Impacts of Depositional Facies and Diagenesis on Reservoir Quality: A Case Study from the Rudist-bearing Sarvak Formation, Abadan Plain, SW Iran

An integrated geological-petrophysical analysis of the rudist-bearing sequence of the Cretaceous Sarvak Formation is given one giant oilfield, and provides an improved understanding of this main reservoir in the Abadan Plain, in the Zagros Basin, SW Iran. The main objective of this study is to evaluate reservoir potential of the Sarvak Formation, and then to utilize the calibrated well log signature to correlate reservoir potential in un-cored wells. Eight main facies are recognized and categori...     

柴达木盆地西部红狮凹陷第三系下干柴沟组沉积相分析

在层序地层学研究的基础上,对柴达木盆地红狮凹陷第三系下干柴沟组进行了详细的沉积相研究,分析了下干柴沟组发育的冲积扇相、河流相、三角洲相、扇三角洲相、湖泊相、湖底扇相等几种类型沉积相特征。并按识别出的 4个超层序,详细分析了沉积相的平面展布特征。强调了这四个超层序中上升半旋回低水位期湖底扇、辫状河流相砂砾岩和下降半旋回高水位期辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲相砂砾岩是红狮凹陷下干柴沟组有利的储集岩相带。根据生油岩及储油岩叠置组合关系,指出阿拉尔以东方向的辫状河流相和辫状河三角洲相、小红山-阿哈提南东方向的扇三角洲相、狮子沟-干柴沟一带的湖底扇相是红狮凹陷下干柴沟组有利油气聚集区带。     

塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系沉积相与沉积演化模式

在塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系层序地层格架建立的基础上,通过对岩心、钻井、测井、地震及古生物等相关资料分析,以地震地层学和海相碳酸盐岩沉积模式为指导,对玉北地区奥陶系沉积相进行详细的研究,结果表明研究区奥陶系可划分为台地潮坪、局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘、陆架内缘斜坡和陆棚等6种沉积相,并明确了研究区奥陶纪各期沉积相平面展布特征,总结了纵向上的沉积演化规律为:早奥陶世早期发育台地潮坪相;早奥陶世晚期随着海平面的持续缓慢上升,过渡为局限台地相;中奥陶世演化为开阔台地相;晚奥陶世早期演变为斜坡相,至晚奥陶世中晚期则发育陆棚相沉积体系。综合考虑古地理沉积环境、沉积相平面组合规律及控制因素,建立了玉北地区奥陶系沉积演化模式。     

鄂尔多斯盆地拉什仲组遗迹化石组合与古环境

首次对鄂尔多斯盆地西北缘桌子山地区中奥陶世拉什仲组的遗迹化石进行了系统研究。该组遗迹化石共有6属8种,建立了Paleodictyon遗迹化石组合。此组合以被侵蚀、改造呈斑状分布的遗迹大量存在与Paleodictyon的普遍出现为最显著的特征。遗迹化石的形态、行为习性、保存方式等分类特征、埋藏学特征等表明该组合相当于Nereites遗迹相,代表了深海远源浊流沉积环境;而在本组沉积晚期,水体开始变浅,大致为大陆斜坡－陆隆半深海浊流沉积环境。其沉积层序、沉积构造及岩性等特征说明拉什仲组为典型的浊流相沉积,并以远源相浊流沉积为主,其下部近相浊流沉积较发育。据古流向测定,自中奥陶世拉什仲组至公乌素组沉积期,重力流运动方向的变化大致反映了贺兰拗拉槽张裂的幅度在变小并渐呈收敛隆起的趋势。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组沉积环境模式

