The origin of medium-K ankaramitic arc magmas from Lombok (Sunda arc, Indonesia): Mineral and melt inclusion evidence

High-calcium, nepheline-normative ankaramitic basalts (MgO > 10 wt.%, CaO/Al₂O₃ > 1) from Rinjani volcano, Lombok (Sunda arc, Indonesia) contain phenocrysts of clinopyroxene and olivine (Fo_85–92) with inclusions of spinel (Cr# 58–77) and crystallised melt. Olivine crystals have variable but on average low NiO (0.10–0.23 wt.%) and high CaO (0.22–0.35 wt.%) contents for their forsterite number. The CaO content of Fo_89–91 olivine is negatively correlated with the Al₂O₃ content of enclosed spinel (9–15 wt.%) and positively correlated with the CaO/Al₂O₃ ratios of melt inclusions (0.9–1.5). Major and trace element patterns of melt inclusions are similar to that of the host rock, indicating that the magma could have formed by accumulation of small batches of melt, with compositions similar to the melt inclusions. The liquidus temperature of the magma was  1275 °C, and its oxygen fugacity ≤ FMQ + 2.5. Correlations between K₂O, Zr, Th and LREE in the melt inclusions are interpreted to reflect variable degrees of melting of the source; correlations between Al₂O₃, Na₂O, Y and HREE are influenced by variations in the mineralogy of the source. The melts probably formed from a water-poor, clinopyroxene-rich mantle source.     

X射线荧光光谱法快速分析镁质耐火材料中硅铝铁钛钙镁

采用X射线荧光光谱法快速测定镁质耐火材料（包括原料镁砂及其制品镁砖）中的SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、TiO₂、CaO、MgO等6种组分。利用粉末直接压片法制取试样,确定仪器最佳参数,系列标样建立工作曲线,经验系数法对基体效应进行校正。对于主次组分,方法精密度低于5%（n=10）。方法用于实际样品的测定,结果与实验室化学法和其他单位的X射线荧光光谱法相符。方法适用于厂矿企业大批量生产的镁质耐火材料化学组成分析。     

镁铝对烧结矿中铁酸钙的矿物学特性影响

铁酸钙是高碱度烧结矿中的主要黏结相矿物,它的含量、结晶形态、化学成分及晶体结构等矿物学特性对烧结矿质量起着关键性作用,而烧结原料中各组分的含量直接影响着铁酸钙的生成。以Fe₃O₄、SiO₂、CaO、MgO、Al₂O₃的化学纯试剂为原料,在实验室进行微型烧结实验,运用XRD、偏光显微镜、电子探针等手段,定量分析研究了原料组分中MgO、Al₂O₃对烧结矿中铁酸钙的生成及其矿物学特性的影响。原料中MgO含量的增加对铁酸钙的生成有一定抑制作用,尤其在MgO含量为2.0%~3.0%时,烧结矿中铁酸钙含量明显减少,其晶体形态也从以板柱状和针状为主逐渐过渡为它形不规则状;原料中Al₂O₃的增加,对烧结矿中铁酸钙的形成具有促进作用,即随着Al₂O₃的增加铁酸钙含量呈明显增加趋势,且铁酸钙的形态也由以柱状和针状为主向板柱状变化。电子探针成分分析及矿物化学式计算结果表明,铁酸钙是由Fe₂O₃、CaO、SiO₂、Al₂O₃及MgO组成的复杂结晶体,其化学通式为Ca_2.60Mg_0.44Si_1.07Al_0.96Fe_8.92O₂₀。原料中MgO、Al₂O₃含量的变化,对铁酸钙的化学成分中Fe₂O₃/CaO摩尔分数比影响不大,均接近3∶2。上述研究结果对于深刻理解烧结工艺条件下铁酸钙晶相的晶体化学特征及其对烧结矿质量的影响具有重要指导意义。     

