叠层石衰减事件及臼齿构造作用幕：形成机制与研究进展

叠层石和臼齿构造碳酸岩的兴衰是沉积学界倍受关注的研究主题.地史中叠层石经证实发生了5次比较重要的衰减事件,分别在2 000 Ma、1 250 Ma、1 000 Ma、675 Ma、450 Ma.最近,根据燕山地区非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列,认为在1450 Ma又发生过叠层石衰减,所以存在6次叠层石衰减事件.现今叠层石的丰度已经非常稀少.究其原因主要在于:叠层石的形成与微生物钙化作用有关,而其钙化作用又受周围海水化学变化所影响.显生宙后生动物及海水饱和态共同影响了叠层石的形成.著名的"前寒武纪谜"表明,海水化学条件及微生物的进化则是叠层石发展的主要控制因素.臼齿构造(MT)仅出现在前寒武地层中,具有一定的时代限制,其形成及消失受海洋中CaCO3沉淀的影响,而且似乎主要发育在叠层石衰减事件之后,在空间上臼齿构造多产出于比叠层石更深的水体环境.所以古海洋化学的变化影响着地球表面生物演化及生物沉积的历史,上述研究进展对深入了解海洋化学在地质历史时期的长期变化具有重要意义,而且也有利于解开地质历史上的种种谜团.     

臼齿构造主要成因模式及时空分布意义

在综述臼齿碳酸盐岩成因研究历程和国内外最新研究成果的基础上,总结评述了6种主要的臼齿构造成因模式,其核心问题是在元古代正常潮下浅海环境中构建成岩作用早期臼齿构造裂缝形成及等粒微亮晶方解石快速沉淀充填的物理、化学及微生物条件。其中,气泡扩张裂缝模式、微生物-地球化学模式和同沉积地震脱水模式等具有一定的代表性。臼齿构造多产出于正常浅海潮下环境,并且呈幕式特点产出于前寒武纪地层记录中,其时空发育特点似乎表明与叠层石发育的不相容性。臼齿碳酸盐岩在中新元古代集中发育的事实可能反映了有利的物理、化学和生物条件在地质历史上的唯一结合。理清臼齿构造成因问题是认识前寒武纪复杂的碳酸盐岩世界的重要线索。     

燕山地区中元古代高于庄组非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列的沉积特征及其重要意义

在燕山地区中元古代高于庄组一套厚度千余米的碳酸盐沉积序列中,第三段组成一个特别的非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列。两个剖面(天津蓟县剖面和北京延庆千沟剖面）的详尽观察与研究结果表明：高于庄组第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列以灰岩序列为特征,厚度为300 m至600 m不等,在蓟县剖面发育有存在成因争论的臼齿状构造,在延庆千沟剖面发育奇形怪状的席底构造。该非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列表明,在前寒武纪除了3次叠层石衰减事件(分别发生在2 000 Ma、1 000 Ma和675 Ma）外,在1 450 Ma左右还可能发生过一次叠层石衰减事件。再者,高于庄组第三段构成的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,可以大致与北美地区的Belt超群中的Helena组非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列相对比,从而表明了1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件因具有全球性而有重要意义。在漫长的前寒武纪,臼齿状构造常常集中发育在叠层石衰减事件之后,因此,尽管这两种沉积构造的成因还不完全清楚却成为了解前寒武纪世界的重要线索。1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件,正好处于叠层石发育的黄金时段(2 800 Ma至1 000 Ma）,对该次事件的识别,有助于正确认识漫长而复杂多变的前寒武纪碳酸盐世界。     

前寒武纪“臼齿状构造谜”的一些认识：来自天津蓟县剖面高于庄组的信息

臼齿状构造是一种主要分布在前寒武纪非叠层石碳酸盐岩中的、特殊的“谜”一样的沉积构造,以发育一系列奇形怪状、大大小小的裂缝和裂隙为特征,这些裂缝和裂隙由等粒和均匀的微亮晶方解石充填。臼齿状构造时代分布的特殊性（新太古代至新元古代）以及分布的全球性,使其在显生宙还未发现类似的对等物。对臼齿状构造成因的不同认识使其成为“臼齿状构造谜”。天津蓟县剖面中元古界高于庄组（1600 Ma 至 1400 Ma）第3段隐晶质泥晶灰岩序列中的臼齿状构造,以其特别的沉积特征为了解“臼齿状构造谜”提供了一些有用的信息。这些特征包括：(1)臼齿状构造特别的形态学特征,(2)由微亮晶所充填的臼齿状裂缝具有明显的边界（以富集残余有机质和黄铁矿为特点）,(3)臼齿状构造的宿主岩石是不发育叠层石和纹理化构造的隐晶质泥晶灰岩,(4)与臼齿状构造常常共生的极为特别的宏观藻类化石等。因此,臼齿状构造可以解释为一种发育在席底生境中、由一系列复杂的作用过程所形成的、与微生物相关的原生沉积构造。作为前寒武纪最普遍的沉积现象,臼齿状构造为更好地理解复杂多变的前寒武纪碳酸盐岩提供了许多有意义的信息。     

