Sea water environment copper requirement of egg hatching and naupliar metamorphosis of Peaneus chinensis

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胜利原油对对虾受精卵及幼体发育的影响

我们于1980—1981年系统地观察研究了胜利原油对渤,黄海对虾(Penaeus orientalis)的受精卵及各发育阶段幼体成活、变态、摄食的影响。为今后对虾人工育苗、养殖及渤海对虾资源增殖的研究,为进一步开展石油污染生     

Effects of heavy metals on the development and survival of abalone Haliotis midae larvae

Despite a growing abalone Haliotis midae industry in South Africa, few studies have measured the effects of heavy metals on larval survival and growth in the face of recent increases in marine pollution. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of copper on survival and zinc on development of H. midae larvae. Larvae 24 hours old were exposed to either copper (0–30 μg l^–1) or zinc (0–200 μg l^–1) for 48 h before mortality or larval development respectively were quantified. Copper significantly reduced survival, with an LC₅₀ of 5.58 μg l^–1 (5.07–6.15, 95% CI). Although the concentrations of zinc used in the study did not have a significant effect on mortality, there was a significant effect on the incidence of abnormal larvae with an EC₅₀ of 102.25 μg l^–1 (96.68–105.94, 95% CI). At concentrations above the EC₅₀, more than 50% of the larvae showed severe developmental abnormalities. Results suggest that copper poses the greatest risk to abalone larvae as the LC₅₀ was similar to the target concentration for this metal for South African coastal waters. By contrast, zinc is potentially less problematic, with the EC₅₀ for larval development being four times the target concentration for this metal.     

中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)幼体血液循环的活体观察

溞对中国对虾早期幼体的循环系统及血液流向进行了活体观察 ,描述了中国对虾早期幼体发育阶段中幼体循环系统血管的走向与分布、血液的流向及循环路径等 ,比较各期幼体循环系统的形态 ,并探讨对虾早期幼体循环系统的发育过程。     

Studies on the prevention and treatment of mycosis and ciliate disease of larval penaeid shrimp

This paper deals mainly with etiology, pathology, sympotomatology, harmfulness, preventive measures and treatment of larval mycosis (caused by Lagenidium sp. ) and of ciliate disease (caused by Zoothamnium sp. ) of penaeid shrimp larvae.     

Settlement and metamorphosis of Styela canopus Savigny larvae in response to some neurotransmitters and thyroxin

1IntroductionAs importantsteps in the life cycles of mostma-rine benthos,settlement and metamorphosis of theirplanktonic larvae influence directly the populationdistribution and fluctuation of benthos.Research onlarval settlement and metamorphosis of mari…     

The action of heavy metals on the gametes of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.)—III. The effect of applied copper and zinc on sperm motilityin relation to ultrastructural damage and intracellular metal localisation

Treatment of Mytilus edulis sperm with external concentrations of copper or zinc (0-1-3-3mM) causes a decrease in motility in which zinc is more inhibitory than copper. Zinc also appeared to cause more extensive mitochondrial damage, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy, than did treatment with copper. The relationship between sperm motility and respiration in the presence of the various heavy metal concentrations used indicates that the depression of sperm motility can be explained largely on the basis of respiratory inhibition. However, zinc produces a less pronounced effect on sperm motility than on r respiration.X-ray microanalysis of thick sections of fixed treated sperm showed that copper accumulation occurs in the acrosomes, mitochondria and nuclei, whereas zinc is found in the acrosomes and in mitochondrial granules in association with calcium and phosphorus. No evidence was obtained for zinc accumulation in the nuclei. Treatment with either copper or zinc resulted in considerable reductions of bound calcium and phosphorus in both the acrosomes and mitochondria. It is suggested that the heavy metal ions cause an increase in the permeability of the organelle membranes to calcium and phosphorus.It is concluded that the less marked effect of zinc on sperm motility as compared to respiration may be due to an increase in the cytosolic free calcium concentration which, in turn, may stimulate the flagellar contractile apparatus.     

冠瘤海鞘同种群聚的化学诱因初步研究

研究了不同浓度的冠瘤海鞘成体被囊萃取物和幼体萃取物及不同的幼体密度对冠瘤海鞘(Styela canopus)幼体附着和变态的影响.结果表明,冠瘤海鞘被囊萃取物和幼体萃取物在5%和10%的浓度下均促进冠瘤海鞘幼体的附着和变态,但被囊萃取物的诱导效果明显强于幼体萃取物;幼体密度高于25只/cm3时,促进冠瘤海鞘幼体的附着和变态;幼体密度低于10只/cm3时,幼体的附着和变态不受密度影响.这些结果提示海区中冠瘤海鞘的同种群聚可能与其被囊或幼体内含诱导幼体附着和变态的化学因子有关.     

