并行计算技术及其在勘探地球物理学中的现状与展望

本文详细阐述了并行计算技术及其在地球物理勘探数据处理中的发展现状和发展趋势,分析了几个代表性的并行算法实例.这些结果表明,在拥有强大的并行机的基础上,基于并行计算开发环境(MPI和PVM等)设计高效的并行算法,通过分配合理的并行粒度、通信开销、负载平衡等执行高效的并行计算,可以有效加快处理速度、降低成本.目前,并行算法在地震数据处理中应用已较为成熟,近年来向更实用的基于PC机群的并行技术发展.然而,在非地震方法中,并行算法应用较少见文献报道,研究尚处于初级研究阶段.在大地电磁的二维和三维正、反演问题上,并行计算技术逐渐得到越来越多关注和重视.随着资源和能源需求的增长,地球物理勘探向深度和广度快速发展,大幅增长的数据量使得高性能并行计算机和高效的并行算法在勘探地球物理学中的发展和应用将占据愈来愈重要的地位.     

SQUID及在地球物理中的应用

SQUID(Superconducting Quantum Interference Device)技术(特别是高温SQUID)的发展,为地球物理探测技术的发展提供了巨大潜力,基于SQUID技术开发的地球物理探测系统不仅具有精度高、分辨率高的优点,而且仪器系统轻便,在野外实验和应用取得了巨大的进展,本文将近年SQUID技术应用于地球物理取得的进展进行了简要的总结,并阐述它了在地球物理勘探领域的广阔应用。     

海洋地球物理研究与海底探测声学技术的发展

海洋地球物理以物理学的思维与方法研究占地球三分之二面积的海洋系统.20世纪地球科学迅猛发展,它的重大进展是海底扩张说与板块构造说的出现和海底大洋的发现,以及前者所引发的地球科学思想革命,从固定论向活动论的思维转变.海底研究对于20世纪地球科学发展的贡献极为巨大,而海洋地球物理是推动海底科学研究的重要原动力.海洋地球物理在20世纪地球科学的发展中有过辉煌的成就,占有十分重要的地位;在新的21世纪里,海洋地球物理研究仍然保持着前沿科学的地位,继续推动着地球科学的进展.目前的海底探测主要还是依赖于声学探测技术.水下声学定位技术是实现水下探测系统精确定位和海底高精度探测的基础.传统性的海洋地震探测技术是研究海底构造与海洋岩石圈深部结构和寻找海底矿产的主力技术,它近年来无论在海上采集技术还是数据处理技术方面都发展得很快.多波束测深、侧扫声呐测图和海底地层剖面测量等则是近数十年快速发展起来探测海底浅部结构信息的技术.这些技术已经在当代海底科学研究、海底资源勘查、海洋工程和海洋开发,以及海洋军事活动等方面发挥出极其重要的作用.     

小波分析及其在我国地球物理学研究中的应用进展

小波分析在当前数学领域、物理领域和地质领域中,是一个发展迅速的分析工具,它同时具有理论上的深刻性和应用的广泛性.由于小波具有时频分析的重要特性,已经在地球物理的相关问题研究中显示其独特的作用.本文较全面的介绍了小波分析理论基础、发展历史,及其在我国地球物理学研究中的应用进展,并在此基础上对地球物理领域小波分析所存在的问题以及应用前景作了进一步的分析.     

Evaluation of the potential of microbial exploration for gold ores: Mineralization and non-mineralization factors

Recently biogeology develops rather quickly. Some new subdisciplines have come into being, such as biometallogenesis[1,2] and geomicrobiology. Attention is also paid to the related geo-bio- techniques such as biohydrometallurgy and bio-exploration which a…     

深度学习在地球物理中的应用现状与前景

深度学习是机器学习的一个分支,是使用低维特征组合来表示高维特征组合,包含多重复杂结构或多个非线性变换的多个处理层对数据进行高维抽象的一种算法.深度学习的自我学习和适应能力使它在计算机视觉、语音识别、金融等领域得到了广泛应用.为分析深度学习在地球物理领域的应用前景,本文在介绍深度学习概况的基础上,结合实例分析了深度学习在地震探测定位、大地电磁数据处理、航空电磁数据解释等领域的应用现状.发现深度学习在处理海量数据在并行处理、进行模式识别特征提取、数据预测等方面都有巨大的优势.随着三维探测逐渐成为地球物理勘探主流趋势,必将产生海量数据,涉及大型计算和反演,深度学习在地球物理探测中应用将更加广泛.     

