具有决定性作用。低硫化型金成矿流体受地热系统驱动,初始富钾低酸性物质在低水岩比条件下形成以岩石缓冲为主的中碱性矿物组合;位于浅部岩浆-热液系统中或较深部岩浆气水,经过收缩或吸收大气水而形成高硫化型成矿流体,初始高酸性贫钾物质在高水岩比条件下形成流体主导的中酸性矿物组合。     

Statistical treatment of outlier data in epithermal gold deposit reserve estimation

A common characteristic of gold deposits is highly skewed frequency distributions. Lognormal and three-parameter lognormal distributions have worked well for Witwatersrand-type deposits. Epithermal gold deposits show evidence of multiple pulses of mineralization, which make fitting simple distribution models difficult. A new approach is proposed which consists of the following steps: (1) ordering the data in descending order. (2) Finding the cumulative coefficient of variation for each datum. Look for the quantile where there is a sudden acceleration of the cumulative C.V. Typically, the quantile will be above 0.85. (3) Fitting a lognormal model to the data above that quantile. Establish the mean above the quantile, Z _H ^* . This is done by fitting a single or double truncated lognormal model. (4) Use variograms to establish the spatial continuity of below-quantile data (Z_L) and indicator variable (1 if below quantile, 0 if above). (5) Estimate grade of blocks by (1*) (Z _L ^* )+(1 – 1*) (Z _H ^* ), where 1* is the kriged estimate of the indicator, and Z _L ^* is the kriged estimate of the below quantile portion of the distribution. The method is illustrated for caldera, Carlin-type, and hot springs-type deposits. For the latter two types, slight variants of the above steps are developed.     

西藏多龙尕尔勤——一个遭受过剥蚀的浅成低温热液金矿床

西藏具有形成巨型斑岩铜成矿系统的地质背景。浅成低温热液型金矿常发育于斑岩铜成矿系统上部,极具经济价值,但由于形成深度较浅,易于剥蚀,目前西藏地区尚未发现独立的浅成低温热液型金矿床。多龙超大型铜金矿集区位于西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带西段,产出有大型-超大型斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜金矿床,而是否存在独立的浅成低温热液型金矿,既是重大科学问题,也是勘查的重点方向。文章运用超景深高分辨数码显微镜、扫描电镜及电子探针等手段,系统研究了多龙矿集区尕尔勤矿区内的残坡积物和外围水系沉积物中746颗砂金的大小、形貌、核部元素及不透明矿物包体特征,发现尕尔勤矿区内广泛分布的砂金不是表生环境下生物化学或化学成因金,而是尕尔勤产出的金矿(化)体剥蚀的产物。砂金普遍含有较高的w(Bi)、极低的w(Cu),部分含有高的w(Hg)、w(Te);砂金w(Ag)变化较大（0.05%～40.21%）;金成色变化范围较大（588～999）;砂金富含Bi-Pb-Te-S系列矿物包体等,显示尕尔勤矿区可能存在一个遭受过剥蚀的浅成低温热液金矿床。     

与碱性岩有关的浅成低温热液型金矿特征与控矿因素——以巴布亚新几内亚波尔盖拉金矿为例

与碱性岩有关的浅成低温热液型金矿在全球特别是环太平成矿带中具有重要意义,波尔盖拉金矿位于新几内亚造山带内较为典型的该类型金矿床。矿床的矿化与碱性的波尔盖拉侵入杂岩体有关,矿化主要发育在岩体与白垩纪Chim组的接触部位,矿化作用分为2期,矿化形态主要为脉状和角砾岩矿化,成矿物质和成矿流体具有明显的岩浆来源的特征。与成矿有关的波尔盖拉杂岩体侵入时代为5.99Ma,与成矿时间一致,并来源于被交代富集型的上地幔,该类碱性岩浆对于金的富集具有重要的意义。通过总结该类矿床的控矿因素和找矿标志为中国企业在该地区寻找同类型金矿提供参考。     

Laumontitization as an Exploration Indicator of Epithermal Gold Deposits： A Case Study of the Axi and Other Epithermal Systems in West Tianshan, China

In the light of field investigation, microscopic study, X-ray phase analysis and mineral infrared spectral analysis, it is considered that laumontitization is of extensive occurrence in the Axi gold orefield. The development of laumontitization and its relationship to mineralization show that the laumontitization appeared mainly at the top of and in the periphery of orebodies, and occurred at the edge of the epithermal system or at the late stage of epithermal system evolution. Therefore, laumontitization can be used as an exploration indicator of epithermal gold deposits. The fluids responsible for laumontitization in the Axi gold orefield are similar to those producing hot spring-type gold deposits or those from modem geothermal fields. Epithermal mineralization of the Axi gold deposit was dated at Carboniferous, indicating that the West Tianshan of China is a region favorable to epithermal-type gold mineralization and preservation. Hence the West Tianshan of China is a target area for exploring epithermal gold deposits.     

Geology and ages of porphyry and medium- to high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits of the continental margin of Northeast China

The continental margin of Northeast China, an important part of the continental margin-related West Pacific metallogenic belt, hosts numerous types of gold-dominated mineral deposits. Based on ore deposit geology and isotopic dating, we have classified hydrothermal gold–copper ore deposits in this region into four distinct types: (1) gold-rich porphyry copper deposits, (2) gold-rich porphyry-like copper deposits, (3) medium-sulphidation epithermal copper–gold deposits, and (4) high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits. These ore deposits formed during four distinct metallogenic stages or periods, at 123.6 ± 2.5 Ma, 110–104 Ma, 104–102 Ma, and 95.0 ± 2 Ma, corresponding to periods of Cretaceous intermediate–acid volcanism and late-stage emplacement of hypabyssal magmas along the northern margin of the North China platform. The earliest stage of mineralization (123.6 ± 2.5 Ma) corresponds to the formation of medium-sulphidation epithermal copper – gold deposits and was associated with a continental margin magmatic arc system linked to subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia. This metallogenesis is closely related to high-K calc-alkaline intermediate–acid granite and pyroxene – diorite porphyry magmatism. The second and third stages of mineralization in the study area (110–104 Ma and 104–102 Ma, respectively) correspond to the formation of gold-rich porphyry copper, porphyry-like copper, and high-sulphidation gold deposits, with metallogenesis closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism. These magmas formed in a continental margin magmatic arc system related to oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia, as well as mixing of crust-derived remelted granitic and mantle-derived adakitic magmas. During the final stage of mineralization (95.0 ± 2 Ma), metallogenesis was closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism, with diagenesis and metallogenesis related to the disintegration or destruction of the Pacific Plate, which was subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate during the Mesozoic.