中奥陶统马家沟组是鄂尔多斯盆地的主要天然气储集层之一。奥陶纪由于西边贺兰裂谷和南面秦岭裂谷发生扩张裂离,在盆地西缘和南缘产生裂谷肩翘升,形成 L 形隆起带。在均衡补偿作用下,隆起带东侧伴生一西缓东陡不对称的(内)陆架盆地。研究建立的东西向穿越(内)陆架盆地中心的沉积模式表明:当高海平面时期,L形隆起带沉没于海平面之下,(内)陆架盆地海水环境正常,气候湿润,石灰岩沉积遍及整个盆地;包括隆起带上,仅(内)陆架盆地风暴浪基面之下中心位置有少量灰质白云岩和白云岩沉积。低海平面时期,气候干旱,L 形隆起带接近或有时出露海平面之上,(内)陆架盆地海水补给主要来自东方,(内)陆架盆地处于半局限和局限环境,盆地中心沉积了硬石膏岩和白云岩,盆缘硬石膏岩白云岩坪为白云岩沉积区。极低海平面时期,气候极为干旱,L 形隆起带成为剥蚀区,(内)陆架盆地仅能从东面获得少量已浓缩的海水补给,盆地海水中 CaSO_4和 NaC1高度浓缩,盆地中心沉积石盐岩,盆缘白云岩硬石膏岩坪则沉积硬石膏岩,夹石盐岩和白云岩。L 形隆起带以西毗邻贺兰海槽陡斜坡带,发育各类重力流碳酸盐岩沉积环境,海槽内沉积碳酸盐和硅质碎屑混积型浊积岩。L 形隆起带以南,即渭北隆起地区,整个马家沟期发育为末端变陡的缓坡沉积环境。     

伊朗Kashan地区库姆组沉积相及其对储层的控制作用

伊朗Kashan地区库姆组形成于混水碳酸盐岩台地沉积环境,以碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩的混合沉积为主,沉积特征受陆源碎屑的影响较大.库姆组自身储集条件偏差,裂缝和溶孔在储集空间中占绝对优势,断裂活动及相伴生的溶蚀活动是控制储层发育的主要因素,而沉积相则为之提供物质基础.有利储集相带主要分布在应力集中区域和岩石破裂地区,其中局限台地滩相和三级层序界面之下的岩溶带是最佳储层发育位置.     

东海西湖凹陷始新统平湖组沉积层序特征及控相机制讨论

西湖凹陷平湖组(E_2~(2-3)系海陆过渡相沉积。海平面升降变化控制了不同成因类型砂体的空间展布。在钻井剖面上,可识别多种沉积层序。作者从岩心、测井、古生物诸方面分析了各种沉积层序的形成过程,揭示了海平面升降对沉积过程的控制作用。     

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油储层沉积相分析

利用岩芯、薄片、录井和测井等资料,在识别各级次基面旋回界面类型及特征的基础上,将准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组划分为1个长期旋回,6个中期旋回,44个短期旋回,建立高分辨率层序地层对比格架。在总结地球化学、岩性、沉积构造、电性特征的基础上,综合分析古生物化石、测井等资料,以识别沉积相标志为主,进行单井、连井及平面沉积相分析。研究结果认为,吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组为咸化湖泊-三角洲沉积体系,岩性复杂多变,在机械、化学、生物等沉积作用共同影响下,形成由细粒碎屑岩、泥岩、碳酸盐岩构成的混积岩层。芦草沟组发育上、下两个致密油甜点体,上甜点体（SSC37-SSC42）为咸化湖相沉积,微相类型以滩坝为主;下甜点体（SSC6-SSC17）以三角洲前缘沉积为主,微相类型为席状砂、远砂坝等。利用开发试验区及水平井部署区的井多、井密的有利条件,对沉积相边界进行控制,从而实现平面微相的精细刻画,研究表明芦草沟组优质甜点以滩坝主体微相为主,主要集中发育在凹陷中心低隆起处。     

Facies, geometry and geological significance of Late Ordovician (early Caradocian) coral bioherms: Lourdes Formation, western Newfoundland

