四川盆地河坝地区下三叠统嘉陵江组气藏储集层沉积特征与成岩作用*

利用录井、测井和地震资料,运用岩心观察、薄片观察以及扫描电镜等方法,结合孔隙度、渗透率、微量元素和同位素分析测试结果,对四川盆地东北部河坝地区下三叠统嘉陵江组二段气藏主要储集层段进行地层对比、沉积特征、储集层特征及成岩作用研究。结果显示:(1)河坝地区嘉陵江组二段顶、底界面特征清楚,可进一步划分为3个亚段,储集层主要发育在嘉二中亚段的白云岩中,总体为局限台地沉积,发育台内滩、潮坪和潟湖等微相,台内滩是储集层发育的最有利沉积微相,主要位于河坝区块的中部;(2)储集岩岩性主要为残余(藻)砂屑白云岩、细粉晶白云岩,孔隙类型主要以晶间(溶)孔和粒内溶孔为主,总体以低孔、低渗的Ⅲ类储集层为主,储集层空间类型主要为裂缝—孔隙型;(3)储集岩的成岩作用类型有泥晶化、溶蚀、胶结、白云岩化、压实压溶和破裂等,储集层的形成主要与准同生期的大气水溶蚀作用、深埋条件下的埋藏溶蚀作用以及构造裂缝的发育有关;(4)准同生期的大气水溶蚀作用是嘉二段颗粒碳酸盐岩孔隙发育的基础,白云岩化、埋藏溶蚀等埋藏成岩作用有利于孔隙的改善,微古地貌高地发育区及断裂、裂缝相对发育区可能为储集层发育有利区。     

南黄海盆地中部隆起CSDP-2井志留系-石炭系岩石学特征及其沉积相

目前,大陆架科学钻探CSDP-2井是南黄海盆地中部隆起上的唯一深钻,是揭示南黄海中-古生界海相地层时代,恢复其沉积环境和构造运动的基准井。本文针对该井开展岩心描述并进行薄片观察,结合测井数据、古生物化石等资料,将志留系-石炭系划分为下志留统高家边组、侯家塘组、坟头组,上泥盆统五通组,下石炭统高骊山组、和州组,上石炭统黄龙组、船山组。其中,志留系沉积了一套浅海陆棚相的细碎屑岩,沉积物以浅海-滨海相砂泥岩为主;泥盆系五通组同样为碎屑岩沉积,稳定的石英砂岩和紫红色泥岩并存,下部为潮坪相,上部则为三角洲相;而石炭系发育台坪、泻湖、颗粒滩等碳酸盐岩台地亚相,岩性以生屑灰岩和泥晶灰岩为主。区域地层对比表明,南黄海盆地中-古生界海相地层是下扬子区由陆域向海域的延伸,其志留系-石炭系岩性序列与下扬子陆域基本一致。     

四川盆地中部磨溪地区龙王庙组沉积微相研究

结合四川盆地早寒武世龙王庙期区域沉积背景,本文对川中磨溪地区下寒武统龙王庙组的岩石类型、沉积构造、测井响应等沉积相标志进行了详细研究,探讨了磨溪地区龙王庙组的沉积微相特征及分布规律。研究表明早寒武世龙王庙期磨溪地区主要位于局限台地内,包括澙湖、颗粒滩和云坪三个亚环境,沉积产物以晶粒云岩及颗粒云岩为主。纵向上,龙王庙组由两个向上变浅的沉积旋回构成,旋回底部以澙湖沉积为主,中上部以颗粒滩沉积为主,顶部以云坪沉积为主。其中,颗粒滩亚相根据不同的岩性组合、沉积构造、颗粒岩累计厚度、单滩体颗粒岩厚度等可划分为滩主体(滩核)、滩翼以及滩间洼地三个微相。平面上,龙王庙组上下两段的沉积相展布具有明显的继承性,较龙王庙组下段而言,上段沉积时滩体的沉积范围、规模均有所扩大,同时颗粒滩具有向东迁移的趋势。磨溪地区龙王庙组沉积微相的展布主要受沉积期微古地貌以及相对海平面变化的影响,本文最后建立了磨溪地区龙王庙组颗粒滩沉积演化模式。     

