武汉居民参与耕地保护的认知及响应意愿

对武汉市480户居民家庭进行随机抽样调查,分析社会公众对耕地外部效益、保护目的、保护工作存在问题、耕地减少对家庭生活的影响预期等方面的认知程度,了解居民自愿参与耕地保护的支付意愿,并运用CVM对武汉市耕地资源的非市场价值进行评估.调查及研究表明,随着耕地保护意识的增强,武汉居民已经意识到耕地资源非市场价值的存在,受访居民中对耕地保护有支付意愿的家庭有394户,占样本的83.65%;从居民参与耕地保护的支付意愿出发,居民每年保护耕地的支付意愿价值为9.67亿元,折合单位hm2耕地的非市场价值为59171元;全市现有耕地面积36.16万hm2,非市场价值约合213.98亿元,是资源价值构成中无法忽略的重要组成部分.     

沙漠化逆转生态经济效益的非市场价值评估——以宁夏盐池县为例

采用条件价值评估法定量评估了宁夏盐池县沙漠化逆转的生态经济效益。运用SPSS对样本各因素与支付意愿和支付意愿值的相关性进行分析,结果表明：高收入、高教育水平、环保意识较强的居民,愿意支付的比例高;高收入、高教育水平、环保意识较强的城镇居民,支付意愿值高。根据总样本参数估计得出,盐池县沙漠化逆转的5年总生态经济效益的现值为3.813×107元。若一次性支付,盐池县沙漠化逆转的总生态经济效益为3.415×107元;根据各乡镇居民平均支付意愿值的参数估计得出,盐池县沙漠化逆转的5年总生态经济效益的现值为3.895×107元,调查对象的平均支付意愿值在区域中存在较大的差异。     

兰州银滩湿地区域生态经济价值评估

通过分析人工湿地的生态系统服务功能,阐述了黄河湿地生物多样性保护与水文调控生态功能区的重要性,计算了兰州银滩湿地的固碳释氧、空气质量调节、水源涵养和科研文化四项核心生态经济价值。结果表明：银滩湿地核心生态经济价值理论值为1 623.7万元,其中固碳释氧和科研文化价值实现率较高,分别为324.88万元和11.53万元。但现状水分供给、生态结构方面尚存在不合理之处,通过合理配置树草种构成,优化引水渠道等措施,该湿地将发挥更大的生态经济效益。     

生态系统服务价值评估理论框架与生态补偿实践

生态系统服务价值评估是生态系统保护和管理的基础。近年来很多研究对不同尺度和类型的生态系统服务价值进行了评估, 有效地增强了人类对生态系统服务及其与人类福祉关系的认识。但其中一些研究的生态系统服务价值评估结果偏离实际较多, 对生态补偿等生态系统管理实践作用有限。因此需要继续深入探讨生态系统服务价值评估的理论框架, 为客观认识生态系统服务价值提供科学的理论依据。基于上述考虑, 本文在已有研究基础上, 综合考虑了各框架的优点, 总结出完整的生态系统服务价值评估理论框架, 并强调了评估的经济学基础、研究尺度及利益相关者问题。该理论框架要求以人类的支付意愿(Wish To Pay, WTP)为基本原则对生态系统服务进行合理估价, 并将各项服务的具体价值分配到不同尺度的利益相关者。这可以增强价值评估结果的应用价值和可操作性, 为生态补偿标准及对象的确定提供指导性帮助。     

基于IBIS模型的耕地生态价值估算——以成都崇州市为例

基于成都崇州市耕地实地采样数据和修正的IBIS模型测算数据,对耕地生产有机质、调节大气、涵养水源、土壤保持和净化环境等五种自然生态服务价值进行测算,并与已有相关研究成果进行对比分析。结果表明：① 研究区耕地不同类型的生态服务价值量存在较大差异,由高到低依次为：土壤保持、调节大气、涵养水源、生产有机质、净化环境;② 研究区单位面积耕地生态价值量为29959.5元/hm²,其中土壤保持价值的贡献率最大,占36.35%;③ 与已有研究结果对比分析,由于耕地生态价值内涵界定和测算方法的差异,单位面积耕地生态价值测算结果存在一定差异。研究结果对于科学合理地确定耕地保护的补偿标准和补偿机制构建具有一定的参考指导作用。     