中国对虾养成期细菌性黑鳃,褐斑综合症的病原生物学研究

本文是对中国对虾黑鳃、褐斑综合症进行病原菌分离和人工感染试验的报告。经细菌学鉴定表明,分离菌分别为海弧菌Vibrio pelagius Baumann和溶藻弧菌Vibrio alginolyticus sakazaki。人工感染试验显示,海弧菌是引起对虾黑鳃、褐斑综合症的主要病原菌,溶藻弧菌的合并感染导致对虾败血死亡。此外还应用电子显微镜对分离纯化的病原细菌进行了超微结构观察。     

蜕皮与中国对虾仔虾肠道杆菌病及肠道堵塞的关系

于１９９６年５月,在青岛市红岛镇后阳育苗场,采用饲养实验的方法对患肠道疾病的中国对虾仔虾的康复进行观察研究。结果表明,中国对虾仔虾的某些肠道疾病的康复与蜕 存在极为密切的关系。肠道杆菌病对虾状幼体和糠虾幼体危害极大,患病个体死亡率为１００％,而患病率的仔虾幼体较高的存活率（３２％）,存活者多数为病症出现时已处蜕皮前期的个体,而在蜕皮间期开始患病的个体极少能发育至蜕皮变态。肠道堵塞是仔虾期纪体的幼体     

重金属对日本对虾仔虾存活及代谢酶活力的影响

本研究测定了铜、锌、镉对不同盐度下日本对虾仔虾的24hLC50、48hLC50、96hLC50,三种金属毒性大小依次为Cd2＋＞Cu2＋＞Zn2＋。对次致死浓度下仔虾的碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、及谷草转氨酶（GOT）的活性的测定结果表明：重金属对AKP、GPT、GOT活性有不同程度的抑制作用;且随着浓度的增高,抑制作用越明显。但对ACP活性有激活作用,且随着浓度的增高,激活作用越明显。     

去壳卤虫卵的孵化率及其饲育对虾幼体的试验

为了确定去壳卤虫卵的孵化率和判断它们作为对虾幼体饵料的合适性,我们于1986年4—5月份进行了试验。其结果归纳如下:1.采用去壳方法可以提高卤虫卵的孵化率,即去壳卵的孵化率要较未去壳卵高约5—10%;2.用去壳卵或者卤虫无节幼体饲养的对虾幼体都能正常地变态进入仔虾期,两者的发育速度也无区别。     

Effects of Lanthanum-Amino Acid Complexes on Egg Hatching and Nauplius Metamorphosis of Penaeus chinensis

Studies have been carried out on the effect of lanthanum-amino acid complexes on embryo development and nauplius growth ofPenaeus chinensis. The experimental results indicate that: (1)The optimum concentrations of lanthanum-proline and Lanthanumphenylalanine for the development of eggs in monocell and dicell stages are 1.50～ 4.00mg/L and 0.50～3.00 mg/L, respectively, the egg hatching rates being raised by 21.0 ～ 46.0% and 23.0 ～42.8% ( P ＜ 0.05 ) respectively. (2)The optimum concentrations of lanthanum- proline complex and Lanthanum-phenylalanine complex for the growth ofnauplii are 1.50～4.00 mg/L and 0.50～3.00 mg/L, the metamorphosis rate from nauplius to protozoea being raised by 16.4 ～27.5% and 20.4～26.7% (P ＜ 0.05 ) respectively. (3)The positive effect of lanthanum-amino acid complexes on egg hatching and nauplius metamorphosis of Penaeus chinensis is better than that of lanthanum. With regard to the positive effect, lanthanum-proline complex is better than Lanthanum-phenylalanine complex.     

Effects of CO2-induced ocean acidification on the growth of the larval olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

It widely thought that ocean acidification processes that caused by atmospheric CO₂ increase and accordingly lower seawater pH conditions might cause serious harm to marine food webs in certain ecosystems in the near future. Little is known about how marine fishes respond to reduced pH conditions. We investigated the effects of CO₂ conditions on the growth of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) larvae. Newly hatched larvae were reared at three different levels of pCO₂ (574, 988 and 1297 µatm) in temperature-controlled (21 ± 0.5°C) water tanks for four weeks until metamorphosis. The experiment was repeated three times in May, June, and July 2011, and body lengths and weights were measured at the completion of each experiment. The results indicated that the body length and weight of flounder larvae significantly increased with increasing CO₂ concentrations (P < 0.05). A higher daily growth rate during the early larval stage (hatching to 14 days) was found among the larvae reared in low pCO₂ conditions, while a significantly lower growth rate was found among larvae in higher pCO₂ water conditions. On the other hand, in the late larval stage (18 days after hatching to metamorphosis), the daily growth rate of larvae was much higher in high CO₂ water. Bone density of larvae, however, decreased with increasing CO₂ concentration in the water