河南省平顶山煤田晚石炭世太原组沉积环境和聚煤沉积特征

平顶山煤田的太原组属于混合型的碳酸盐浅海和陆源碎屑海岸沉积。下部和上部灰岩段主要形成于滨海潮间带和浅海中,并在其中发育行风暴浊流沉积。中部碎屑岩段为障壁岛-泻湖-潮坪体系沉积。太原组煤的显微组分为微镜惰煤,煤质属于低灰高硫煤。     

Biostratigraphy,sequence stratigraphy,and paleoecology of the Lower–Middle Miocene of Northern Bandar Abbas,Southeast Zagros basin in south of Iran

The Guri Member is a limestone interval at the base of the calcareous marls of the Mishan Formation. It is the youngest hydrocarbon reservoir of the southeast part of the Zagros sedimentary basin. This Member overlaid siliciclastic rocks of Razak Formation and is overlain by green and gray marls of the Mishan Formation. In order to consider the paleoecology and paleoenvironments of the Lower–Middle Miocene (Guri Member), we have studied biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Guri Member based on foraminifer and microfacies in two stratigraphic sections including Dorahi–Homag and Chahestan. A total of 33 genera and 56 species of benthic and planktonic foraminifera were identified in two studied stratigraphic sections. Benthic and planktonic foraminifera demonstrate Aquitanian to Langhian age (Early–Middle Miocene) for this Member at the study area. Studied interval has deposited in four facies association including supratidal, lagoon, coral reef, and open sea on a carbonate ramp. Carbonate rocks of the Guri Member have precipitated in two and three depositional sequences at Chahestan and Dorahi–Homag sections, respectively. Sedimentation of marine carbonates of the Guri Member on siliciclastic deposits reflects a major transgression of sea level at Lower to Middle Miocene that led to creating a new sea in the Zagros basin at that age. Increasing siliciclastic influx along with a sea level fall finally caused burying of the carbonate ramp. Except for the beginning of sedimentation of carbonate at the base of both stratigraphic sections (depositional sequence 1), most of the system tracts are not matched to global sea level curve that reflect local effects of the basin. Distribution of foraminifera suggests precipitation in tropical to subtropical in mesotrophic to oligotrophic and eutrophic to oligotrophic conditions. Based on large benthic foraminifera (porcelaneous large benthic foraminifera and hyaline larger benthic foraminifera), water temperature average was determined between 25 and 30 °C that was confirmed by analyzing oxygen and carbon stable isotopes. Finally, we have utilized achieved data to reconstruction and modeling of paleoecology, paleoenvironments, and sea level changes in the southeast part of the Zagros basin.     

Sedimentary facies and model of shallow water carbonates platform of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Sichuan Basin

Building the sedimentary model accurately and delineating the spatial-temporal distribution of grain bank are the keys to increase the rate of success in natural gas exploration. Thus,the types and characteristics of sedimentary facies of the Longwangmiao Formation in the Sichuan Basin were studied based on field outcrops,drilling,logging and seismic data. Taking a fourth-order sequence systems tract as a unit,the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of sedimentary facies within the chronostratigraphic framework were precisely described,and the depositional model of the Longwangmiao Formation was established to reveal the development mechanisms of grain bank and point out the future natural gas exploration. The results showed that: (1)The typical shallow carbonate platform depositional system was developed in the Longwangmiao Formation of the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas. Mixed tidal flat,restricted platform(microfacies types including grain bank,dolomitic tidal flat,lagoon,and gypsum lagoon),open platform(microfacies types including grain bank,lime tidal flat),platform margin,and slope-basin were developed from the edge to the interior of the basin;(2)A sedimentary model was established,which was characterized by “one depression,two uplifts,and two grain banks in the form of belts”. The development of grain banks was mainly controlled by palaeo-topography and relative sea-level fluctuation. It was mainly developed in the highstand systems tract of a fourth-order sequence vertically,and distributed as a belt along the platform margin and around the lagoon area horizontally. Our paper pointed out the grain shoal deposits are the material basis for the development of high-quality reservoirs,the results thus provide a sedimentary geological basis for future natural gas exploration of the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in the Sichuan Basin.     

