厦门以南福建近岸海域表层沉积物中总磷和总铁的地球化学

磷和铁都是生物不可缺少的元素。磷为海洋生物的基本营养元素之一,其含量的多寡对海洋生产力有重大影响;铁在海中形成的氢氧化铁胶体,对许多元素有吸附作用。因此,对沉积物中的磷和铁的研究具有生产价值与科学意义。厦门以南福建近岸海域位于117°08′—118°11′E,23°20′—24°20′N之间,大致呈NE—SW向条带状的分布,与海岸线方向基本一致,属南亚热带浅海区,平均水深大约20m。区内布设14条断面,共104个采样站。表层沉积物样品于1963年3—4月间用大洋50型采泥器获取。样品密封后运回室内分析。磷用钼蓝比色法测定,铁用重铬酸钾容量法测定.     

济州岛西南冷水区海水中的粒状铁

海水中悬浮物的分布与海流有关。悬浮物所含的铁存在于粘土矿(如伊利石,特别是海绿石,含Fe_2O_3 17—25％,FeO 2—5％);存在于河口形成的氢氧化铁,它往往以胶体的形式吸着在悬浮物表面;还有很少一部份存在于生物体内。 1980年7月,我们参加了济州岛西南部冷水区调查,试图通过粒状铁的分析了解悬浮物在该冷水区的分布。调查站位见图1。     

海水中磷酸盐在固体粒子上阴离子交换作用──海水中磷酸盐-固体粒子相互作用的V形交换率-pH曲线

于1990年2月在青岛鲁迅公园采得海水样品；1989年5月在南京采得伊利石样品，在苏州采得高岭石样品；1990年3月实验室合成针铁矿和δ－MnO2样品。用振荡平衡实验、离心分离方法和光度分析方法测定3种电解质溶液（NaCL溶液、NaCl－ChCl2～溶液和海水）中磷酸盐在上述4种固体粒子上的交换率一PH曲线。测定结果表明，海水中磷酸盐在固体粒子上的交换率-PH曲线为V形，并建立阴离子液一固界面作用的交换率-PH公式；半定量地讨论V形交换率-PH曲线的形成机理，酸性溶液中，海水中腐殖酸和硫酸盐与磷酸盐竞争固体粒子上的作用点位，降低磷酸盐的液一固界面作用；碱性溶液中磷酸盐通过钙（Ⅱ）与固体粒子形成三元表面络合物，钙（Ⅱ）促进磷酸盐的液一固界面作用。海水中的钙（Ⅱ）、腐殖酸和硫酸盐是影响磷酸盐液一固界面作用的主要组分，酸性溶液中腐殖酸和硫酸盐降低磷酸盐在固体粒子上的交换作用，碱性溶液中钙（Ⅱ）会增加磷酸盐在固体粒子上的交换作用。     

二阶冷阱预浓缩-气相色谱法测定大气中挥发性硫化物

本文采用自制二阶冷阱预浓缩装置结合气相色谱法测定了大气环境中三种挥发性硫化物(羰基硫(COS)、二甲基硫(DMS)、二硫化碳(CS₂)),根据标准样品的响应值对二阶冷阱预浓缩装置的条件进行优化,确定了最佳测定条件。本方法测定大气中的三种含硫化合物的线性范围较好,精密度为0.43%～1.11%,检出限为1.70～2.58μg·L^-1,高、低浓度的加标回收率分别为100.7%～102.3%和96.7%～137.2%。除了DMS的相对标准偏差为13%外,其余两种硫化物的相对标准偏差均在5.0%以内。对实际样品的测定与气质联用法无显著性差异。本方法可应用于环境空气中挥发性硫化物的测定,并对青岛胶州湾湿地不同植被类型区域挥发性硫化物进行了测定。     

两种甲藻对人工海水中胶体磷的利用初探

采用批次培养方法,研究了东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenlla)对胶体磷的生物可利用性,并初步探讨了甲藻利用胶体磷的机制问题.结果表明东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻均能利用胶体磷生长繁殖.东海原甲藻在接种11d后细胞密度在无机磷和胶体磷培养基中分别为10.53×107和3.43×107个/dm3.链状亚历山大藻在接种11d后细胞密度在无机磷和胶体磷培养基中分别为39.0×105和28.3×105个/dm3.通过对比细胞密度,胶体磷对东海原甲藻生长的促进作用要低于无机磷的作用;胶体磷对链状亚历山大藻生长的促进作用与无机磷的作用相当.东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻在胶体磷源下碱性磷酸酶活性迅速升高,前期均显著高于各自无机磷组的碱性磷酸酶活性,碱性磷酸酶活力最高值分别为0.29和0.30μmol/(dm3·h).初步结果表明,两种甲藻均能通过碱性磷酸酶的降解来利用胶体磷.     