宝天高速公路沿线保护生态环境总经济价值评估

条件价值评估法是当前国际上流行的衡量环境物品非利用经济价值的唯一方法。通过调查居民针对不同环境状况变化的支付意愿,从而定量确定环境状况变化带来的经济效益和损失。针对宝天高速公路修建过程中沿线保护生态环境的问题,用支付卡的方法设计了320份调查问卷,调查了沿线居民对保护宝天高速公路沿线生态环境的支付意愿(WTP)。结果表明:在宝天高速公路修路过程中采取各种技术措施,使沿线的生态环境尽可能保持原样,沿线总共有84.33%的居民家庭有支付意愿,有支付意愿家庭的平均支付意愿为每年每户62.17元,将这一结果推广到面上,得到保护宝天高速公路沿线生态环境的总经济价值为:5781 756元。     

Impact of farmer households’ livelihood assets on their options of economic compensation patterns for cultivated land protection简

With rapid urbanization and the socio-economic transformation, cultivated land protection has gradually become a major concern in China. The economic compensation plays a crucial role in promoting cultivated land protection and improving the utilization ratio of cultivated land. Farmer household＇s satisfaction has a great influence on the effectiveness of compensation. Therefore, households＇ willingness to select the economic compensation pattern for cultivated land protection has been considered and re-examined. By employing Participatory Rural Appraisal method （PRA）, 3 villages and 392 households were investigated and sampled in mesa and hilly areas of Chongqing. Then a quantitative analysis framework of household livelihood hexagon has been developed to quantify the livelihood assets of differ- ent farmer households. Finally, the Gray Relation Model and Probit Regression Model have been employed to explore the coupling relationship between the household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern options. The results show that there are both qualitative and spatial heterogeneity in household livelihood assets. We found that the inequality of livelihood assets is evident for five household types. There is a spatial trend that the higher the eleva- tion, the less livelihood assets are. In addition, their options of economic compensation pat- tern vary from Chengdu Pattern to Foshan Pattern due to their difference in livelihood assets and difference in location. In detail, there is a coupling relationship between household live- lihood assets and their compensation pattern; negative correlation is observed between natural assets value and household pattern options, while the other livelihood assets have positive impacts on compensation pattern in varying degrees, which from the top are psy- chological assets, human assets, physical assets, financial assets, and social assets respec- tively. A conceptual compensation pattern system has been designed to meet the demands for farmer households mainly according to their shortage in livelihood assets. In addition, compensation method, compensation standard, the basis of compensation and the source of compensation funds have been proposed accordingly.     

三峡库区耕地变化研究

三峡工程是世界性的伟大工程,三峡工程的兴建推动了三峡库区的经济发展.在三峡库区经济发展的过程中,耕地成为经济发展的重要资源.本文利用三峡库区1990~2004年的耕地面积和社会经济资料,采用统计分析与实证研究的方法,分析了三峡库区耕地变化的过程,了解库区耕地变化的驱动力,探寻了耕地数量模拟预测的新方法,为库区耕地的保护和经济可持续发展提供参考.结果表明：(1)三峡库区15年来耕地面积及人均耕地面积呈减少的趋势,不同的库区段也如此;(2)三峡库区历年耕地面积与对应年人均GDP的关系曲线呈倒"U"型,并且相关年份耕地的变化与GDP的变化不同步,呈现相对脱钩的状态,三峡库区耕地的变化与城市化的发展及退耕政策休戚相关;(3)在库区耕地模拟预测研究中表明,传统的多元线性回归分析方法的模拟精度不及BP神经网络的模拟精度,并利用BP神经网络预测了三峡库区2010年和2015年的耕地面积,其预测结果具有一定的合理性.     

重庆市三峡库区工业园区土地集约利用评价

通过对所选的6个样本园区,运用多因素综合评价方法计算相应的土地集约利用指数,对重庆市三峡库区工业园区土地集约利用指数进行研究.分析结果表明三峡库区内6个样本园区的土地集约利用指数差异较大,与重庆其他地区相比较,三峡库区生态经济区的土地集约利用指数最低.据此,提出提高重庆市三峡库区园区土地集约利用水平的建议.     

三峡库区重庆段水土流失的时空格局特征

Soil and water loss has been the most serious eco-environmental problem in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing. In this paper the authors studied the spatiotemporal features of soil and water loss from 1999 to 2004 based on RS and GIS techniques. The results showed that: (1) The soil and water loss area decreased from 1999 to 2004. (2) Soil and water loss mainly exists in purple soil, yellow soil, limestone soil, paddy soil and yellow brown soil distributed areas. (3) The dry slope land and sparse woodland that are intensively influenced by human activities experienced most serious soil and water loss. (4) Soil and water loss in the study area indicated an obvious vertical differentiation characteristic. (5) There is a significant correlation between soil and water loss and slope. (6) There is no obvious correlation between soil and water loss and aspect. (7) Soil and water loss mainly exists in the values of R between 300 and 340 distribution area. The very-high soil and water loss has obvious correlation with R. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40801077; Science & Technology Research Project Supported by Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, No.KJ070811; Doctoral Fund of Chongqing Normal University, No.06XLB004; Project by Chongqing Water Conservancy Bureau Author: Li Yuechen (1974–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in the study of remote sensing application and land use/land cover change.     