四川盆地下寒武统龙王庙组浅水碳酸盐岩台地沉积相特征及模式*

准确建立四川盆地龙王庙组沉积模式和精细刻画颗粒滩时空分布规律,是提高天然气勘探成功率的关键。依据野外露头、钻井、测井和地震等资料,综合分析四川盆地及周缘下寒武统龙王庙组沉积相类型及特征;以四级层序为单元,精细刻画等时地层格架内沉积相时空展布特征,建立沉积模式,揭示颗粒滩发育规律,指出下一步天然气勘探方向。结果表明: (1)四川盆地及周缘龙王庙组发育典型浅水碳酸盐岩镶边台地沉积体系,自盆地西缘向东依次发育混积潮坪、局限台地(颗粒滩、云坪和咸化潟湖等微相类型)、开阔台地(颗粒滩、灰坪等微相类型)、台地边缘和斜坡—盆地等沉积相类型;(2)建立了“一凹两隆,双滩成带”的沉积模式,颗粒滩的发育主要受控于古地貌和相对海平面升降,具体表现为垂向上主要发育于四级层序海退时期,平面上沿台地边缘带和围绕咸化潟湖的相对隆起区呈带状分布。由于颗粒滩是优质储集层发育的有利相带,因此该结果可为四川盆地寒武系龙王庙组下一步天然气勘探提供沉积地质基础。     

安徽巢县凤凰山和州组上段Glossifungites遗迹相的成因及其意义

安徽巢县凤凰山剖面和州组上段生物扰动灰岩含丰富的遗迹化石Thalassinoides sp,属于Glossifungites遗迹相,它发育在没有完全石化的间断面上,反映了一种潮间带潮坪的沉积环境。Glossifungites遗迹相的发现,在地层学上证实了巢县以北和州组与黄龙组之间为间断接触,缺失或只存在一部分相当于巢县以南普遍存在的老虎洞组白云岩时代的地层。     

冀中坳陷奥陶纪岩相古地理*

碳酸盐岩是冀中坳陷下古生界重要的古潜山油气储集层。研究表明,冀中坳陷奥陶系属于陆表海型台地,进一步划分为潮上带、潮间带、局限潮下和开阔潮下4个沉积亚相,以及泥云坪、膏云坪、云坪和云质潟湖等11种沉积微相,并构成了4个三级层序(SQ1~SQ4),其中SQ4仅发育海侵域。奥陶纪首次海侵期沉积的冶里期(SQ1-TST)在区内由北向南发育了开阔潮下—潮间—潮上亚相沉积。亮甲山期(SQ1-HST)主要发育潮间亚相沉积,局部为潮上亚相。下马家沟期(SQ2-TST)和上马家沟组沉积晚期(SQ3-TST)分别为第2次和第3次海侵,区内均以局限潮下和开阔潮下亚相为主,局部发育生屑滩和砾屑滩;上马家沟组沉积早期(SQ2-HST)和峰峰组沉积早期(SQ3-HST)以发育潮间和潮上亚相为主,是白云岩的稳定沉积期。峰峰组沉积晚期(SQ4-TST)记录了第4次海侵,以发育开阔潮下亚相为主,北部地区零星发育潮间云灰坪微相。受加里东构造运动影响,华北地台整体抬升,冀中坳陷奥陶系顶部受到剥蚀,直至石炭纪再次接受沉积。     