东南太平洋热液区硫化物样品富集培养物中Fe3＋还原细菌的多样性分析

采集了东南太平洋热液区DYl15-20V一$35一TVGl7站位的沉积物硫化物样品,其含有76．717％（m／m）强还原性的磁性良好的黄铁矿．以乳酸钠为电子供体,不溶性的氢氧化铁为电子受体,对该样品进行Fe¨还原细菌的定向富集培养．通过构建该茵群的16SrDNA基因文库,随机挑选82个阳性克隆子进行群落结构多样性分析．研究结果表明：82个克隆代表的6种基因型分别属于4个主要类群,其中ε一变形杆菌占有绝对优势,达到55．2％．此外其还包括厚壁菌门、β一变形杆菌和仅．变形杆菌,克隆子比例依次为27．6％、10．3％、6．9％．在富集产物中还原氢氧化铁的功能菌群主要是具有硫还原作用的ε一变形菌中的硫还原菌．     

沉积物中硫化物的测定

一、前言 沉积物中硫化物含量的多寡是评价沉积环境的重要指标之一。而沉积物中硫化物含量的测定,无论在地球化学研究还是在工程、土壤、生物学等方面都具有理论和实践意义。 沉积物中硫化物的测定有碘量法、电极法和二盐酸对氨基二甲基苯胺比色法。这些方法曝气驱硫是必不可少的一环,而传统的单一曝气法费气费时,其效果的好坏直接影响到结果的精确性。为此,我们采用组装式曝气装置,使多个样品同时曝气,然后再用二盐酸对氨基二甲基苯胺比色法进行测定。此法快速,准确,适于海洋调查中大量沉积样品的分析。     

应用电化膜硫电极测定海水中的硫化物

当前,离子选择性电极已广泛用于海洋化学领域,对于海水中微量硫化物的测定,与碘量法和比色法相比较,电极法不仅灵敏、简便,而且能够实现对环境或体系中硫化物的连续自动监测。特别对于海洋底质间隙水中硫化物的现场测定,电极法更有独到之处。已往报导使用硫离子选择性电极测定天然水中硫化物的方法中,通常采用硫化银压片成膜电极。这种电极具有比较稳定的响应性能,但是对于低浓度硫化物则响应较慢,电极结构不适于底质样品和微区测量。Berner所用化学成膜硫电     

离线固相萃取螯合富集分离-ICP-MS测定海水中的稀土元素

通过测定条件优化、方法比对等实验建立了一种固相萃取小柱离线螯合富集分离电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定海水中稀土元素的方法。海水样品通过调节p H后,进入VAC ELUT SPS24 Agilent圆形固相萃取装置,其主要基体物质的去除率高于97%;萃取富集的优化条件是海水样品p H 4.0~7.0,海水进入萃取柱速率2 m L/min,硝酸洗脱液浓度为1 mol/L;方法对稀土元素的加标回收率为83%~108%,14种稀土元素的检出限为0.057~0.613 ng/L,RSD10%;该方法与氢氧化铁共沉淀法富集稀土元素比对测定结果一致,方法具有准确度与精密度高、操作简便快速等优点,可用于海水样品中稀土元素的定量精确测量。     

海水中溶解氧对硫化氢氧化的动力学

在不同pH、温度以及金属硫化物存在条件下,测定0.5MNaCl溶液和海水中溶解氧氧化硫化氢的速度。结果表明,pH在7左右反应速度最快,而pH在9—12之间反应速度次之。pH为8.5的0.5MNaCl介质中反应活化能为104670焦/克分子(25千卡/克分子)。光照对反应速度没有明显影响,而铁、锰、铜、钴、镍的硫化物对反应有显著的催化作用。Mg~(2+)、Al~(3+)、ZnS、CdS则没有明显催化作用。     

电解盐水杀菌技术在庄大污水处理站的研究应用

次氯酸钠作为消毒剂已在很多行业得到了广泛应用,作为油田污水处理用杀菌剂进行工业性试验还属首次。介绍了电解盐水现场产生次氯酸钠直接用于油田污水杀菌处理的技术原理、特点以及在大港油田庄大污水处理站的应用效果。并对次氯酸钠杀菌的加入浓度,以及对注水设备的腐蚀性进行了研究试验,结果表明次氯酸钠杀菌有很好的连续性,虽然杀菌后的污水腐蚀速率略有增加,但使用是安全的。     