混合最优化算法在地球物理学中的应用现状与前景

简要概述了局部最优化、全局最优化的优缺点和混合最优化算法的基本内容；详细总结论述了模拟退火算法与线性化方法结合、模拟退火算法与单纯形和均匀设计方法结合、神经网络与遗传算法结合、模拟退火算法与共轭梯度法结合、神经网络与模拟退火算法结合、遗传算法与局部算法结合等混合最优化算法在地球物理学中应用现状及其优缺点；最后展示了混合最优化算法的应用前景．     

Magnetic anisotropy of rocks and its application in geology and geophysics

Magnetic anisotropy in sedimentary rocks is controlled by the processes of deposition and compaction, in volcanic rocks by the lava flow and in metamorphic and plutonic rocks by ductile deformation and mimetic crystallization. In massive ore it is due to processes associated with emplacement and consolidation of an ore body as well as to ductile deformation. Hence, it can be used as a tool of structural analysis for almost all rock types. Morcover, it can influence considerably the orientation of the remanent magnetization vector as well as the configuration of a magnetic anomaly over a magnetized body. For these reasons it should be investigated in palaeomagnetism and applied geophysics as well.     

Integrated geological and geophysical exploration for concealed ores beneath cover in the Chaihulanzi goldfield, northern China

An integrated geological and geophysical investigation was carried out in the near‐mine areas of the Chaihulanzi gold‐field, Inner Mongolia, northern China, to determine the south‐eastern strike extension of the principal mineralized shear system, in the search for new resources. In this case study, surface geophysical surveys played an important role in defining the mineralized structures beneath cover. A re‐investigation of the mine geology by observing the underground exposures of mineralization and its hosting structures, coupled with re‐evaluation and re‐examination of previous exploration data, revealed that the mineralization style at the Chaihulanzi gold‐field is not the skarn‐type as previously assumed, but is structurally controlled by an oblique‐sinistral shear structure. Moreover, a south‐eastward shallow‐plunging mineralized corridor within the principal mineralized shear system was also identified, implying that the ore‐forming fluid‐flow might move through the mineralizing system, from the south‐east at depth to the north‐west. These new geological findings imply that the mineralized shear system should extend much farther south‐eastwards along strike beneath cover, and thus a conceptual target area was proposed. A detailed geophysical survey program, involving the application of VLF‐EM, Stratagem EH4, CSAMT and gradient IP measurements, was carried out to test the validity of the conceptual target. Orientation surveys on the geologically known Line‐18 traverse revealed that VLF‐EM and Stratagem EH4 were the most effective methods of detecting the unseen mineralized system, whereas CSAMT could only provide low‐resolution data, and IP proved to be unsuitable in this environment due to the ubiquitous presence of graphite‐bearing schists in and around the mineralized system. A follow‐up systematic VLF‐EM survey highlighted the principal mineralized shear system as a linear conductive belt, tracing the principal mineralized system for a further 750 m of strike length beneath cover from the previous exploration limit (Line 18). Stratagem EH4 soundings over six parallel traverses perpendicular to the mineralized trend revealed that the principal mineralized shear structure extends for more than 500 m in the dip direction, a strong indication of the presence of potential deep mineralization under the surveyed area. Detailed modelling of the Stratagem EH4 sounding images provided well‐defined targets for test drilling. Subsequent test drilling on some of these targets returned encouraging results as several core‐intercepts of economic gold mineralization were encountered. This led to a more extensive drilling and underground prospecting program, focusing on deep mineralization south‐eastwards along the mineralized trend.     

深层油气地球物理勘探基础研究

本文讨论当前我国深层油气地震勘探面临的难题及基础研究的三个主攻方向,包括：困难地区深层地震反射体准确成像,地震波场信息学、油气田直接预测的地球物理方法技术等.     

Integrated geophysics for mineral exploration in drift-covered volcanic terrains: examples from northern Vancouver Island,Canada

Known mineral occurrences in northern Vancouver Island are typically hosted in volcanic units of the Bonanza Group. At a local scale, the mineralization is associated with advanced argillic bedrock alteration and is often intimately related to porphyry intrusions. On a larger scale, faults are thought to exert the most significant control on the distribution of mineralized host rocks. Poor exposures and a complex glacial history limit the use of traditional methods of geological mapping and mineral exploration in this region and to date geophysical methods have been under-utilized. Here we present findings from four standard geophysical (gravity, magnetics, electromagnetics and seismic refraction) methods, recently deployed here to elucidate the subsurface geology, as well as to identify new targets for base metal exploration. Results at two different sites show that the integrated interpretation of geophysical data, constrained by physical rock property measurements, yields detailed images of the subsurface at a fraction of the cost of drilling. At one site, east of Rupert Inlet, the final subsurface model shows that the Bonanza Group is not nearly as extensive as previously presumed. An extension of the Holberg Fault is identified some 50 km east of the visibly mapped outcrop and an extensive zone of alteration around the fault is recognized. Furthermore, a number of the methods provide support for the existence of a porphyry dike at this site. At the second site, north of Rupert Inlet, magnetic and electromagnetic data prove effective at mapping alteration and locating shear zones beneath a relatively thin drift cover. Together, these results help outline a strategy for exploration in drift-covered terrains and show that a redirection of exploration effort is warranted in the case of northern Vancouver Island.     

