三维VSP数据高效偏移成像的超道集方法

当前的三维VSP地震数据偏移成像实现都是在共炮点道集或共检波点道集中逐个道集循环进行的,计算效率相对较低.根据三维VSP观测系统中炮点和检波点布置的特殊性和地震波场满足线性叠加的特性,本文提出了一种三维VSP数据的高效偏移成像方法,即首先通过对三维VSP共接收点道集进行地震数据的广义合成得到一种超道集,然后在共接收点道集的波场深度外推过程中逐步应用多震源波场对超道集进行偏移成像,即利用一次波场深度外推循环完成对所有共检波点道集数据的偏移成像.通过三维VSP模型数据与实际地震数据的偏移成像试验验证了这种高效的超道集偏移成像方法可取得与常规共检波点道集相当的偏移成像效果,还具有极高的计算效率,其计算量与单个共检波点道集的偏移成像计算量相当.     

Combined structure and velocity stacks via the tau–p transform

Reflection and refraction data are normally processed with tools designed to deal specifically with either near- or far-offset data. Furthermore, the refraction data normally require the picking of traveltimes prior to analysis. Here, an automatic processing algorithm has been developed to analyse wide-angle multichannel streamer data without resorting to manual picking or traveltime tomography. Time–offset gathers are transformed to the tau–p domain and the resulting wavefield is downward continued to the depth–p domain from which a velocity model and stacked section are obtained. The algorithm inputs common-depth-point (CDP) gathers and produces a depth-converted stacked section that includes velocity information. The inclusion of long-offset multichannel streamer data within the tau–p transformation enhances the signal from high-velocity refracted basalt arrivals. Downward continuation of the tau–p transformed wavefield to the depth–p domain allows the reflection and refraction components of the wavefield to be treated simultaneously. The high-slowness depth–p wavefield provides the velocity model and the low-slowness depth–p wavefield may be stacked to give structural information. The method is applied to data from the Faeroe Basin from which sub-basalt velocity images are obtained that correlate with an independently derived P-wave model from the line.     

利用微震数据对震源下方构造直接成像

现有的微震记录直接成像方法是将微震记录既当作入射记录,也当作散射记录,从而实现偏移成像.但此方法并不能突出透射波所携带的来自震源下方的深层散射波信息.本文在假设已知微震位置与子波的前提下,提出了对微震下方构造进行逆时偏移的成像方法.该方法类似于常规的逆时偏移,只是震源位置在地下.这使得在成像时,地下更深部的入射波场相比震源在地表时会更为精确,因此能够获得更加准确的成像结果.该方法会给成像结果带来一种尾波高频干扰：地下的震源发出的上行波与上方介质作用后,所产生的多级散射波会干扰反传波场.对此,在成像过程中,对入射场和散射场都进行左右行波分离,以压制该噪声.而在子波信息未知,无法重构入射场时,使用了激发时间成像条件,也能够实现同等效果的偏移成像,且不会出现尾波高频干扰.利用数值实验验证了本文方法的有效性.     

Marine seismic sources: QC of wavefield computation from near-field pressure measurements

A commercial marine seismic survey has been completed with the wavefield from the n-element (single guns and clusters) airgun array measured for every shot using an array of n + 2 near-field hydrophones, n of which were required to determine the source wavefield, the remaining two providing a check on the computation. The source wavefield is critical to the determination of the seismic wavelet for the extraction of reflection coefficients from seismic reflection data and for tying the data to wells. The wavefield generated by the full array of interacting airguns can be considered to be the superposition of n spherical pressure waves, or notional source signatures, the n hydrophone measurements providing a set of n simultaneous equations for each shot. The solution of the equations for the notional source signatures requires three ingredients: the geometry of the gun ports and near-field hydrophones; the sensitivity of each hydrophone recording channel; and the relative motion between the near-field hydrophones and the bubbles emitted by the guns. The geometry was measured on the back deck using a tape measure. A calibration data set was obtained at the approach to each line, in which each gun was fired on its own and the resulting wavefield was measured with the near-field hydrophones and recorded. The channel sensitivities, or conversion from pressure at the hydrophones to numbers on the tape, were found for each near-field hydrophone channel using the single gun calibration data, the measured geometry, and the peak pressure from each gun, known from the manufacturer’s calibration. The relative motion between the guns and hydrophones was obtained from the same calibration data set by minimizing the energy in the computed notional source signatures at the guns which did not fire. The full array data were then solved for the notional source signatures, and the pressure was computed at the two spare hydrophones and compared with the actual recordings. The rms errors were 5.3% and 2.8% and would have been smaller if the hydrophone channel sensitivities had been properly calibrated beforehand and if the movement of the guns with respect to the hydrophones had been more restricted. This comparison of the predicted and measured signatures at spare hydrophones can, in principle, be done on every shot and we recommend that this be implemented as a standard quality control procedure whenever it is desired to measure the wavefield of a marine seismic source.     

