敞开酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定钨矿石和锡矿石中14种微量元素

钨矿石和锡矿石成分复杂,具有丰富的共生或伴生元素。在国家标准方法中,对其中的微量共生或伴生元素含量多采用单元素测定,分析强度大,效率低。本文采用混合酸在敞开体系中消解样品,以50%盐酸提取盐类,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)同时测定钨矿石和锡矿石中的锂钪铬钴镍铜铅锌铷钼铯锑铋钍等14种微量元素。通过比较碱熔法、盐酸+氢氟酸+硝酸+高氯酸四酸溶矿法、氢氟酸+硝酸+高氯酸三酸溶矿法这三种样品前处理方法,确定选择使用氢氟酸+硝酸+高氯酸三酸溶矿法溶解样品。ICPMS测定过程中,选择铑和铼作为内标元素,有效监控分析信号的漂移。测定结果表明,各元素的检出限为0.003~1.64μg/g,相对标准偏差在0.1%~3.1%,方法回收率在93.1%~104.3%。方法应用于实际钨矿石和锡矿石分析,测定结果与各元素标准测定值吻合较好。相对于传统处理方法,本法一次溶样,多元素同时测定,使分析效率得到了有效提高,更适合大批量多元素钨矿石和锡矿石样品的分析。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定锡矿石中锡钨钼铜铅锌

锡矿石是难分解的矿物,共生与伴生元素多,其中的锡钨钼在单一盐酸溶液中易沉淀,准确测定锡矿石中的主次量元素一直是分析技术难点。本文以过氧化钠为熔剂,高温熔融样品,在酒石酸-盐酸-双氧水体系中进行酸化,选用该矿种中仅含有少量的钴作为内标,建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱同时测定锡矿石中锡钨钼铜铅锌的分析方法。方法线性范围为0.00~40.0 mg/L;方法检出限为锡10 mg/kg,钨30 mg/kg,钼3.3 mg/kg,铜12 mg/kg,铅15 mg/kg,锌40 mg/kg;方法精密度(n = 9)小于5.0%,实际样品的测定值与传统化学方法及国家标准方法的测定值吻合较好。本方法采用过氧化钠碱熔锡矿石,溶样彻底,并省去了氢氟酸挥发硅的蒸酸过程,节约了样品处理时间;采用酒石酸-双氧水-盐酸体系溶解熔融物,有利于溶液中的锡钨钼形成稳定的络合物,避免了单纯盐酸体系下产生钨酸、钼酸和锡酸沉淀导致测定结果偏低的问题。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定锡矿尾砂中的铜铅锌镉铬钴镍

锡矿成分复杂,具有丰富的共生和伴生资源。锡矿尾砂中的重金属元素检测是锡矿矿区土壤风险评估和土壤环境重建的重要依据。采用硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸体系对样品进行了前处理,通过优化仪器条件,加入~(103)Rh标准溶液作为内标,选择~(52)Cr、~(59)Co、~(60)Ni、~(63)Cu、~(66)Zn、~(114)Cd和208 Pb作为测定同位素,建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)同时测定锡矿尾砂中的铜铅锌镉铬钴镍的分析方法。测定结果表明,各元素的标准曲线线性相关系数都在0.9999以上,检出限为0.003~0.12μg/L,精密度介于0.78%~3.71%之间,样品加标回收率为97.2%~103%。用本方法对锡矿石GBW07282和钨矿石GBW07240标准物质进行了分析,各元素的测定结果与标准认定值相符。     

碘化氨除锡后封闭酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定锡矿石中的共生和伴生元素

锡矿石是难分解的矿物,主要存在形式是锡石(SnO_2),且共生和伴生元素多,常用的酸溶方法几乎不能溶解SnO_2,从而给锡矿石中的共生与伴生元素的准确测定带来困难。本文基于碘化氨在较低温度下熔融可产生无水状态的碘化氢,利用碘化氢的酸性和氨的还原性分解SnO_2,使Sn呈SnI_4升华分离的原理处理锡矿石。实验中以高纯铂丝作催化剂,加入碘化铵在450℃的马弗炉中分解锡矿石30 min,使得Sn以SnI_4形式挥发,除锡率达到98%以上,再用2 mL氢氟酸和1 mL硝酸封闭溶解残渣,电感耦合等离子体质谱测定钴镍铜铌钽钍铀等24个共生和伴生元素。元素检出限在0. 001～2. 9μg/g之间,90%以上元素的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%,相对误差小于10%。本方法解决了锡矿石难分解的问题,可测定共存金属元素,也适合测定Sn含量在1. 27%～62. 49%之间的锡矿石中的微量和痕量元素及锡精矿中的微量元素。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铝土矿中镓——酸溶和碱熔预处理方法比较

研究了盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸酸溶和氢氧化钠碱熔两种测定铝土矿石样品中镓的前处理方法,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)进行测定。对熔矿试剂及条件、分析谱线的选择和元素的干扰进行了讨论,采用不同含量的铝土矿石国家标准物质样品进行了条件实验。分析结果表明:采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸溶解样品,会导致铝土矿石样品溶解不完全,得到的数据失真;而采用氢氧化钠碱熔法处理铝土矿石样品后,用ICP-AES法测定,镓的测定值准确度高,方法检出限为0.15μg/g,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为2.51%～5.97%,回收率为94.8%～108.2%。该方法灵敏度高,精密度好,分析时间短,易于流程操作。方法经国家一级标准物质分析验证,测定结果与标准值相符,特别适用于铝土矿石样品中镓的测定。     