桂西平果教美矿区堆积型铝土矿形成过程中矿物转化与元素迁移

桂西地区铝土矿为典型喀斯特型,包括二叠系沉积型和第四系堆积型两亚类。堆积型铝土矿是沉积型铝土矿经抬升、破碎、风化,最后堆积于喀斯特洼地中形成。以平果教美铝土矿为研究对象,探索堆积型铝土矿形成过程中矿物的变化与元素迁移。沉积型矿石的矿物组成包括硬水铝石、鲕绿泥石、锐钛矿及少量针铁矿、金红石和高岭石;堆积型矿石的矿物组成主要为硬水铝石、锐钛矿、高岭石及少量三水铝石和鲕绿泥石。转化过程中堆积型矿石中的硬水铝石含量明显增加,鲕绿泥石含量明显减少。沉积型铝土矿的主要化学组成为Al₂O₃、SiO₂、FeO和TiO₂;堆积型为Al₂O₃、SiO₂、TiO₂和Fe₂O₃。两类矿石中元素Zr 、Ba、Nb、V含量均较高,稀土总量变化大,富集轻稀土。质量平衡计算表明堆积型铝土矿形成过程中Al、Ba、Sr、Y等元素增加,而Si、Fe、Ti、Nb、V、Ce等元素减少,其余元素变化不明显。     

Megacrysts from the Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk Province, Russia)

The megacryst suite of the Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk province, Russia) comprises garnet, clinopyroxene, magnesian ilmenite, phlogopite and garnet-clinopyroxene intergrowths. Crystalline inclusions, mainly of clinopyroxene and picroilmenite, occur in garnet megacrysts. Ilmenite is characterized by a wide range in the contents of MgO (10.6–15.5 wt.%) and Cr₂O₃ (0.7–8.3 wt.%). Megacryst garnets show wide variations in Cr₂O₃ (1.3–9.6 wt.%) and CaO (3.6–11.0 wt.%) but relatively constant MgO (15.4–22.3 wt.%) and FeO (5.2–9.9 wt.%). The pyroxenes also show wide variations in such oxides as Cr₂O₃, Al₂O₃ and Na₂O (0.56–2.95; 0.86–3.25; 1.3–3.0 wt.%, respectively). The high magnesium and chromium content of all these minerals puts them together in one paragenetic group. This conclusion was confirmed by studies of the crystalline inclusions in megacrysts, which demonstrate similar variations in composition. Low concentration of hematite in ilmenite suggests reducing conditions during crystallization. P–T estimates based on the clinopyroxene geothermobarometer (Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 139 (2000) 541) show wide variations (624–1208 °C and 28.8–68.0 kbars), corresponding to a 40–45 mW/m² conductive geotherm. The majority of Gar-Cpx intergrowths differ from the corresponding monomineralic megacrysts in having higher Mg contents and relatively low TiO₂. The minerals from the megacryst association, as a rule, differ from the minerals of mantle xenoliths, but garnets in ilmenite-bearing peridotite xenoliths are compositionally similar to garnet megacrysts. The common features of trace element composition of megacryst minerals and kimberlite (they are poor in Zr group elements) suggest a genetic relationship. The origin of the megacrysts is proposed to be genetically connected with kimberlite magma-chamber evolution on the one hand and with associated mantle metasomatism on the other. We suggest that, depending on the primary melt composition, different paragenetic associations of macro/megacrysts can be crystallized in kimberlites. They include: (1) Fe–Ti (Mir, Udachnaya pipes); (2) high-Mg, Cr (Zagadochna, Kusova pipes); (3) high-Mg, Cr, Ti (Grib pipe).     

Rapid analysis with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for bauxite investigation on the Mambilla Plateau, North Eastern Nigeria

Bauxite exploration involves routine analysis of a large number of samples for a wide range of elements. In Nigeria, though geological field exploration for bauxite started almost three decades ago very little has been achieved, mainly due to the non-availability of facilities for evaluating the dozens of suspected bauxite deposits scattered around the country. In this regard, a procedure for the rapid, accurate and precise measurement of a number of important elements in bauxite has been developed based on the newly acquired radioisotope based EDXRF spectrometer. Elements and oxides analyzed are Al₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, K₂O, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb and Pb. The richest bauxite sample has concentrations of 48.08, 18.90, 1.26, 7.71 and 1.93 wt% for Al₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, and K₂O, respectively. The other values in ppm are Mn (3 0 2), Co (5 3 2), Cu (45), Zn (51), Ga (41), Rb (32), Sr (2 2 2), Y (32), Zr (8 4 9), Nb (89) and Pb (72). The measurement errors in terms of accuracy and precision are less than 5% and 10% and 5% and 15% for major and trace elements, respectively. Statistical correlation analysis carried out on the results shows the most significant relationships to be the negative correlations of alumina with silica, iron oxide and titanium. This is believed to be related to the processes of formation of bauxite, with the Si and Fe–Ti being removed as Al was being enriched.     