湘西花垣排碧寒武系花桥组上段—车夫组沉积环境的探讨

湘西排碧位于中上扬子陆块的东南缘,前人认为在寒武纪第三世时期该地区位于以各种类型的"碳酸盐重力流沉积"发育为显著特征的"台缘斜坡相带"内,其主要岩石类型为泥质条带灰岩及砾屑灰岩。本文通过对花桥组上段—车夫组典型沉积物的岩石组分及沉积构造进行详细研究,发现条带灰岩并非泥质条带灰岩,而是由灰岩条带——颗粒灰岩、泥晶灰岩与粉砂质条带——粉砂质灰岩、纹层状含炭质粉砂质灰岩互层组成,表现出内源碳酸盐沉积物与陆源碎屑沉积物混积以及陆棚环境沉积物的典型特征。砾屑灰岩及伴生岩石组合发育丘状(洼状)交错层理等众多风暴成因的沉积构造,为具有不同风暴沉积序列的风暴沉积物。此外,花桥组上段—车夫组沉积物中含各种藻类等浅水生物及大量三叶虫骨刺。因此,认为花桥组上段—车夫组的沉积环境应为正常浪基面以下、风暴浪基面以上,受周期性强风浪作用影响的混积陆棚环境。     

胜利油区石炭二叠系含煤地层层序地层学初探

胜利油区石炭二叠系含煤地层包括中石炭统本溪组、上石炭统太原组和下二叠统山西组。可识别出潮坪沉积、障壁岛湖沉积和三角洲沉积三种沉积类型。根据区域地质及古生物资料,确定了三个等时面,划分出２个层序１４个准层序,每个层序包括低位体系域、海侵体系域及高位体系域,而以高位体系域最发育。纵观整个含煤地层的沉积演化过程,本溪组沉积期以滨浅海相为主;太原组沉积期为海陆交替相;山西组沉积期以三角洲相为主,总体表现为海退层序。     

渝东-鄂西地区黄龙组层序-岩相古地理研究

渝东—鄂西地区由于受海西早期强烈构造隆升和侵蚀作用影响,大部仅残存不完整的上石炭统黄龙组,为川东地区天然气藏主要产层,也是盆地周边地区寻找新气源最有利层位之一。根据岩心观察、野外剖面实测和室内镜下岩石薄片鉴定分析,并结合岩石学、古生物及测井等沉积相标志研究,确定该区黄龙组发育萨勃哈、有障壁海岸、海湾陆棚和开阔陆棚等沉积相带,连接川东—渝北海湾与鄂西广海海水通道的发现对区域沉积相带的认识具有重要意义。在层序地层学分析的基础上,以LST、TST和EHST三个体系域作为编图单元,编制了各体系域的岩相古地理图并对其演化特征进行了描述。结合各相带储集物性特征,认为障壁粒屑滩和滨外粒屑滩为最有利储集相带。     

上扬子西北缘晚震旦世古环境演化

上扬子地区震旦系灯影组不仅记录了埃迪卡拉纪晚期环境与生命的协同演化，而且大量发育的丘滩体沉积正成为四川盆地深层古老碳酸盐岩油气勘探的重要目标。因此分析灯影组沉积环境演化不仅可以约束埃迪卡拉纪晚期全球海平面变化、古海洋环境演化，而且对于四川盆地深层油气勘探具有重要意义。前人对于上扬子地区震旦系灯影组的沉积环境演化、相对海平面变化仍缺乏较为精细的刻画和解释，严重制约了以上研究的进展。本文通过对上扬子西北缘绵竹清平剖面灯影组详细的野外沉积学解剖及室内微相分析解释，识别出以各类颗粒云岩、微生物云岩为主的21类岩石微相；根据微相组合关系分析，认为发育多种向上变浅的潮下—潮间—潮上沉积序列以及若干颗粒滩、微生物丘沉积构成的米级沉积旋回；以此为基础详细刻画出灯一段—灯二段下部、灯二段中上部—灯二段顶部、灯三段底部—灯四段下部、灯四段中上部—灯四段顶部构成的四次海侵—海退次级旋回以及灯二段和灯四段顶部暴露侵蚀的沉积环境演化及海平面变化历程，并建立了扬子台地西缘绵竹地区埃迪卡拉纪晚期以潮坪相、微生物丘滩体、颗粒滩为典型沉积特征的浅水碳酸盐岩台地沉积模式。综合沉积微相特征、微相组合特征及剖面沉积相演化规律认为，该地区沉积环境演化主要受次级海平面波动影响，海侵—海退次级旋回的中上部可能为灯影组优质储层发育的主要层位，其内部的两次暴露不整合可能与冰期事件导致的海平面下降密切相关。     