Late Ordovician coral bioherms in the Lourdes Formation of western Newfoundland exhibit a complex mixing of architectural elements, including framework, boundstone and suspension deposits. The bioherms occur within a narrow (16 m) stratigraphic interval, and a prominent unconformity truncates the interval of bioherm growth and tops of many of the bioherms. The buildups developed along a carbonate ramp. They occur isolated and in groups, individuals in groups are aligned in parallel orientation. The sizes of the bioherms range from small (50–100 cm) coral piles to columnar and dome‐shaped masses (1–15 m); however, topographic relief was never more than ≈1 m. Bioherm construction reflects: (i) stacking of the tabulate coral Labyrinthites chidlensis, and less common stromatoporoids; (ii) accumulation of microbial‐stromatoporoid boundstone and suspension deposits within shelter cavities between corals; and (iii) detrital bioherm‐flank skeletal grainstone beds. Trypanites borings are common in the tops of coral heads. The bioherms exhibit three growth‐development stages: (i) seafloor stabilization, wherein rare, abraded coral colonies lie scattered within pelmatozoan/skeletal grainstone lenses; (ii) colonization, wherein corals (L. chidlensis), rare stromatoporoids (Labechia sp.), and other biota (bryozoans) produced a bioherm overlying the basal sediment base; and (iii) diversification, which is marked by a more diverse range of fauna and flora as well as occurrence of shelter‐cavity deposits. The diversification stage usually makes up more than 70% of a bioherm structure, and, in some defines multiple periods of start‐up and shut‐down of bioherm growth. The latter is defined by bored omission surfaces and/or deposition of inter‐bioherm sediment. The Lourdes bioherms have a similar ecological structure, biotic diversity and depositional environment to patch reefs in the equivalent Carters Limestone in Tennessee. The mixture of coral stacking and boundstone as architectural elements identify an Early Palaeozoic transition of reef‐design development along shallow‐water platforms that began to displace the muddy (boundstone, bafflestone) carbonate buildups more typical of the Early and Middle Ordovician time.     

桌子山中奥陶世公乌素组遗迹化石组合与古地理环境

据遗迹化石新资料 ,将内蒙古桌子山地区中奥陶世公乌素组遗迹化石自下而上划分为 8个组合 :Taenidium组合、Zoophycos组合、Volkichnium组合、H elminthopsis-Paleodictyon组合、Granularia组合、 Circulichnus组合、 Chondrites组合及 H elminthopsis组合。其中 ,H elminthopsis-Paleodictyon与 H elminthopsis两组合属于 N ereites遗迹相 ,并分别出现于陆隆 -深海盆地浊积扇与陆隆浊积扇环境 ;其余 6个组合与 Seilacher( 1 967)的 Zoophycos遗迹相相当 ,代表有机质丰富、平静而贫氧的大陆斜坡环境。遗迹组合序列和遗迹相的递变表明 ,本区在公乌素组沉积期经历了两次由陆棚边缘盆地—大陆斜坡—陆隆 -深海盆地浊积扇 (或陆隆浊积扇 )的环境演变。指出了本组遗迹化石与波兰喀尔巴阡山复理石相遗迹化石在分布上的相似性。认为 Zoophycos相各遗迹组合所赋存的泥灰岩等是很好的生油岩。     

陕甘宁盆地下奥陶统马家沟组层序沉积有机相特征及其烃源岩分布

沉积有机相是具有相似沉积环境、生物组合、成岩环境、氧化-还原条件以及相近有机质特征的地层单元,其分布受沉积盆地中层序地层格架所控制。因此,层序沉积有机相分析可成为确定和预测烃源岩分布的一种有效工具。本文采用层序地层分析与沉积有机相分析相结合的方法,将陕甘宁盆地下奥陶统马家沟组划分为三个层序,并探讨了每个层序中沉积有机相的分布特征。研究表明,沉积有机相在层序地层格架中的分布呈显出一定的规律性,在盆地西部及南部的较深水层序中,沉积有利相类型主要为开阔台地C相,在垂向上变化不大,有机碳含量为 0.0 8%～ 0.1 8%。在盆地中部浅水层序中,海侵体系域的沉积有机相类型主要为开阔台地C相及局限台地D相,有机碳含量为 0.1 2 %～ 0.2 5 %,而高位体系域的沉积有机相类型主要为局限台地D相和蒸发台地E相,有机碳含量为 0.1 7%～ 0.49%,反映出盆地中部浅水层序中的高位体系域是烃源岩分布的最有利地带。     