Reactive iron in Black Sea Sediments: implications for iron cycling

The distribution of reactive iron in sediments of the northwestern shelf, the shelf edge and the abyssal part of the Black Sea has been studied. In the euxinic Black Sea, iron sulfides (pyrite and iron monosulfide) are formed in the upper part of the anoxic water column and sink to the deep-sea floor where they are buried in the sediment. This flux of iron sulfides from the water column is reflected in enhanced concentrations of highly reactive iron and a high degree of pyritization (0.57–0.80) for the deep-water sediments of the Black Sea. The iron enrichment of deep-water sediments is balanced by a loss of highly reactive iron from the oxic continental shelf. Calculations from a numerical diagenetic model and reported in situ flux measurements indicate that the dissolved iron flux out of the shelf sediments is more than sufficient to balance the enrichment in reactive iron in deep-sea sediments, and that the majority of the dissolved iron efflux is redeposited on the continental shelf. This iron mobilization mechanism likely operates in most shelf areas, but its net effect becomes only apparent when reactive iron is trapped in sulfidic water bodies as iron sulfides or when iron is incompletely oxidized in low oxygen zones of the ocean and transported over long distances.     

Analysis and distribution of iron sulfide minerals in recent anoxic marine sediments

Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), pyrite-sulfur, iron and organic carbon distributions were examined in sediments from a variety of oxic and anoxic marine environments. Multiple determinations of AVS using different acid conditions showed that most extractants give similar AVS concentrations, with the exception of stannous chloride in hot HCl which digested between 10 and 81% of pyrite-sulfur.An extensive examination of iron sulfide minerals in sediments, using scanning electron microscopy combined with simultaneous elemental analysis, showed that identifiable iron sulfides were almost always pyrite. Occurrence of greigite observable by SEM was limited to one site and mackinawite was not found in any samples. Thus, if these minerals are precursors to pyrite formation, as has been frequently hypothesized, they must be primarily present as coatings on other mineral grains or submicron particles.     

Trace metal solubility in salt marsh sediments contaminated with sewage sludge

As part of a study to investigate the effect of nutrient and metal pollution on salt marshes, a sewage sludge fertilizer has been applied to experimental plots in Great Sippewissett Marsh, MA, since 1974. The concentration of nutrients, soluble sulfides, and metals were measured in porewater from these plots every 4–6 weeks from April to December in 1980. Metal and nutrient concentrations in these plots were consistently greater than in corresponding control plots. Nutrients stimulated growth of Spartina alterniflora, the dominant vegetation on these plots, and higher grass production increased sediment oxidation. Concentrations of soluble sulfide in fertilized plots were an order of magnitude lower than in surrounding areas. For much of the year sulfides could not be detected in porewater from surface sediments of fertilized plots.The solubility of metals in sediments in fertilized plots was greatly increased by the decrease in sulfide concentrations. For much of the year, the top 4 cm of the sediments in fertilized plots were undersaturated with respect to all metal sulfide minerals. This undersaturation may account for the large loss of metals observed on these plots. It appears that in the surface sediments of these plots the retention of metals may be governed in part by adsorption onto iron oxyhydroxides.Precipitation of metal sulfides may be important in limiting the penetration of metals deeper into the sediment. At 6 cm, Zn and Cd were always close to the solubility of their respective sulfide minerals. Below 4 cm, iron was undersaturated with respect to all iron monosulfide minerals but supersaturated with respect to pyrite. Copper was supersaturated with respect to CuS and Cu₂S in all samples where sulfide was above the detection limit. Gel filtration experiments indicated that significant amounts of iron and copper were organically complexed in the porewater and may have been partially responsible for the large supersaturations.     

Polarography of the bottom sediments in the Sevastopol Bay

By the method of polarographic profiling performed with the help of an Au-Hg glass microelectrode, we obtained the first high-resolution vertical profiles of the distributions of oxygen, sulfides, oxidized and reduced forms of iron, reduced manganese, and iron monosulfide in pore waters of the bottom sediments in the Sevastopol Bay. It is shown that the regional features of the vertical distributions of the main polarographically active compounds are determined by the combination of several factors: the contents of organic carbon and iron and the sizes of particles of the sediments.     

Occurrence and environmental implications of magnetic iron sulfides in stiff muds from the continental shelf of the East China Sea

Magnetic properties were measured on 370 vibrocores obtained from the outer continental shelf of the East China Sea, with the aim of reconstructing environmental changes during the late Quaternary. High SIRM/χ values (>25 kA m⁻¹) found in stiff muds of late Pleistocene age suggest the presence of magnetic iron sulfides, especially greigite. Framboidal aggregates of greigite were further identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and attached energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analyses, as well as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the magnetic separates. The occurrence of magnetic iron sulfides indicates the complex oxidation–reduction of the stiff muds, resulting from exposure and inundation during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the post-glacial transgression, respectively.     