中国物探仪器发展博览——地球物理学会60年发展之见证

本文阐述了中国物探仪器应用与研制发展进程中,各个阶段的情况及其特点.同时对今后发展战略和对策提出建议,供各级政府、相关企业、科研单位的决策者和管理者,以及相关的物探科研人员、生产人员参考     

综合物探方法在坦桑尼亚西嘎山地区金矿勘查中的应用

坦桑尼亚西嘎山(Siga Hills)地区位于坦桑尼亚西北部苏库马兰德绿岩带东南端,20世纪初在该绿岩带内发现了一系列世界级金矿床,如盖塔(Geita)金矿和布鲁扬葫芦(Bulyanhulu)金矿.由于该地区金矿床多属于绿岩带条带状铁建造型金矿,具有明显的强磁异常特征,因此可以通过航磁及地面高精度磁测来查明目标体的规模...     

城市地下空间地球物理探测技术与应用

城市地下空间开发利用是缓解土地资源紧张、解决"城市病"的重要途径,合理开发利用地下空间资源的关键问题是如何实现城市下方地质体"透明化".受施工场地、安全等因素的制约,传统地质填图调查方法难以获取城市地下精细结构信息,地球物理方法具有无损探测的特点,已成为开展城市地下空间精细地质结构探测的主要技术手段.然而地球物理方法种类较多,不同方法应用前提、范围和效果差别较大,为给城市地下空间资源探测选择适合的地球物理方法,本文结合实际案例,系统分析了微重力、高密度电法、浅层反射地震、面波勘探、探地雷达等不同地球物理方法在城市地下空间探测中的应用效果和适用前提.在此基础上,对比了不同方法探测深度、分辨率及其在城市地下空间开发探测的适用阶段,并对未来城市地下空间探测技术发展做了展望.     

Astronomy and geophysics in the secondary curriculum

Julien King, Chair of the RAS Education Committee, examines the ways in which astronomy and geophysics figure in secondary-school science.     

Direct-coupled thermocouple amplifiers for measurements in geophysics and meteorology

Summary Following a brief discussion of known methods of electronic amplification, this paper describes new thermocouple amplifiers using junction-type transistors, and their theoretical and practical design. The apparatus amplify a thermocouple voltage or other input signals of any impedance such that an ordinary pointer-type galvanometer or recorder can be used as indicator. The problem of temperature compensation has also been dealt with. Details of two transistor amplifiers are given as examples. In conclusion geophysical applications are mentioned.

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Zusammenfassung Nach einer kurzen Behandlung bekannter elektronischer Verstärkungsmethoden beschreibt diese Arbeit neuartige Thermoelementverstärker mit Schichttransistoren und ihre theoretische und praktische Konstruktion. Die Geräte verstärken eine Thermoelementspannung oder andere Eingangssignale irgendeiner Impedanz, sodass ein normales Zeigergalvanometer oder Registriergerät als Anzeigegerät benutzt werden kann. Ausserdem wird die Frage der Temperaturkompensation behandelt. Einzelheiten von zwei Transistorverstärkern werden als Beispiele eingehend beschrieben. Abschliessend werden geophysikalische Anwendungen erwähnt.

     

基于相似性重构低频数据的金属矿频域全波形反演

由于深部金属矿埋深和自身的复杂性,利用重、磁、电方法和一般的地震方法很难有效地对其进行高精度定位.全波形反演通过最小化模拟数据与观测数据的差异使深部金属矿的高精度探测成为可能,但全波形反演是一个局部优化过程,需要准确的低频数据作为起始,而这在一般的地震数据采集中难以做到.本文先在频域中使用伴随状态震源函数反演方法,通过震源附近的直达波能精确地反演出震源函数的形态.然后利用得到的高精度震源子波结合褶积与反褶积思想及相似性现象重构含有低频成分的自激自收数据.将该数据应用到全波形反演中,有效缓减了反演过程中出现的周波跳跃现象,并提高了模型反演的正确性.Marmousi模型和金属矿模型的数值模拟实验证明了新方法改善了在没有低频数据时的全波形反演结果,并有较好抗噪性.

     

特殊条件下的物探检测及其应用效果

长江三峡工程永久船闸高边坡卸荷影响带和清江水布垭导流洞洞壁松动圈对物探检测来说是两个极具代表性的工程问题．而地震波CT和声波测试又分别代表着最前沿和最常规的物探检测方法．本文应用地震CT和声波测试方法对上述两个问题进行了探测研究．探测结果表明,在解决某些特殊条件下的地质问题时,根据现场实际情况选定合适的地球物理方法可以取得事半功倍的效果．     

海洋涩度函数的研究及应用进展

在海洋中, 涩度作为一个热力学参量, 具有被动和示踪的性能, 表示海水发生了温盐变化, 但密度却没能显示的信息.相比于温度-盐度组合, 密度-涩度组合在描述海洋动力过程和水团特性更为方便.通过结合涩度已有的理论框架和它在海洋研究中的应用情况, 针对如下要点进行了回顾和总结: (a)引入涩度概念的缘由, 不同的涩度函数定义和存在的争议; (b)涩度在大洋水团分析中有广泛的应用, 可作为研究海洋动力学和环流的示踪参量, 用于分析大气对海洋的能量注入, 温盐结构, 水团入侵和生物迁移等.以期进一步推动涩度动力学研究和拓展涩度在海洋不同领域中的应用.