天然气水合物非干扰绳索式保温保压取样钻具的研究

由于天然气水合物存在环境和性质的特殊性,使保温保压取样技术成为获得原位天然气水合物最有效的方法之一。保温保压取样钻具是获得天然气水合物真正物化特性的主要器具。通过多年对天然气水合物保温保压取样钻具的试验研究,设计了专门用于取海底沉积物和未成岩地层中水合物的非干扰绳索式保温保压取样钻具。介绍了钻具的结构、特点,及其配套的保温保压系统关键机构的功能、特点。对取心工艺和进行的海上功能性试验进行了详细说明,试验结果达到了设计要求。     

海洋保温保压取样钻具的研制

针对天然气水合物储层环境,依托中国地质调查局地质调查项目“水域地层原位钻探取样器具设计及工艺研究”研制了海洋保温保压取样钻具。在室内试验的基础上,依次在浅水及深水对研制的钻具进行了功能性海试,改进后在1392 m深海进行了保温保压取样钻具功能性试验获得成功,为我国今后在海域天然气水合物勘探取样奠定了坚实的基础。     

保压取样钻具内岩心温压采集器的研制与应用

在绳索取心钻探过程中,井底温度与压力的实时测量,有助于改进取心工艺,提高岩心采取率;同时岩心在井底的原位测量数据对于了解岩心的物理特性有着重要意义,这一点在海域天然气水合物勘探中尤为明显。本文主要介绍了一种内置于保压取样钻具中的温压采集器的结构及其工作原理。该采集器采用干电池供电,单次工作时间>72 h,能够采集与存储整个取样过程中岩心管内的温度与压力参数,与电脑端连接后就能得到全部数据。通过搭载海洋地质十号钻探船,该采集器完成了一个回次的海试试验,得到了整个绳索取心钻进过程的温度与压力数据。经过分析,收集到的数据与实际取心工艺过程相符,数据平稳可靠。     

天然气水合物保真取心装置内部密封技术分析

摘要：在海底天然气水合物地层钻探中,利用压力岩心取样器(PCS)获取保压岩心对于后续相关的处理和分析非常重要。首先回顾了国内保压保温取心器相关研究现状,然后从PCS取样腔内部球阀和O型圈等密封结构的特点分析了其内部上、下两部分的密封技术。在综合分析国内两种取样器密封结构特点的基础上,结合岩心现场处理与分析的特点,对PCS与上述两种取样器的密封技术进行了探讨,为取样器的密封设计、岩心现场压力和温度的保持以及保压岩心的保真转移提出了几点建议。     

适用于海底钻机的保压绳索取心钻具设计

以维持保压钻具内天然气水合物稳定性为研究目的,针对现有大口径保压钻具存在钻孔直径大、岩心样品直径小、钻具结构复杂、钻具质量重从而不适用于海底钻机使用工况要求的实际问题,对保压钻具的结构重新进行设计并进行了室内保压试验。结果表明：该小口径薄壁保压钻具的尺寸合理、结构紧凑,能够满足海底钻机使用工况要求;室内保压试验表明当压力维持在10 MPa以下的压力值时,6 h以内压力下降15%左右;而当压力维持在10 ~30 MPa之间的压力值时,6 h以内压力下降10%。该保压钻具在上述压力区间内使用满足设计和使用要求。     

钻井利器故事之“保真取样钻具”

天然气水合物作为一种高效清洁能源,广泛分布于海洋和冻土带中。经过近几年的勘探,在我国南海发现了储量非常丰富的天然气水合物资源,并成功进行了试开采,取得了可喜的成绩,也使我国在该领域处于国际领先地位。随着水合物勘探开发程度的进一步加快,作为水合物调查钻探取样的重要利器——保真取样钻具的保真效果已经被越来越多的研究者所关注。本文从科普的角度介绍了天然气水合物保真取样的必要性、国外发展历程及国内近年来的研究成果,以此达到相互交流、相互促进的目的,最终推动保真取样技术的国产化应用。     

陆地天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样方法

如何获得品质优良的原状样品成为探明陆地天然气水合物赋存条件与储量的关键技术之一。在分析天然气水合物热物理性质和温压特性的基础上,采用主动式降温的方法,通过外部冷源在孔底降低水合物岩心温度,降低水合物的临界分解压力,抑制水合物分解,获得水合物保真样品：据此提出了天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样方法。设计的取样器总体结构由单动机构、控制机构和制冷机构组成,其工作原理主要为孔底冷冻岩心和地表取心,同时分析计算了取样器冷冻岩心所需的能量。通过钻探取样试验钻获冷冻岩心,证明天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样方法能够实现孔底冷冻岩样。该方法可以应用于天然气水合物保真取样。     

海域天然气水合物资源勘查工程进展

近年来,由中国地质调查局组织实施的“海域天然气水合物资源勘查”工程,按照工程总体部署,主要开展了我国南海北部海域的天然气水合物勘查、环境监测与评价,以及成矿理论、勘查与试采关键技术、实验模拟等研究工作,获取了海量基础数据,取得了一系列突破性进展和原创性成果,初步摸清了我国海域天然气水合物资源家底,为试采工程的实施提供了有力支撑。该工程全力支撑了中国地质调查局天然气水合物工程技术中心、国土资源部海底矿产资源重点实验室、国土资源部天然气水合物重点实验室建设,推动了科技创新与地质调查深度融合,促进了水合物学科的发展。     

天然气水合物保真取样钻具的试验研究

由于天然气水合物生存环境及特性特殊,所以了解其物化特性最有效的方法是通过钻探取样。天然气水合物钻探取样的关键是要有满足要求的钻探设备、钻探工具、钻探工艺及特殊的冲洗液。介绍了天然气水合物取样钻具的结构、原理、特点、钻进工艺及试验结果。根据海洋钻井的特点,提出了中国实施天然气水合物钻探经济实用的施工方案。     

海洋天然气水合物探测及取样钻具研制

在海洋天然气水合物资源调查评价过程中,通常先采用地球物理方法来探测海底拟反射层（BSR）,然后根据BSR的位置来判断水合物的分布范围和埋藏深度。但在钻井取样过程中发现BSR并不能完全准确地反映水合物的埋藏深度,为此项目组研发了一种绳索打捞式的组合钻具,在钻井过程中不仅能够使用随钻测量钻具探测地层电阻率来确定地层是否有水合物,而且还能通过绳索打捞方式更换取样钻具,完成水合物地层的取样。通过设计、试制和室内测试,验证了水合物探测及取样钻具方案是可行的,为后续的野外试验奠定了基础。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861