面炮成像、控制照明与AVA道集

基于波场延拓的叠前深度偏移是实现复杂构造地质体成像的最可靠方法,但存在着计算量大、对观测系统适应性差等缺点.面炮偏移是波动方程实现精确叠前成像的另一类方法,具有较高的计算效率,不存在偏移孔径问题,而且可以通过控制照明方法,解决平面波在目标区域的能量补偿问题.本文采用面炮成像技术进行叠前深度偏移,通过对面炮震源下行波场的质量控制和优选射线个数和范围,以达到最佳的成像效果.采用控制照明技术,较大地提高了目标地层的成像精度.与此同时,得到振幅随入射角变化(AVA)道集,有利于叠前振幅解释和储层岩性预测.数据实验表明面炮成像技术是一种快速有效的方法,其成像精度与单平方根算子的共炮点道集偏移和双平方根算子的共中心点道集偏移相当,但在计算速度上要快得多,而且易于并行计算.     

Source location using time‐reverse imaging

We present the chain of time‐reverse modeling, image space wavefield decomposition and several imaging conditions as a migration‐like algorithm called time‐reverse imaging. The algorithm locates subsurface sources in passive seismic data and diffractors in active data. We use elastic propagators to capitalize on the full waveforms available in multicomponent data, although an acoustic example is presented as well. For the elastic case, we perform wavefield decomposition in the image domain with spatial derivatives to calculate P and S potentials. To locate sources, the time axis is collapsed by extracting the zero‐lag of auto and cross‐correlations to return images in physical space. The impulse response of the algorithm is very dependent on acquisition geometry and needs to be evaluated with point sources before processing field data. Band‐limited data processed with these techniques image the radiation pattern of the source rather than just the location. We present several imaging conditions but we imagine others could be designed to investigate specific hypotheses concerning the nature of the source mechanism. We illustrate the flexible technique with synthetic 2D passive data examples and surface acquisition geometry specifically designed to investigate tremor type signals that are not easily identified or interpreted in the time domain.     

3D ACOUSTIC PRESTACK REVERSE-TIME MIGRATION1

A prestack reverse-time migration algorithm which operates on common-source gathers, recorded at the Earth's surface, from 3D structures, is conceived, implemented and tested. Reverse-time extrapolation of the recorded wavefield (a boundary-value problem), and computation of the excitation-time imaging condition for each point in a 3D volume (an initial-value problem), are both performed using a second-order finite-difference solution of the full 3D scalar wave equation. The algorithm is illustrated by processing synthetic data for a point diffractor, an oblique wedge, and the French double dome and fault model.     

Anisotropy signature in reverse‐time migration extended images

Reverse‐time migration can accurately image complex geologic structures in anisotropic media. Extended images at selected locations in the Earth, i.e., at common‐image‐point gathers, carry rich information to characterize the angle‐dependent illumination and to provide measurements for migration velocity analysis. However, characterizing the anisotropy influence on such extended images is a challenge. Extended common‐image‐point gathers are cheap to evaluate since they sample the image at sparse locations indicated by the presence of strong reflectors. Such gathers are also sensitive to velocity error that manifests itself through moveout as a function of space and time lags. Furthermore, inaccurate anisotropy leaves a distinctive signature in common‐image‐point gathers, which can be used to evaluate anisotropy through techniques similar to the ones used in conventional wavefield tomography. It specifically admits a V‐shaped residual moveout with the slope of the “V” flanks depending on the anisotropic parameter η regardless of the complexity of the velocity model. It reflects the fourth‐order nature of the anisotropy influence on moveout as it manifests itself in this distinct signature in extended images after handling the velocity properly in the imaging process. Synthetic and real data observations support this assertion.     