The occurrence of gold in hydrothermal sulfide at Southwest Indian Ridge 49.6°E

Massive sulfide precipitates found in the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR) 49.6°E hydrothermal field are enriched in gold.Here,the mineralogy and mineral chemistry of these massive sulfides to constrain the process of gold precipitation were studied.Sulfide samples in this field include lowertemperature Zn-rich sulfides and relative higher-temperature Fe-rich sulfides.Zn-rich sulfides are dominated by sphalerite-pyrite-chalcopyrite assemblages,with concentrations of gold ranging from 9.08 to 17.0 μg/g.Fe-rich sulfides consist mainly of pyrite-marcasite-isocubanite assemblages,with gold concentrations from 2.17 to 3.79 μg/g.The significant enrichment in gold within the lowertemperature Zn-rich sulfides and the effective separation of Zn and Fe in hydrothermal precipitates at the surface of this field are here interpreted to reflect the strong temperature dependence of gold transportation and deposition within the sulfides.In Zn-rich samples,large amounts of isolated native gold grains were identified.They were found mainly as inclusions up to 8 μm in diameter,occupying porous cavities in sphalerite or in the elevated iron content rim of sphalerite.The fineness of the gold ranged from 810 to 830.Unlike previously published results on other hydrothermal fields,these data show a low gold fineness values in SWIR 49.6°E.The FeS content of sphalerite associated with gold grains ranged from 3.2 mole % to 18.9 mole %.This was higher than in other fields,indicating that the sulfur activity is relatively low during the gold precipitation process and that sulfur activity may be one of the main factors affecting gold fineness in the SWIR 49.6°E hydrothermal field.Evidence regarding gold fineness and sulfur activity suggests that gold was quite likely transported as AuHS0 rather than as a Au(HS)-2 complex.     

Sulfide intrusion in the tropical seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme

Sulfur and oxygen dynamics in the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme and their sediments were studied in the US Virgin Islands (USVI) in order to explore sulfide intrusion into tropical seagrasses. Four study sites were selected based on the iron concentration in sediments and on proximity to anthropogenic nutrient sources. Meadow characteristics (shoot density, above- and below-ground biomass, nutrient content) were sampled along with sediment biogeochemistry. Sulfide intrusion was high in T. testudinum, as up to 96% of total sulfur in the plant was derived from sediment-derived sulfides. The sulfide intrusion was negatively correlated to the turnover of sulfides in the sediments regulated by both plant parameters and sediment sulfur pools. Sediment iron content played an indirect role by affecting sulfide turnover rates. Leaf production was negatively correlated with sulfide intrusion suggesting that active growth reduced sulfide intrusion. Sulfide intrusion was lower in S. filiforme (up to 44%) compared to T. testudinum consistent with a higher internal nighttime oxygen concentrations found for S. filiforme. When S. filiforme can take advantage of its ability to maintain high internal oxygen concentrations, as was the case on the USVI, it could increase its success in colonizing unvegetated disturbed sediments with potentially high sulfide concentrations.     

白酒中几种含氮杂环化合物

实验确定了分析白酒中含氮杂环化合物的最佳条件：含氮杂环化合物在ｐＨ１～２的条件下成盐，酒样浓缩１０倍后以乙醚萃取除去中性杂质和酸性杂质，将样品ｐＨ再调至９，用乙醚萃取后ＫＤ浓缩，取样品进行气相色谱分析。以上述条件测定了茅台酒等６种名酒中的含氮化合物，发现各种酒中均有含氮杂环化合物存在，但因酒型的差别，化合物含量和组成模式相差较大。     

Fe同位素研究现状及其在西沙群岛铁白云岩研究中的应用

铁是地球中含量最多分布最广的过渡金属元素之一,但针对Fe同位素的研究滞后。介绍了开始于TIMS,到MC-ICP-MS的Fe同位素测试技术,其重要研究进展与现状。指出Fe元素及Fe同位素在自然界中的组成、分布及在生物、非生物有机作用过程中分馏的特征;Fe同位素地球化学及在古海洋学、矿床学等地球科学领域的广泛应用,涉及铁硫化物、铁氧化物和铁碳酸盐矿物-菱铁矿成矿作用。后者目前被认为是碳酸盐岩铁白云岩成因研究的关键,通过铁白云岩中大量铁和重金属来源示踪研究,揭示西沙群岛孤立岛屿环境铁白云岩的成因特征和机制,属于白云岩问题研究重要内容,具有重要的意义。