甘肃北山拾金坡金矿床地质特征及成因分析

拾金坡金矿是甘肃北山南带较为典型的含金硫化物石英脉型金矿床,矿化富集与加里东晚期—海西早期拾金坡复式岩体密切相关。矿体产于岩体的内接触带,产出部位明显受近EW向断裂破碎带的控制。矿体主要为大脉状、脉状、透镜状。矿床中发育一套典型的中温热液成因的矿物组合,矿石以强烈的绢云母化、碳酸盐化、硅化和黄铁矿化为特征,矿石的金属矿物组合为自然金_银金矿_黄铁矿_方铅矿_闪锌矿_黄铜矿,矿化属中温热液成因。硫和铅同位素显示成矿金属物质主要来自围岩,即斑状花岗岩;氢和氧同位素组成表明成矿流体来自花岗岩浆水。成矿时代属早—中海西期。因此可推断,拾金坡金矿床属于与构造_岩浆活动有关的中温岩浆热液成因矿床。     

黑龙江省东宁县五道沟金矿成矿流体特征及矿床成因

五道沟金矿位于太平岭金-铜多金属成矿带,矿体呈脉状赋存于下二叠统双桥子组碳质板岩中,并严格受NE向断裂控制。根据野外观察和岩相学研究,将五道沟金矿成矿划分为早期石英阶段、石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段3个阶段,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段为主要成矿阶段。石英流体包裹体显微测温和拉曼光谱分析表明,金成矿期流体为中低温、低盐度的含CO₂流体。氢氧同位素分析表明,成矿流体是岩浆水和大气降水的混合流体。黄铁矿微量元素特征表明矿区内黄铁矿为岩浆热液成因;矿石硫同位素数据显示其具有岩浆硫和地层硫的混合特征。铅同位素组成图上,矿石铅、围岩铅和岩浆岩铅三者呈线性关系,具有同源特征,矿石中²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值明显高于围岩的相应值,暗示了矿石铅为围岩铅淋滤产物。矿石同位素特征表明双桥子组碳质板岩应为金矿矿源层。综合矿床地质特征、流体包裹体和H-O-S-Pb同位素分析,认为五道沟金矿为造山型金矿。     

辽宁刘屯金矿床地质特征及成因

刘屯金矿床为含金硫化物石英脉型,矿体直接围岩为晚太古代混合花岗岩。区域上建平群大营子组为金的矿源层,金成矿与中生代构造岩浆活动密切相关。含金石英脉(矿脉)严格地受近东西向断裂构造控制。据硫同位素组成证明矿石、围岩、中生代侵入岩具有同一性,为幔源硫。氢氧同位素组成则显示了成矿溶液的多成因特征。矿石中铅同位素为古老的铅体系,与中生代岩体的长石铅属同一源地。通过时矿床成因的探讨,认为是"岩浆热源-混合热液"型复成因金矿床,成矿时代为燕山期。     

辽吉裂谷区铅锌金矿床S、Pb同位素组成特征及其地质意义

辽吉裂谷区发育有众多大中型铅锌、金等多金属矿床,本文选择该地区的青城子榛子沟铅锌矿、白云金矿、五龙金矿、荒沟山铅锌矿和临江金矿作为研究对象,开展其矿石S、Pb同位素分析及其地质意义研究.数据显示榛子沟脉状铅锌矿δ34SCDT值介于-10.3‰～6.8‰之间,白云金矿δ34SCDT值介于-7.7‰～1.9‰之间,五龙金矿δ34 SCDT值介于0.8‰～3.6‰之间,荒沟山铅锌矿δ34 SCDT值介于6.7‰～17.8‰之间,临江金矿δ34 SCDT值介于0.7‰～1.5‰之间.研究区铅锌金矿床的矿石硫同位素主要有两种来源,其一来自于早期火山喷流沉积而成的地层硫,如青城子榛子沟层状铅矿矿体和荒沟山层状铅锌矿;另一类为后期岩浆硫,如青城子榛子沟脉状铅锌矿、白云金矿、五龙金矿以及临江金矿,此类岩浆硫形成过程中,对早期地层硫进行了混染.辽吉裂谷区典型多金属矿床矿石铅同位素值变化较大,206 pb/204 Pb值介于15.72～24.02,207pb/204 Pb值介于15.32～16.43,208pb/204 Pb值介于34.96～39.79,不同的矿床其比值具有不同特点.研究区铅同位素μ值相对集中且较大,显示铅源具有上地壳物质特征,但均受到了不同铅源的混合.榛子沟铅锌矿脉状矿体矿石铅和岩体铅均为混合铅源,矿石铅为上地壳与地幔的混合源铅,而岩体铅则是造山带铅与上地壳的混合源铅;白云金矿床矿石铅为造山带铅,而其岩体铅为上地壳与地幔的混合源铅;五龙金矿的铅同位素主要来源于元古宙造山带铅,同时又有幔源铅的混合;荒沟山铅锌矿矿石铅一组为正常铅,微偏钍铅,来源于统一矿源层,另外一组铅为放射成因铅,即铀铅,而临江金矿矿石铅属于放射成因铅.     