一种严格受控于环境和时间的特殊碳酸盐岩——臼齿构造碳酸盐岩

臼齿构造碳酸盐岩是一种具有类似于大象臼齿特征的特殊碳酸盐岩，其微亮晶脉由纯净的、基本等粒的方解石（或白云岩）构成，而基质物质则由细粒的、富泥质的灰岩组成。通过对中朝板块东部吉辽徐淮地区前寒武纪臼齿构造碳酸盐岩研究，结合国外研究资料，臼齿构造碳酸盐岩具有特定的生存时限，目前只在前寒武纪（主要发育在中、新元古代）地层中发现。研究表明，臼齿构造碳酸盐岩发育在缓坡型台地，宿主岩性以富含泥质的粉屑灰岩、泥晶灰岩为主，位于潮汐流、风暴流影响范围内，为浅潮下和环潮坪环境，潮上带与深缓坡均不发育，具有鲜明的环境和相指示意义。由于缺乏现代相似沉积物，臼齿构造碳酸盐岩的成因还是一个谜，需要进一步研究和探索。      

宏观藻类化石及其相关的“前寒武纪谜”:对天津蓟县剖面中元古代早期高于庄组第三段中一些现象的思考

在漫长的前寒武纪,存在若干谜一样的问题,如叠层石的生长机理、臼齿状构造的成因、白云岩的形成机制和宏观藻类化石的生物学属性及其分类归属等。宏观藻类化石是指那些肉眼可见的低等植物化石,因为与现代藻类的亲缘关系尚未完全确定,它们的生物学属性及其分类位置还存在较多的争议,所以宏观藻类化石成为一个"前寒武纪谜"。发现于天津蓟县剖面高于庄组第三段非叠层石灰岩(均一石灰岩)中的可能的实体宏观藻类化石,与成因还存在争议的臼齿状构造共生,包括球状丘尔藻、椭球状寿县藻、带状塔乌藻和豆荚状荚藻等4种类型,尤其以前两种居多,组成一个丘尔藻-寿县藻组合;这些多为球状体的化石,曾经被认为是臼齿状构造的一种,称为"球状臼齿状构造",但是,由于这些宏观藻类化石具有规则的形态、较为明显的可能的细胞显微结构,与充填臼齿状构造的方解石微亮晶形成明显的区别,不属于臼齿状构造;而且以实体化石产出,与多年来所描述的碳质压型化石又存在较大的区别;同时,该球状化石的中心部位硅化而边部为钙化体,也明显区别于一般的钙质结核、燧石结核、凝灰岩结核和气泡构造等。这些球状实体化石,要比H.J.Hofmann所报道的加拿大麦肯齐山小达尔群(Little Dal Group)的臼齿状构造灰岩中的实体宏观藻类化石的形成时代要老得多,有可能是最为古老的实体宏观藻类化石。高于庄组臼齿状构造灰岩中的实体宏观藻类化石,成为思考若干前寒武纪谜的重要现象。     

臼齿状构造成因新解——以天津蓟县高于庄组第三段为例

臼齿状构造（Molar—tooth structure）是一种主要发育在前寒武纪非叠层石碳酸盐岩中的沉积构造。由于形态多样且缺乏现代的类比物,国内外地质学家曾先后建立多种模式来解释其成因,这些模式大致可以归为两类：地震液化模式和生物成因模式。近年来,一种新的模式：气泡膨胀与迁移模式得到了地质学家的广泛引用。产在天津蓟县剖面高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列上部的臼齿状构造,虽然可以应用气泡膨胀与迁移模式来解释其形成机制,但是,考虑到臼齿状构造可能是微生物席封闭沉积面所激发的气泡膨胀与迁移作用的产物,并且气泡可能是由于细粒沉积中微生物提供的有机质的裂解作用的结果,表明了臼齿状构造的形成间接地与微生物生命活动存在关联。因此,可以将臼齿状构造归为席底构造（第五类原生沉积构造）的一种类型。     