Extended imaging conditions for wave‐equation migration

Wavefield‐based migration velocity analysis using the semblance principle requires computation of images in an extended space in which we can evaluate the imaging consistency as a function of overlapping experiments. Usual industry practice is to assemble those seismic images in common‐image gathers that represent reflectivity as a function of depth and extensions, e.g., reflection angles. We introduce extended common‐image point (CIP) gathers constructed only as a function of the space‐ and time‐lag extensions at sparse and irregularly distributed points in the image. Semblance analysis using CIP's constructed by this procedure is advantageous because we do not need to compute gathers at regular surface locations and we do not need to compute extensions at all depth levels. The CIP's also give us the flexibility to distribute them in the image at irregular locations aligned with the geologic structure. Furthermore, the CIP's remove the depth bias of common‐image gathers constructed as a function of the depth axis. An interpretation of the CIP's using the scattering theory shows that they are scattered wavefields associated with sources and receivers inside the subsurface. Thus, when the surface wavefields are correctly reconstructed, the extended CIP's are characterized by focused energy at the origin of the space‐ and time‐lag axes. Otherwise, the energy defocuses from the origin of the lag axes proportionally with the cumulative velocity error in the overburden. This information can be used for wavefield‐based tomographic updates of the velocity model, and if the velocity used for imaging is correct, the coordinate‐independent CIP's can be a decomposed as a function of the angles of incidence.     

Wavefield tomography based on local image correlations

The estimation of a velocity model from seismic data is a crucial step for obtaining a high‐quality image of the subsurface. Velocity estimation is usually formulated as an optimization problem where an objective function measures the mismatch between synthetic and recorded wavefields and its gradient is used to update the model. The objective function can be defined in the data‐space (as in full‐waveform inversion) or in the image space (as in migration velocity analysis). In general, the latter leads to smooth objective functions, which are monomodal in a wider basin about the global minimum compared to the objective functions defined in the data‐space. Nonetheless, migration velocity analysis requires construction of common‐image gathers at fixed spatial locations and subsampling of the image in order to assess the consistency between the trial velocity model and the observed data. We present an objective function that extracts the velocity error information directly in the image domain without analysing the information in common‐image gathers. In order to include the full complexity of the wavefield in the velocity estimation algorithm, we consider a two‐way (as opposed to one‐way) wave operator, we do not linearize the imaging operator with respect to the model parameters (as in linearized wave‐equation migration velocity analysis) and compute the gradient of the objective function using the adjoint‐state method. We illustrate our methodology with a few synthetic examples and test it on a real 2D marine streamer data set.     

基于Gabor-Daubechies小波束叠前深度偏移的角度域共成像道集

传统炮检距域共像集（CIG）在复杂介质中因波传播的多路径而存在反射体位置不确定的问题. 角度域CIG由于克服了这一缺陷而逐步成为速度分析、AVA以及振幅保真偏移成像等研究的主要手段. 以波动理论为基础的地震偏移成像方法的发展为获得高质量的角度域CIG提供了可靠的实现途径. 其中,基于波场局域化分解和传播的小波束域波场延拓和偏移成像方法,因其波场分解基本函数和传播算子在空间和方向上的双重局域特性,而成为角度相关分析研究的有效工具. 本文在采用Gabor Daubechies框架分解的小波束叠前角度域偏移成像基础上,利用不同的叠加方法由局部角度域像矩阵得到了反射角域CIG（CRAIG）和倾角域CIG（CDAIG）. 以SEG EAGE二维盐体模型为例,通过对CRAIG和CDAIG的对比,探讨了这两种角度域CIG的特点及其在地震偏移成像中的潜在应用.     

Prestack shot-gather depth migration by a rigid flow of Gaussian wave packets

We introduce a new method for prestack depth migration of seismic common-shot gathers. The computational procedure follows standard steps of the reverse-time migration, i.e., downward continuation of the source and the receiver wavefields, followed by application of an imaging condition (e.g. zero-lag cross-correlation of these fields). In our method we first find a sparse data representation with a small number of Gaussian wave packets. We then approximate the downward wavefield propagation (for the source and the receiver fields) by a rigid flow of these wave packets along seismic rays. In this case, the wave packets are simply translated and rotated according to the ray geometry. One advantage of using Gaussian wave packets is that analytic formulas can be used for translation, rotation, and the application of the cross-correlation imaging condition. Moreover, they allow more sparse representations than competing methods. Finally we formulate a computationally and memory efficient migration procedure, as only few rays have to be traced, and since it is cheap to compute the cross-correlation for the intersecting rays.     