金厂沟梁——二道沟金矿田地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

金厂沟梁－二道沟金矿田的大地构造位置为内蒙地轴上的努鲁儿虎隆起区，其金矿脉多属石英－硫化物复合脉型，矿脉的产状受NW向区域断裂及对面沟岩体侵入形成的主动式断裂构造控制。主要矿物有石英、黄铁矿、黄铜矿等，载金矿物主要为黄铁矿、石英；矿床的矿化和蚀变具多阶段叠加性。其氢氧同位素特征表明，岩体、围岩、矿体三者具有密切关系，矿石的氢氧同位素特征表明金矿热液来源于岩浆，并有雨水加入，硫同位素值接近陨石硫值，具单峰塔式效应，矿体铅与岩体铅具有一致性，岩体与矿体稀土曲线具相似性。从而认为金厂沟梁－二道沟金矿田的成因为重熔岩浆热液型矿床。     

五龙金矿成因研究

五龙金矿是一大型脉状金矿床,金矿化与燕山期构造-岩浆活动密切相关,野外地质特征及大量岩石化学、地球化学及同位素资料表明,三股流岩体、脉岩和含金石英脉是古老含金矿源层重熔的产物,三者具有相同的来源。矿床成因类型为重熔岩浆热液金矿床。     

安徽五河大巩山金矿床地质地球化学特征及矿床成因

安徽五河大巩山金矿是受NNE—NS向压扭-张扭性断裂(郯-庐断裂带的次级构造)控制的脉状金矿床。赋矿围岩为新太古界西固堆组变质岩。矿化类型以石英脉型金矿化为主,其次为破碎蚀变岩型金矿化。矿床地质特征、硫、铅、氢、氧同位素地球化学特征、REE元素及成矿流体包裹体地球化学特征表明:成矿物质主要来源于西固堆组变质岩;而成矿流体则以岩浆源为主,并混有部分大气降水的组成。该矿床成因上应属与燕山期花岗质岩浆活动有关的中-高温热液金矿床。     

西藏洞嘎金矿床地质特征、原位硫同位素组成及成因探讨

洞嘎金矿位于西藏雄村矿集区, 是冈底斯成矿带较早发现且投入开采的金矿, 但研究程度低, 矿床成因存在较大争议。本文通过系统的矿床地质特征研究, 开展了硫化物原位硫同位素测试, 分析成矿物质来源, 进而探讨洞嘎金矿的成因。洞嘎金矿体受控于雄村组凝灰岩中的裂隙系统, 矿体呈脉状产出, 已探获金金属资源量9.55 t, 达到中型规模。矿石构造主要为脉状-细脉状构造, 金主要以包裹金和粒间金的形式赋存于黄铁矿和黄铜矿中。根据脉体穿插关系及矿物共生组合特征, 将洞嘎金矿的成矿过程划分为热液成矿期与表生氧化期, 其中热液成矿期为主成矿期, 可进一步划分为3个成矿阶段: 成矿早阶段、成矿主阶段及成矿晚阶段。洞嘎金矿床硫化物的硫同位素δ34S= –1.57‰~+5.26‰, 平均值+1.69‰, 具明显的塔式分布, 表明硫源具岩浆硫的特点。结合前人已发表的数据, 我们认为洞嘎金矿属于斑岩铜金成矿系统外围的热液脉型金矿床, 深部可能存在斑岩型铜金矿床, 找矿潜力极大。洞嘎金矿的成矿物质来源主要为地幔, 有少量的地壳物质(俯冲沉积物)加入。洞嘎金矿床的金与绿泥石密切相关, 该绿泥石主要为溶蚀-迁移-结晶机制形成, 绿泥石形成过程导致含金热液流体成分及物理化学性质发生改变, 使得成矿流体中的金发生卸载, 最终在凝灰岩的裂隙系统中形成洞嘎金矿床。     

刘屯金矿床稳定同位素及矿床成因研究

刘屯金矿床为含金硫化物－石英脉型，以其品位富、埋藏浅为特点，本文通过矿床的稳定同位素研究认为，矿石硫同位素组成与围岩硫相似，具幔源岩浆成因特征；矿石氢氧同位素组成显示出成矿溶液具备多成因的特点，锶、铅同位素组成具壳幔混合成因，以此推断矿床为岩浆热源－混合热液成因。     

华北克拉通北缘早白垩世金成矿与地幔物质的贡献

华北克拉通北缘是我国重要的金成矿带,早白垩世金矿床主要分布在成矿带的中-东段赤峰-朝阳矿集区、五龙-猫岭矿集区、夹皮沟矿集区、老岭矿集区及附近区域。本文综述了华北北缘早白垩世金矿床的地质及同位素地球化学特征,讨论了早白垩世地幔组分参与金成矿的证据和过程。研究表明,华北北缘早白垩世金矿床与矿区内中-基性岩脉具有密切的时空关系;金矿脉中石英流体包裹体氢-氧同位素、碳酸盐矿物碳同位素及含金黄铁矿氦-氩同位素组成揭示成矿流体以岩浆水为主,具有壳-幔混合来源的特征;硫-铅-锶-钕同位素组成显示成矿物质具有显著的上地幔贡献。个别金矿床原位硫同位素组成反映成矿流体经历了强烈的水-岩反应,从围岩中萃取了部分硫等成矿组分。总体上,华北北缘早白垩世金矿具有基本一致的地质和地球化学特征,反映了幔源岩浆对金矿床的成矿流体及成矿物质具有重要贡献,其金成矿过程与早白垩世(140～120Ma)华北克拉通破坏及相关的壳幔相互作用有关。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

藏北羌塘丁固—加措地区康托组的时代

自西藏区域地质调查大队创建康托组以来,康托组岩石地层单位广泛应用于羌塘地区,普遍认为其时代为新近纪.笔者于丁固-加措地区的康托组地层中采获古近纪轮藻化石Obtusocharat sp.,O.lanpingenis,Gyrogona qinajiangica和部分孢粉化石,并在康托组底部安山岩中获K-Ar年龄65.1～66.5Ma.上述轮藻组合与同位素年龄指示的地层时代为古新世-始新世,据此将测区康托组的时代确定为古近纪.由于测区康托组之上被唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组角度不整合覆盖,因此康托组时代的确定不仅进一步完善了测区新生代地层系统,还指示测区在康托组与唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组之间发生了一次强烈的构造运动.