南口虎峪中元古界大红峪组混积岩系的层序地层划分——海侵砂岩中的微生物席碎片简介

北京西北郊南口虎峪一带的中元古界长城系大红峪组发育完整,以一套混积岩系为特征。在南口虎峪剖面中,海侵体系域砂岩地层与高水位体系域砂泥质白云岩和叠层石白云岩组成了较有规律的层序地层相序,可以作为混积岩系层序地层划分的典型代表。在大红峪组的海侵体系域砂岩中,交余波痕、微生物形成的砂质碎片和皱饰构造表明了席底的发育,特别是其中所发育的微生物砂质碎片不但代表了碎屑岩中的一种特殊的“内碎屑”,而且其特殊的形态和产出特点成为窥视前寒武纪砂岩中席底发育的一种典型标志,从而有益于今后对类似沉积构造的阐释与研究;高水位体系域砂泥质白云岩中的纹理化构造似乎也是一种席底构造,它与其中的叠层石生物丘一起代表了前寒武纪海底微生物孤军作战的特殊生境。对该剖面大红峪组的初步研究表明,在前寒武纪地层中,除了要关注叠层石之类的微生物沉积构造以外,碎屑岩中也存在微生物活动的若干证据印席底构造（第五类原生沉积构造）,由此说明正是由于微生物新陈代谢的多样性才使其成为地球上无所不在及其无与伦比的巨大生物量。     

天津蓟县中元古界高于庄组中臼齿状构造的层序地层位置及其成因的初步研究

天津蓟县剖面的中元古界高于庄组为一套厚度约为1 600m的碳酸盐岩地层，包括四个段：第一段以潮坪相叠层石白云岩为主；第二段主要为含锰白云岩；第三段发育较多的纹理化石灰岩和泥晶灰岩；第四段则以叠层石岩礁（叠层石生物丘和生物层）的发育为特点。根据岩相到岩相序列可在该套碳酸盐岩地层中识别出L-M型、潮下型、环潮坪型米级旋回层序。根据米级旋回层序的有序垂直叠加形式所反映出的沉积相序列可以把高于庄组划分为13个三级层序（SQ₁至SQ₁₃），并进一步归为4个二级层序。在以灰岩为主的高于庄组第三段中，其中的第三个三级层序（SQ₁₁）中部的灰岩层中发育臼齿状构造。这种臼齿状构造以特别的形态、富含有机质、易硅化等特点可能表明了前寒武纪碳酸盐岩沉积作用的一些基本特征：第一、在浅水环境中发育叠层石而在较深水环境（中缓坡）中发育臼齿状构造，臼齿状构造就象叠层石一样是一种极为特别的与生物沉积作用相关的沉积构造；第二、在发育叠层石的潮坪环境中有利于发生白云石化作用，发育臼齿状构造的地层则以灰岩为主，这从一个侧面反映了前寒武纪白云岩似乎又不是原生白云岩。实际上，这些特征本身即代表了一些前寒武纪沉积学问题，随着研究的深入对这些问题将会得出更加接近自然事实的答案。     

从凝块石概念的演变论微生物碳酸盐岩的研究进展

作为微生物碳酸盐岩的主要类型,凝块石与核形石曾经被统称为"微植石"而与"叠层石"平行使用;但是,鉴于叠层石也具有凝块状组构,所以凝块石又被译作"斑粒石",或被称作"花纹石",因此,凝块石这一概念还显得有些混乱.术语和概念的差异与混乱代表了地质学家们对微生物碳酸盐沉积作用不同阶段认识的升华和进步.近年来,将微生物碳酸盐岩划分为叠层石、凝块石、树形石和均一石四大类,又将核形石作为"球状叠层石"而不与叠层石平行使用.尽管对微生物碳酸盐岩的研究已经取得了许多有意义的进展,如将微生物碳酸盐岩的地史演化归结为16个关键事件,总结了前寒武纪碳酸盐岩沉积相随着地球海洋和大气的长时间演变而产生的3种沉淀形式,将多年来形成叠层石的蓝绿藻归为细菌类称为"蓝藻菌"等.但目前还难以回答叠层石的确切生长机制,特别是前寒武纪叠层石;随着更老的地质时代中凝块石的发现,将凝块石理解为被生物扰动等作用所破坏的叠层石似乎与地质事实不完全相符;再者,凝块石的形成机制也还是一个谜.更重要的是,作为微生物碳酸盐岩的一种重要类型,凝块石这一术语的混乱以及对凝块石形成机制认识的变化,为窥视微生物碳酸盐岩的研究进展提供了一条重要的线索.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.