桌子山地区中奥陶统克里摩里组深水等深流沉积模式

等深流沉积是深水环境中牵引流沉积的重要类型之一。虽然研究程度相对较高,但主要以深海测量和大洋钻探为平 台对现代海洋中的等深流进行研究,特别是大洋钻探339航次的执行,将等深流沉积研究推向一个新的阶段（等深岩丘结 构剖析）,而对地层记录中的等深流沉积研究却非常薄弱,从而也制约了对等深流沉积的研究,特别是等深流沉积模式的建 立。鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北部桌子山地区中奥陶统达瑞威尔阶克里摩里组广泛发育等深流沉积,此次在详细的野外观察基础 上,对内蒙古乌海市海南区石峡谷剖面进行沉积学研究,该剖面克里摩里组从下到上可分为三段：下段以薄－中层叠置石 灰岩为特征、中段以石灰岩－泥岩岩组与泥岩互层为特征,上段以条纹状泥岩为特征。三段沉积分别代表了深水环境下等 深流水道沉积、天然堤沉积和深水盆地平原区极弱等深流沉积,在垂向上组成了一个完整的等深流水下水道－天然堤沉积 体系。     

Facies and Depositional Sequences of the Asmari Formation,Shajabil Anticline,North of the Izeh Zone,Zagros Basin,Iran

Outcrop and microscopic studies have been applied in this research paper in order to find out the Asmari Formation depositional sequences in the Shajabil Anticline section located at the north of the Izeh Zone,Zagros Basin,Iran.Five depositional sequences were identified based on 11 facies types （bioclast Nummulitidae Lepidocyclinidae packstone,bioclast perforate foraminifera Nephrolepidina Miogypsinoides wackestone-packstone,bioclast perforate foraminifera Corallinacea wackestone-packstone,bioclast echinoid Neorotalia Brachiopoda wackestone-packstone,coral floatstone-rudstone,bioclast Corallinacea imperforate foraminifera wackestone-packstone,bioclast imperforate foraminifera Archaias wackestone-packstone,bioclast imperforate foraminifera Dendritina wackestone-packstone-grainstone,bioclast imperforate foraminifera Borelis wackestonepackstone and very fine sandy mudstone） corresponding to the tidal flat,restricted and semirestricted lagoon and open marine environments of an inner and middle shelf areas.Well-exposed outcrop horizons of Thalassinoides at the study section are a favorable tool for the regional outcrop sequence stratigraphy.Thalassinoides is considered as an outcrop key-bed for recognition of the Rupelian-Chattian maximum flooding depositional sequence.Coral remnants （small colonies） in outcrop exposures also are associated with the HST depositional sequence （Chattian） for the Asmari Formation.The most important achievement of this research is use of associated maximum flooding surfaces （Pg30,Pg40,Pg50,Ngl0 and Ng20） in the Arabian plate.These maximum flooding surfaces could be recorded as an isochrones surface.     

歧口凹陷中奥陶统沉积相特征再认识

歧口凹陷奥陶系地层发育碳酸盐岩沉积,主要为泥晶灰岩、泥晶白云岩、岩溶角砾岩。综合岩相、沉积构造特征及测井相分析重新确定其沉积相类型为开阔台地、局限台地和蒸发台地,提高了对歧口凹陷奥陶系古岩溶发育情况的认识,为该区油气勘探预测有利区带提供了可靠依据。     

湘中龙潭组北型沉积相及聚煤特征

湘中地区晚二叠世龙潭组北型地区为一套灰黑色泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、煤层等沉积组合,具有砂泥薄互层层理、透镜状层理、水平层理及大型交错层理等沉积构造。根据野外剖面及岩心沉积学分析,在龙潭组中识别出残积平原-潟湖、潮坪和滨外陆棚沉积体系,总体上反映为海平面持续抬升、水体逐渐变深的沉积过程。煤层的形成受古构造和古环境等因素控制,煤层发育于煤系沉积早期的渴湖环境（2煤）和中期的潮坪环境（1煤）,从西向东2煤厚度减小,硫分及灰分产率增大;1煤仅在部分地区可见,其硫分、灰分产率均比2煤高,说明受海水影响较大。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩储集层特征*