基于CLG光学流和波场分解的逆时偏移角度道集提取方法研究

角度域共成像点道集是衔接叠前地震数据与储层特征的重要桥梁,对地震偏移成像与储层描述具有重要意义.与克希霍夫偏移和单向波动方程偏移相比,逆时偏移是复杂地区最精确的成像方法.高效稳健地生成逆时偏移角度道集目前仍然是一个挑战.本文主要讨论如何采用光学流方法高效、高质量地提取角度道集.在逆时偏移波场外推过程中,光学流方法可以估计波场传播方向.其中Lucas-Kanade(LK)和Horn-Schunck(HS)方法是光学流方法中两种典型的方法.LK光学流方法是一种局部方法,该方法依赖于局部点的梯度值,但是容易出现奇异现象,HS光学流方法属于全局方法,波场方向估计依赖于整个波场,易受噪声影响,对异常值比较敏感,导致整体波场方向计算精度不高.本文提出采用局部和整体结合(Combining Local and Global,CLG)的光学流方法估计波场传播方向.该方法可以有效地提高波场方向的精度,并且简单高效,便于并行处理.对比HS光学流方法,CLG光学流方法几乎不增加额外的计算量.另外,为了弱化光学流方法无法处理波前重叠问题,本文利用解析波场和方向滤波对波场进行方向分解,仅需波场的空间傅里叶变换即可实现任意波场方向分解,将分解后的波场分别估计波场反向,提取成像结果.进一步地,在估计反射张角和方位角时,本文提出有效的归一化方法和改进的最小二乘除法,提高角度估计的精度和稳定性.最后,理论和实际资料例证了本文提出方法的有效性.     

Dreamlet source‐receiver survey sinking prestack depth migration

Survey sinking migration downward continues the entire surface observed multi‐shot data to the subsurface step by step recursively. Reflected energy from reflectors at current depth appear at zero time and zero offset in the extrapolated wavefield. The data (seismic records) of t > 0 at this depth are equivalent to the data acquired by a survey system deployed at this depth. This is the reason to name the process ‘survey sinking’. The records of negative time need not to be further propagated since they carry no information to image structures beneath the new survey system. In this paper, we combine survey sinking with dreamlet migration. The dreamlet migration method decomposes the seismic wavefield and one‐way wave propagator by complete time‐space localized bases. The localization on time gives flexibility on time‐varying operations during depth extrapolation. In dreamlet survey sinking migration, it only keeps the data for imaging the structures beneath the sunk survey system and gets rid of the data already used to image structures above it. The deeper the depth is, the shorter is the valid time records of the remaining data and less computation is needed for one depth step continuation. For data decomposition, in addition to time axis, dreamlet survey sinking also decomposes the data for source and receiver gathers, which is a fully localized decomposition of prestack seismic data. A three‐scatter model is first used to demonstrate the computational feature and principle of this method. Tests on the two‐dimensional SEG/EAGE salt model show that with reduced data sets the proposed method can still obtain good imaging quality on complex geology structures and a strong velocity contrast environment.     

数据域特征波反射走时反演

地震波的运动学信息(走时、斜率等)通常用于宏观速度建模.针对走时反演方法,一个基本问题是走时拾取或反射时差的估计.对于成像域反演方法,可以通过成像道集的剩余深度差近似计算反射波时差.在数据域中,反射地震观测数据是有限频带信号,如果不能准确地确定子波的起跳时间,难以精确地确定反射波的到达时间.另一方面,如果缺乏关于模型的先验信息,则很难精确测量自地下同一个反射界面的观测数据同相轴和模拟数据同相轴之间的时差.针对走时定义及时差测量问题,首先从叠前地震数据的稀疏表达出发,利用特征波场分解方法,提取反射子波并估计局部平面波的入射和出射射线参数.进一步,为了实现自动和稳定的走时拾取,用震相的包络极值对应的时间定义反射波的到达时,实现了立体数据中间的自动生成.理论上讲,利用包络极值定义的走时大于真实的反射波走时,除非观测信号具有无限带宽(即delta脉冲).然而,走时反演的目的是估计中-大尺度的背景速度结构,因此走时误差导致的速度误差仍然在可以接受的误差范围内.利用局部化传播算子及特征波聚焦成像条件将特征波数据直接投影到地下虚拟反射点,提出了一种新的反射时差估计方法.既避免了周期跳跃现象以及串层等可能性,又消除了振幅因素对时差测量的影响.最后,在上述工作基础之上,提出了一种基于特征波场分解的新型全自动反射走时反演方法(CWRTI).通过对泛函梯度的线性化近似,并用全变差正则化方法提取梯度的低波数部分,实现了背景速度迭代反演.在理论上,无需长偏移距观测数据或低频信息、对初始模型依赖性低且计算效率高,可以为后续的全波形反演提供可靠的初始速度模型.理论和实际资料的测试结果证明了本文方法的有效性.     