ICP-AES法同时测定地质样品中Cu-Pb-Zn-Sc-Mo

样品经盐酸和硝酸溶解、氢氟酸助溶、高氯酸冒烟排除氢氟酸及盐酸溶解盐类处理后,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)可同时准确测定地质样品中Cu-Pb-Zn-Sc-Mo,方法检出限为Cu(3μg/g)、Pb(2μg/g)、Zn(2μg/g)、Mo(3μg/g)和Sc(1μg/g)。用国家标样及内部控制样品进行验证,相对标准偏差为0.89%².88%。建立的分析方法具有测定范围宽、结果准确、操作简便、适合批量样品测定等优点,分析方法精密度满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》的要求。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定磷矿石中磷镁铝铁

运用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)分析磷矿石样品中的多元素,通常采用氢氟酸+盐酸+硝酸混合酸分解石样品,其中的氢氟酸是为了彻底分解地质样品中以硅酸盐形式存在的待测元素,但赶除氢氟酸的程序繁琐。本文在实际工作中发现,仅需测定磷矿石中的磷、镁、铝、铁元素时,可不加氢氟酸,四种元素的分析结果已能满足要求,这可能是与样品处理过程中生成的少量氢氟酸有关。为了验证不加氢氟酸的样品分解能力,采用浓硝酸-浓盐酸混合酸(体积比1∶1)加热分解试样,稀酸浸取,溶液冷却定容后直接用ICP-AES测定。分析结果显示溶样酸中是否含有氢氟酸,对磷、镁、铝、铁的测定结果不存在显著影响。方法检出限为磷100μg/g、镁0.3μg/g、铝20μg/g和铁6μg/g。经国家一级标准物质分析验证,方法精密度(RSD)小于5.0%,相对误差小于1.5%。本方法针对性强,分析快速准确,适用于实际工作中不包括钙和硅元素在内的磷矿石简项测定。     

ICP-MS和ICP-AES测定地球化学勘查样品及稀土矿石中铌钽方法体系的建立

针对目前铌钽分析中出现的样品溶解不完全、元素易水解及现有分析技术流程复杂的情况,本文对常用的混合酸恒温电热板溶解和过氧化钠碱熔两种样品前处理方式进行优化,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)两种技术手段,建立了测定地球化学勘查样品及稀土矿石中不同含量水平的铌、钽两套分析方法。对于铌、钽含量较低且易于分解的样品,采用硝酸-氢氟酸-硫酸混合酸恒温电热板消解ICP-MS方法测定;对于铌、钽含量高且难溶的样品,采用过氧化钠高温熔融ICP-AES方法测定。ICP-MS用于分析低含量样品更具优势,而高含量样品更适合运用ICP-AES。通过分析土壤、水系沉积物、岩石、稀有稀土矿石系列国家标准物质,结果表明混合酸处理ICP-MS分析方法的线性范围为0~200ng/mL;检出限为铌0.01μg/g,钽0.05μg/g;相对误差小于10%,精密度(RSD)小于6%;碱熔处理ICP-AES分析方法的线性范围为0~30μg/mL,检出限为铌0.2μg/g,钽2.5μg/g,相对误差小于10%,精密度(RSD)小于7%。这两套分析方法可以满足基体复杂、铌钽含量变化范围大、试样批量大的检测要求。     

黑龙江省特殊景观区化探土壤样品中钼的相态分析方法及应用

多年来通过化探扫面的全量异常分析结果发现的矿床并不多,在表生条件下,不同的元素随着区域景观条件的不同,其迁移、沉积规律以及元素原始的赋存状态也不同,化探分析给出元素的全量分析结果并不能完全准确地反映成矿情况,因而元素的存在形式和存在状态对于判断是否是成矿异常至关重要。本文建立了黑龙江地质景观特点的化探土壤样品中钼的相态分析方法,将钼的相态分为五相:水提取相、弱有机结合相、氧化物结合相、铁结合相、残渣相。采用ICP-MS测定钼元素各相态的检出限分别为:水提取相0.0011μg/g,弱有机结合相0.020μg/g,氧化物结合相0.100μg/g,铁结合相0.100μg/g,残渣相0.100μg/g。利用该方法分析了黑龙江某地有钼全量异常的样品,结果表明钼主要以铁结合相存在,属脉型产状,符合钼矿床的类型之一,研究结果提高了利用化探异常找矿的准确性。     

偏硼酸锂熔融-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法结合扫描电镜-能谱测定锡矿石中锡钨锌铜铁锰

锡石不溶于盐酸、硝酸及王水,测定其中元素含量时通常采用碱熔融分解样品,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定。而传统的过氧化钠或其他氧化性熔剂会引入大量的盐类,酸化提取后的溶液需要进一步分离或稀释,这样不仅影响分析的准确度及较低含量元素的测定限,长时间测定还会引起等离子体信号降低,造成仪器损伤。本文将锡矿石经偏硼酸锂熔融,超声波水浴处理,用ICP-OES法同时测定锡、钨、铁、锰、铜、锌元素含量,在标准溶液中匹配等量锂盐,各待测元素之间无明显干扰,操作简单快捷,环境污染小。实验过程中结合扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDX)微区分析技术,观察和分析不同熔剂量下样品熔珠的形貌特征和成分差异,发现随着熔剂与样品比例从小至大,熔珠表面结构呈现由松散、易碎向细粒、致密均匀的规律性变化,当熔剂与样品的比例达到7∶1后,熔珠表面形态无明显变化,当熔剂与样品的比例为8∶1时,熔珠表面能明显检测出硼元素的存在,说明此时的熔剂过量,从而实现了应用SEM-EDX技术来确定ICP-OES法分析中熔剂与样品的最佳配比。本研究还探讨了锡矿石样品的熔融温度和时间、介质酸度,对锡矿石标准物质GBW07281进行分...     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861