探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩储集层岩石物理相特征及储集层分类方法。应用露头、岩心、薄片分析及储集层物性测试及压汞实验方法开展了碳酸盐岩储集层岩性、孔隙结构及物性研究,应用储集层流动带指标FZI开展了储集层岩石物理相特征及储集层分类方法研究。马家沟组碳酸盐岩储集层岩石类型主要为岩溶角砾泥晶—粉晶白云岩、膏盐溶蚀角砾泥晶—粉晶白云岩、含膏盐或膏盐质白云岩、粉晶—细晶白云岩、残余结构中晶—细晶及粗晶—中晶白云岩、次生灰岩、泥晶灰岩及白云岩,发育洞穴、溶洞、孔隙及裂缝4种储集空间,主要发育晶间孔型、裂缝型、裂缝—晶间孔型、裂缝—晶间孔—溶洞型4类储渗类型。依据流动带指标将储集层划分为6类岩石物理相及24类亚相,据此将储集层分为5类7亚类：一类储集层是天然气赋存的优质储集层,主要分布于马五₁、马五₄及马五₆段;二、三类储集层是马家沟组主要储集层类型,以孔隙为主的二₁、三₁类储集层主要分布于马五₁—马五₆段,以裂缝为主的二₂、三₂类储集层主要分布于马四段;四类储集层物性差,见于各段;五类为非储集层。研究结果表明,基于岩石物理相的储集层研究方法是揭示碳酸盐岩储集层特征及开展储集层定量分类与评价的有效途径。     

塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷西北缘上奥陶统铁热克阿瓦提组海相砂体类型与储集性

通过对羊屋2井、跃南2井、吉南1井等5口井岩心的精细描述、单井沉积微相与测井相分析及350 km地震剖面解释,认为在满加尔凹陷西北缘上奥陶统铁热克阿瓦提组海相砂泥岩沉积地层中发育5种重要的海相砂体,即滨岸（临滨-前滨）砂体、内陆棚沙脊砂体、内陆棚沟槽砂体、风暴砂体与潮道砂体。在等时地层格架内,研究区西部羊屋与哈得井区,铁热克阿瓦提组最底部分布着具有正韵律特点的、发育海侵砾岩与冲刷面的内陆棚沟槽砂体,其上为正反韵律均有且冲刷面不发育的较细粒内陆棚沙脊砂体,上部则是发育平行层理和冲洗交错层理的具明显反韵律特征的滨岸（临滨-前滨）砂体,顶部发育非均质性较强的风暴层砂体。在东部的吉南井区,下部发育内陆棚沙脊砂体,上部发育潮下带潮道砂体及潮间带砂坪沉积。受奥陶纪末期全球海平面下降影响,砂体分布范围逐步增大。铁热克阿瓦提组海相砂岩储集体以次生孔隙为主,非均质性比较强,导致储集层非均质性的主要原因是不均匀胶结作用、溶解作用以及局部发育有裂缝。对比5种类型海相砂体的储集性,按优差排序依次是内陆棚沙脊砂体、滨岸（临滨-前滨）砂体、内陆棚沟槽砂体、潮道砂体与风暴沉积砂体。
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A sequence stratigraphic model for an intensely bioturbated shallow-marine sandstone: the Bridport Sand Formation, Wessex Basin, UK