逆时偏移中用Poynting矢量高效地提取角道集

逆时偏移在提高复杂介质的成像质量方面表现出了优越的性能,但逆时偏移对速度精度的要求比较高.共成像点道集是一种非常重要的叠前深度偏移输出,它除了能为深度偏移处理提供速度信息外,还能够提供振幅和相位等信息,为后续的属性解释提供依据.本文提出一种在逆时偏移成像过程中提取角度域共成像点道集的方法,该方法采用矢量波动方程进行波场传播,并用能流密度矢量(Poynting vector)计算反射角,最后应用互相关成像条件输出角度域共成像点道集.该方法简单易于实现,且几乎不需要额外的计算量和存储量,非常适合于进行逆时偏移速度分析,同时提出的角道集也能用于进行AVA等分析.最后通过模型算例和实际数据检验了方法的有效性和优越性.     

Wavefield Migration plus Monte Carlo Imaging of 3D Prestack Seismic Data

Prestack wave‐equation migration has proved to be a very accurate shot‐by‐shot imaging tool. However, 3D imaging with this technique of a large field acquisition, especially one with hundreds of thousands of shots, is prohibitively costly. Simply adapting the technique to migrate many superposed shot‐gathers simultaneously would render 3D wavefield prestack migration cost‐effective but it introduces uncontrolled non‐physical interference among the shot‐gathers, making the final image useless. However, it has been observed that multishot signal interference can be kept under some control by averaging over many such images, if each multishot migration is modified by a random phase encoding of the frequency spectra of the seismic traces. In this article, we analyse this technique, giving a theoretical basis for its observed behaviour: that the error of the image produced by averaging over M phase encoded migrations decreases as M^?1 . Furthermore, we expand the technique and define a general class of Monte‐Carlo encoding methods for which the noise variance of the average imaging condition decreases as M^?1 ; these methods thus all converge asymptotically to the correct reflectivity map, without generating prohibitive costs. The theoretical asymptotic behaviour is illustrated for three such methods on a 2D test case. Numerical verification in 3D is then presented for one such method implemented with a 3D PSPI extrapolation kernel for two test cases: the SEG–EAGE salt model and a real test constructed from field data.     

井间地震物理模拟研究

井间地震资料具有极高的分辨率,但是,其波场十分复杂,特别是有效一次反射波场能量较弱,且往往被管波等强相干干扰淹没,波场的识别与分离难度较大.地震物理模拟技术是认识复杂地震波场的有效手段.我们通过单一地质体模型、复杂地质体模型和真实井间模拟模型等多种逼真地质模型的物理模拟,揭示了井间地震观测下直达波、透射波、反射波、折射波,多次波和导波等各类波型的特征.物理模拟试验表明,在炮检域平面上分析直达波的信噪比与能量分布,可以使处理人员对旅行时的误差有更直观的认识.所以识别初至与拾取旅行时间时,不仅要在共震源点道集(CSG)上分析拾取,而且还要在共炮检距道集(COG)上分析拾取,这样就提高了直达波识别的可靠性与拾取时间的精度.     

Extraction of amplitude-preserving angle gathers based on vector wavefield reverse-time migration

Angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) transformed from the shotdomain common-offset gathers are input to migration velocity analysis (MVA) and prestack inversion. ADCIGs are non-illusion prestack inversion gathers, and thus, accurate. We studied the extraction of elastic-wave ADCIGs based on amplitude-preserving elastic-wave reversetime migration for calculating the incidence angle of P-and S-waves at each image point and for different source locations. The P-and S-waves share the same incident angle, namely the incident angle of the source P-waves. The angle of incidence of the source P-wavefield was the difference between the source P-wave propagation angle and the reflector dips. The propagation angle of the source P-waves was obtained from the polarization vector of the decomposed P-waves. The reflectors’ normal direction angle was obtained using the complex wavenumber of the stacked reverse-time migration (RTM) images. The ADCIGs of P-and S-waves were obtained by rearranging the common-shot migration gathers based on the incident angle. We used a horizontally layered model, the graben medium model, and part of the Marmousi-II elastic model and field data to test the proposed algorithm. The results suggested that the proposed method can efficiently extract the P-and S-wave ADCIGs of the elastic-wave reverse-time migration, the P-and S-wave incident angle, and the angle-gather amplitude fidelity, and improve the MVA and prestack inversion.