     

盐度对波部东风螺幼虫存活、生长及变态的影响

采用突变和渐变两种实验方法检验了盐度对波部东风螺幼虫存活、生长和变态的影响。这两个实验，在盐度21．0－27．5的范围内，幼虫均有较高的存活率、变态率和较快的生长速度。其中，在盐度24．0处，幼虫的存活率和变态率都最高，生长速度也最大。不管盐度如何，幼虫较快的生长速度总是和自发变态前较短的浮游期联系的，尽管渐变盐度没能使幼虫的存活率、变态率、生长速度、变态个体的大小以及浮游期的长度得到显著的改变，却明显地加宽了幼虫存活和变态的盐度范围。渐变盐度的实验方法优于突变盐度的实验方法。     

微生物粘膜对杂色鲍幼虫附着和变态的影响

为了探讨广泛存在于海中基质表面的微生物粘膜对鲍幼虫附着和变态的诱导作用,研究了不同年龄微生物粘膜 ( 1 ～ 6 d ) 对杂色鲍幼虫附着和变态的影响.结果表明:1 ～ 6 d微生物粘膜均显著地诱导幼虫附着,其中 3, 5 和 6 d 微生物粘膜还显著地诱导幼虫变态;幼虫的附着率和变态率分别与微生物粘膜中的藻类密度和细菌密度呈显著的正相关性,推测藻类和细菌可能在幼虫的附着和变态中起着重要作用.垂直基质选择性试验结果表明,90 % 以上的幼虫附着在具 23 d 微生物粘膜的载玻片表面且变态率达 70 % 以上,进一步证实了微生物粘膜可以诱导杂色鲍幼虫的附着和变态,同时也证实了幼虫具备选择附着基质的能力.     

中国对虾成虾肠道微生物区系

对野生健康中国对虾成虾肠道微生物区系进行了研究.从其肠道中分离出47株菌,它们分别属于弧菌属、发光杆菌属、不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、黄杆菌属、气单胞菌属、屈挠杆菌属和色杆菌属8个属.其中弧菌属和发光杆菌属在整个肠道中为优势菌属,不动杆菌属和假单胞菌属为次优势菌属,黄杆菌属、气单胞菌属、屈挠杆菌属和色杆菌属为非优势菌属.在对虾的整个肠道中,前肠和中肠的优势菌属为弧菌属,而后肠的优势菌属为发光杆菌属.在弧菌属中溶藻胶弧菌、漂浮弧菌和坎贝氏弧菌为优势菌,哈唯氏弧菌为非优势菌.前肠、中肠和后肠的菌量分别为1.3×105、2.8×105和1.1×104cfu/虾体.     

养殖对虾微型生物污着症的特征

于1991年3 - 9月和1992年3 - 9月，在中国沿海广东、海南、福建、浙江、江苏、山东、河北、天津和辽宁等9个省市的养殖场采集中国对虾、斑节对虾和长毛对虾3种对虾标本，运用显微和亚显微观察方法，对养殖对虾的微型生物污着症进行研究。结果表明，患该症的对虾其体表污着生物群落通常由微型生物组成，包括各种细菌、藻类和原生动物，主要类群是具柄的缘毛美纤毛虫；其他观察到的常见类群包括丝状和非丝状的细菌、附着性藻类和吸管虫类；在养成期偶尔发现有营薛虫和藤壶等大型污着生物。对育苗期和养成期中国对虾体表的扫描电镜观察发现：在某些对虾体表，污着群落具有明显的分层现象。对虾体表的不同污着程度与其体表污着群落的不同发育阶段有关。据此，认为对虾体表微型生物污着症可能是一种慢性的疾病综合症。     

山西解池卤虫品系的特征及其投喂对虾幼体的饵料效果分析

本文观测了一种新近发现的卤虫品系——山西解池硫酸盐湖卤虫品系。这是一种两性生殖卤虫,其雌/雄约为1/0.8,其卵和无节幼体明显比孤雌生殖卤虫的小,孵化率约75%。可直接将盐度为270‰的湖水中的卤虫移入盐度为32‰的自然海水中,存活良好。其无节幼体投喂对虾幼体的饵料效果良好,存活率达60—70％。     

儿茶酚胺对魁蚶幼虫变态诱导作用的初步研究

本文研究了L-多巴、多巴胺、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素等儿茶酚胺类物质对魁蚶幼虫的变态诱导作用。结果显示:10-4mol/L的L-多巴有较为显著的诱导能力，而各浓度组多巴胺都不能诱导幼虫变态,且高浓度L-多巴和多巴胺对幼虫有毒害效应。10-4-10-6mol/L的肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素都能表现出诱导作用并且对幼虫无害,为应用于魁蚶的苗种生产提供了可能。