扬子区黄龙组的划分与对比

<正> 上石炭统黄龙组一名系沿袭1930年李四光、朱森研究宁镇山脉旧义“栖霞灰岩”时所创之黄龙灰岩,或称黄龙群。笔者对川东黄龙组的岩石化学和光谱分析、岩石薄片和古生物鉴定等资料整理与综合对比,特别是利用岩石化学成份、微量元素、以及它们之间的比值来进行对比,发现川东黄龙组虽为复杂的潮坪沉积,但仍有较好的对比标志,三分段明显。自下而上三分为雷音铺段、福成寨段和川东段。与黔西威宁组所建的三个带相吻合,并对各时的沉积相进行了研究。     

The inner ramp facies of the Thanetian Lockhart Formation,western Salt Range,Indus Basin,Pakistan

The Lockhart Formation from a major carbonate unit of the Paleocene Charrat Group in Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan represents a larger foraminiferal–algal build up deposited in a cyclic sequence of the carbonate ramp. The foraminiferal–algal assemblages of the Lockhart Formation are correlated here to larger foraminiferal biostratigraphic zone, i.e. Shallow Benthic Zone (SBZ3) of the Thanetian Age. Inner ramp lagoon, shoal and fore shoal open marine are three main facies associations represented by wackstone and packstone foraminiferal–algal deposits. These facies are present in a cyclic order and displayed a retrograding carbonate ramp indicating the Thanetian transgressive deposits associated with eustatic sea level rise. The correlation of the microfacies of the Lockhart Formation (Upper Indus Basin) and facies of the Dungan Formation (Lower Indus Basin) provide detailed configuration of the depositional setting of the Indus Basin during the time interval represented by the Thanetian Zone SBZ3.     

Oil-source correlation of the pre-Tertiary in the Huanghua Depression： Insights from stable carbon isotopes and molecular markers

Stable carbon isotopes were used together with molecular markers to constrain genetic relationships between sandstone extracts and potential source rocks in the pre-Tertiary in the Huanghua Depression, North China. Comparison of the extracts from Permo-Carboniferous terrigenous mudstones and Ordovician marine carbonates indicated that their prominent differences are in stable carbon isotopes, molecular markers and thermal maturity. Although the extracts of the Mesozoic and Lower Permian Xiashihezi Formation sandstones have some similar iso-topic characteristics, molecular markers data provide a good correlation between the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous oils and the Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation mudstones, and between the Lower Permian Xiashihezi Formation oils and the Lower Permian mudstones. The results showed that the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous sandstone oils were derived chiefly from the Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation terrigenous mudstones and that the Lower Permian Xiashihezi Formation oils were sourced from the Lower Permian Shanxi Formation and Xiashihezi Formation terrigenous mudstones.     

四川广安市响水飞仙关组剖面特征及地质意义

四川省广安市桂兴镇响水村下三叠统飞仙关组地质剖面,位于华蓥山背斜的西翼,其古地理位置位于早三叠世川东碳酸盐台地西侧。对该剖面的详细研究,有利于恢复飞仙关期川东碳酸盐台地西侧的沉积演化过程。响水剖面飞仙关组一段属于半局限浅海陆棚和开阔台地含泥灰岩沉积。飞仙关组二段下部为碳酸盐台地西缘斜坡相及开阔台地相;其上部为较稳定的开阔台地沉积。飞仙关组三段是碳酸盐台缘鲕滩和开阔台地沉积。飞仙关组四段属于典型的混积台地潮坪沉积。川东碳酸盐台地西侧飞仙关组由两个向上变浅的沉积旋回组成,第2个沉积旋回是碳酸盐台地向西增生和鲕滩发育的主要时期。     