Spatiotemporal features of soil and water loss in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing

Soil and water loss has been the most serious eco-environmental problem in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing. In this paper the authors studied the spatiotemporal features of soil and water loss from 1999 to 2004 based on RS and GIS techniques. The results showed that: (1) The soil and water loss area decreased from 1999 to 2004. (2) Soil and water loss mainly exists in purple soil, yellow soil, limestone soil, paddy soil and yellow brown soil distributed areas. (3) The dry slope land and sparse woodland that are intensively influenced by human activities experienced most serious soil and water loss. (4) Soil and water loss in the study area indicated an obvious vertical differentiation characteristic. (5) There is a significant correlation between soil and water loss and slope. (6) There is no obvious correlation between soil and water loss and aspect. (7) Soil and water loss mainly exists in the values of R between 300 and 340 distribution area. The very-high soil and water loss has obvious correlation with R.     

三峡库区土地持续利用潜力与途径模式

建立了量化评价模型,对三峡库区土地资源持续利用的潜力及其差异性进行了评价与分析。指出库区土地利用总体上处于弱持续发展的阶段,而且地区差异悬殊、面临的障碍因素多。因此,未来库区土地利用优化决策的关键在于遵照因地制宜和分类指导的原则,正确处理生态建设、移民安置和经济协调发展的关系。主要的途径模式包括植树造林、坡地改梯田、优化结构和产业突破等四个方面。     

On the land use in Three Gorges Reservoir area

In this study the arable land changes in two counties (Zigui and Xingshan) in the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China are investigated. The statistical data from the officially published statistical books are used to study these changes in the two counties during the past 50 years since 1949. The changes of arable land, changes of arable land per capita, and changes of multiple crop index in Zigui and Xingshan counties are examined. Using an index method, we conclude that the two counties are critical in the sustainable utilization of arable land.     

三峡库区秭归县和兴山县的土地利用

In this study the arable land changes in two counties (Zigui and Xingshan) in the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China are investigated. The statistical data fTom the officially published statistical books are used to study these changes in the two counties during the past 50 years since 1949. The changes of arable land, changes of arable land per capita, and changes of multiple crop index in Zigui and Xingshan counties are examined. Using an index method, we conclude that the two counties are critical in the sustainable utilization of arable land.     

三峡库区腹地土地利用动态演变路径分析————以奉节县为例

以三峡库区腹地奉节县为研究区,基于1980年、2000年、2010年和2020年4期土地利用数据,采用单一土地利用动态度、区域划分和土地利用模式划分等方法,从“全域?局域”的空间尺度分析奉节县土地利用动态变化过程,理清土地利用演变路径,并探究其驱动机制。结果表明：① 1980—2020年奉节县和各小区域的土地利用变化整体表现一致,有林地、园地和撂荒地面积持续增加,草地、灌木林地和耕地面积不断减少。② 奉节县全域土地利用演变整体趋向于生态保育型,各小区域则主要表现为单一的粮食供给型和生态经济合作型、粮食供给型和生态经济合作型综合发展、由粮食供给型向生态经济合作型逐渐过渡。③ 1980—2000年奉节县土地利用演变受自然、三峡工程建设、社会经济和政策等多因素共同作用,2000—2010年的土地利用主要受三峡工程建设、社会经济和政策因素综合影响,2010—2020年则主要受社会经济和政策因素双重制约。     

基于RS与GIS的三峡库区(重庆段)人居环境适宜性评价

To explore geographical differences in quantitative characteristics and spatial pat-tern of human settlements environmental suitability (HSES) in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA),terrain,climate,hydrology,vegetation and other natural factors were selected to build the livable environmental evaluation,and the quantitative analysis was conducted through Remote Sensing(RS) and Geographic Informational System (GIS) to reveal geo-graphical characteristics and spatial patterns of HSES.The results are obtained as follows:(1) inhabitants of the TGRA of Chongqing are concentrated in the area with moderate high HSES,which is 78% of the total population distributed in 48% of the study area;(2) the HSES is closely related to the terrain,and it forms an arc-banded spatial succession pattern:relatively low in the northeast and the southeast while comparatively high in the west and the south;(3) large numbers of people are distributed in the area with low suitability (with higher population density than the average of the western China),but economic development level in these areas is quite low.Moreover,these areas are ecological sensitive and fragile,many kinds of eco-environmental problems have been caused by human activities.Therefore,population migration and layout are reasonable options for the development of these areas.