The Bridport Sand Formation is an intensely bioturbated sandstone that represents part of a mixed siliciclastic‐carbonate shallow‐marine depositional system. At outcrop and in subsurface cores, conventional facies analysis was combined with ichnofabric analysis to identify facies successions bounded by a hierarchy of key stratigraphic surfaces. The geometry of these surfaces and the lateral relationships between the facies successions that they bound have been constrained locally using 3D seismic data. Facies analysis suggests that the Bridport Sand Formation represents progradation of a low‐energy, siliciclastic shoreface dominated by storm‐event beds reworked by bioturbation. The shoreface sandstones form the upper part of a thick (up to 200 m), steep (2–3°), mud‐dominated slope that extends into the underlying Down Cliff Clay. Clinoform surfaces representing the shoreface‐slope system are grouped into progradational sets. Each set contains clinoform surfaces arranged in a downstepping, offlapping manner that indicates forced‐regressive progradation, which was punctuated by flooding surfaces that are expressed in core and well‐log data. In proximal locations, progradational shoreface sandstones (corresponding to a clinoform set) are truncated by conglomerate lags containing clasts of bored, reworked shoreface sandstones, which are interpreted as marking sequence boundaries. In medial locations, progradational clinoform sets are overlain across an erosion surface by thin (<5 m) bioclastic limestones that record siliciclastic‐sediment starvation during transgression. Near the basin margins, these limestones are locally thick (>10 m) and overlie conglomerate lags at sequence boundaries. Sequence boundaries are thus interpreted as being amalgamated with overlying transgressive surfaces, to form composite erosion surfaces. In distal locations, oolitic ironstones that formed under conditions of extended physical reworking overlie composite sequence boundaries and transgressive surfaces. Over most of the Wessex Basin, clinoform sets (corresponding to high‐frequency sequences) are laterally offset, thus defining a low‐frequency sequence architecture characterized by high net siliciclastic sediment input and low net accommodation. Aggradational stacking of high‐frequency sequences occurs in fault‐bounded depocentres which had higher rates of localized tectonic subsidence.     

塔里木盆地肖尔布拉克剖面肖尔布拉克组下段微生物碳酸盐岩沉积特征

塔里木盆地阿克苏地区肖尔布拉克剖面肖尔布拉克组下段除底部条带状泥晶白云岩外,主要为微生物碳酸盐岩沉积,但目前关于这套微生物岩的研究很少。通过详细的野外露头观察及室内镜下薄片鉴定,对研究剖面肖尔布拉克组下段的微生物碳酸盐岩类型进行了识别、分类,并重构了其沉积环境。结果显示:肖尔布拉克组下段共发育六种岩相类型,其中包括四种微生物碳酸盐岩类型:粗纹层状凝块岩,具窗孔凝块岩,厚层状凝块岩和块状凝块岩。粗纹层状凝块岩和具窗孔凝块岩主要分布于潮间带;厚层状凝块岩和块状凝块岩主要沉积于中深—浅水局限潮下带。不同的微生物岩类型发育于不同的位置,主要受控于海平面变化、古地理位置及微生物群落等因素。     

塔里木盆地西部地区中奥陶统一间房组沉积演化及其控制因素

塔里木盆地中奥陶统一间房组沉积演化和沉积层序的发育特征及其控制因素目前还存在争议。选择塔里木盆地西部良里塔格山地区一间房组为研究对象,基于沉积相和高频米级沉积旋回类型的识别及其垂向叠置样式的分析,明确一间房组的沉积演化和沉积层序的发育特征及其控制因素。研究表明：(1)一间房组沉积时期,良里塔格山地区整体为一个碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积体系,主要发育10种岩相类型和2个沉积相带(潮缘—局限潮下带和开阔潮下带);(2)一间房组发育两种高频米级沉积旋回,分别为潮缘—局限潮下沉积旋回和开阔潮下沉积旋回;(3)识别出2个半三级层序,层序界面主要为岩性转换面,其中一个完整的三级层序包括海侵体系域和海退体系域两部分;(4)沉积演化与层序发育的主要控制因素包括古地理格局、沉积微地貌及不同级次的相对海平面变化。其中古地理格局控制着整体的沉积相带分布,沉积微地貌决定着特定岩相(如瓶筐石礁)发育的优势部位,不同级次相对海平面变化则制约着沉积相的时空演化。