贵州地区中三叠统垄头组沉积特征及其海平面变化意义*

为认识中三叠世拉丁期华南地区碳酸盐岩台地边缘沉积演化及其海平面变化特征,文中主要选取贵州关岭扒子场剖面,以岩石学特征研究为基础,建立中三叠统拉丁阶垄头组的沉积演化序列,来恢复其沉积时期的海平面变化特征。中三叠统垄头组按其岩石类型及组合特征可分为3段: 下段主体为核形石灰岩—叠层石沉积旋回,代表潮间带至潮上带环境。中段下亚段由核形石灰岩—泥晶灰岩—玛瑙纹层状灰岩旋回组成,最顶层的玛瑙纹层状灰岩指示地表暴露环境;中段上亚段为核形石灰岩—叠层石旋回,代表潮间带至潮上带环境。上段由代表潮间带至潮下带的核形石灰岩—似球粒灰岩旋回组成。垄头组沉积特征表明,该沉积时期黔西南地区海平面整体表现为持续上升,但在中段沉积时期发生过一次海平面下降事件,导致沉积物持续遭受地表暴露,随后海平面开始上升,又恢复到潮坪沉积环境。与国内外中三叠世拉丁期海平面变化研究结果相比,贵州地区垄头组中段沉积时期的海平面下降很可能是拉丁期大海退的产物,但自中段上亚段至上段沉积时期,海平面逐渐上升,与同时期的黔西南地区和全球海平面变化趋势一致。该结果对于认识玛瑙纹层状灰岩成因及中三叠世晚期生物复苏研究具有重要意义。     

四川江油-广元地区上石炭统碳酸盐岩微相及其沉积环境分析

四川江油-广元地区上石炭统碳酸盐岩发育良好,厚度不大,化石丰富,含多层紫红色砾屑生物碎屑灰岩和泥岩韵律层,在整个华南同期沉积中颇具特色。根据野外观察和室内显微分析,共识别出15种微相类型。根据这些微相类型在纵向和横向上的组合与分布特点,参考Wilson的标准微相和镶边碳酸盐岩台地沉积模式,利用微相组合分析将这些微相组合划分到4个相带,即蒸发台地、局限台地、开阔台地和台地边缘浅滩。沉积相带的变化特征表明研究区晚石炭世存在着多期海侵-海退旋回,其中在黄龙组上段沉积中期海侵达到最大值,使得川西北大部分地区和川东地区广泛接受碳酸盐岩沉积。江油-广元地区上石炭统特殊岩层的研究表明:黄龙组下部4套红层具有浅海陆棚上部近积风暴岩的特征;船山组核形石灰岩粒序层及其地球化学特征表明核形石的形成可能与晚石炭世晚期全球冰期事件有密切的关系。     

川中地区龙王庙组高频层序与沉积微相及其对有利储层的控制

为明确川中地区龙王庙组沉积微相时空分布及其对储层的控制,利用地震、钻井及岩心资料,开展了精细的沉积、层序和储层研究,深入讨论了高频层序与沉积微相对有利储层的控制.龙王庙组主要发育鲕粒颗粒云岩、砂屑颗粒云岩、花斑状粉晶云岩等8种岩相,垂向上发育深水台地-滩间海型、颗粒滩型和局限潮坪型等3种岩相组合.龙王庙组构成1个三级层序,可分为2个四级层序（SQ1和SQ2）,各四级层序可分为3~5个五级层序.高频层序格架内,颗粒滩和局限潮坪具明显的加积和朝东南方向进积趋势,SQ2颗粒滩和局限潮坪的发育优于SQ1.局限潮坪微相的窗格孔细晶-粉晶云岩和花斑状粉晶云岩孔隙度最好,主要分布于四级和五级层序的顶部;其次为高频层序中-上部的颗粒滩微相.与高频海平面变化相关的早期溶蚀是优质储层形成的关键,并为后期储层改造奠定了基础.