Torngat ultramafic lamprophyres and their relation to the North Atlantic Alkaline Province

Geological mapping and diamond exploration in northern Quebec and Labrador has revealed an undeformed ultramafic dyke swarm in the northern Torngat Mountains. The dyke rocks are dominated by an olivine-phlogopite mineralogy and contain varying amounts of primary carbonate. Their mineralogy, mineral compositional trends and the presence of typomorphic minerals (e.g. kimzeyitic garnet), indicate that these dykes comprise an ultramafic lamprophyre suite grading into carbonatite. Recognized rock varieties are aillikite, mela-aillikite and subordinate carbonatite. Carbonatite and aillikite have in common high carbonate content and a lack of clinopyroxene. In contrast, mela-aillikites are richer in mafic silicate minerals, in particular clinopyroxene and amphibole, and contain only small amounts of primary carbonate. The modal mineralogy and textures of the dyke varieties are gradational, indicating that they represent end-members in a compositional continuum.

The Torngat ultramafic lamprophyres are characterized by high but variable MgO (10–25 wt.%), CaO (5–20 wt.%), TiO₂ (3–10 wt.%) and K₂O (1–4 wt.%), but low SiO₂ (22–37 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ (2–6 wt.%). Higher SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Na₂O and lower CO₂ content distinguish the mela-aillikites from the aillikites. Whereas the bulk rock major and trace element concentrations of the aillikites and mela-aillikites overlap, there is no fractional crystallization relation between them. The major and trace element characteristics imply related parental magmas, with minor olivine and Cr-spinel fractionation accounting for intra-group variation.

The Torngat ultramafic lamprophyres have a Neoproterozoic age and are spatially and compositionally closely related with the Neoproterozoic ultramafic lamprophyres from central West Greenland. Ultramafic potassic-to-carbonatitic magmatism occurred in both eastern Laurentia and western Baltica during the Late Neoproterozoic. It can be inferred from the emplacement ages of the alkaline complexes and timing of Late Proterozoic processes in the North Atlantic region that this volatile-rich, deep-seated igneous activity was a distal effect of the breakup of Rodinia. This occurred during and/or after the rift-to-drift transition that led to the opening of the Iapetus Ocean.     

Weathering of Valle Ricca stiff and jointed clay

The study proposes a weathering model of Pliocene–Pleistocene stiff and jointed blue-grey clay transforming into yellow clay. Physical, mineralogical, chemical and textural changes, as well as the weathering profile were investigated in a quarry of central Italy. Based on geological records and inferences, these changes are likely to have occurred within a time-span of about 50,000 years BP, upon overburden stress unloading and in a stress regime that is locally controlled by suction. Weathering propagated into the clay at a rate of about 0.3 mm/year and was enhanced by the enlargement of the pre-existing tectonic discontinuities and by the formation of new joints. A mass loss of about 22–25 wt.% was calculated. Considering Fe and P as immobile elements, the individual oxides contribute to mass loss in the following order: SiO₂ > CaO = CO₂ > Al₂O₃ > MgO > K₂O > S > Na₂O > TiO₂ > MnO. The Fe₂O₃ / (Fe₂O₃ + FeO) ratio varies from 9–29% in the blue-grey clay to 75–82% in the yellow one. Oxidation and/or dissolution of 7 Å-Fe²⁺-bearing clay minerals, mica-like minerals and calcite and parallel increase of smectite and Fe-hydroxides play a critical role in the chemical changes and explain the higher plasticity of the yellow clay with respect to the blue-grey one. The role of water during the weathering process was inferred to occur in cyclical steps: 1) seepage of meteoric water; 2) dissemination of highly oxidizing meteoric water; 3) triggering of oxidation and dissolution of minerals; 4) water evaporation; 5) partial migration of the elements contained in the aqueous solution and consequent deposition of minerals in the joints.     

The nature of the sub-continental mantle: constraints from the major-element composition of continental flood basalts

Many continental flood basalts (CFB) have isotope and trace-element signatures that differ from those of oceanic basalts and much interest concerns the extent to which these reflect differences in their upper mantle source regions. A review of selected data sets from the Mesozoic and Tertiary CFB confirms significant differences in their major- and trace-element compositions compared with those of basalts erupted through oceanic lithosphere. In general, those CFB suites characterised by low Nb/La, high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i and low εNd_i tend to exhibit relatively low TiO₂, CaO/Al₂O₃, Na₂O and/or Fe₂O₃, and relatively high SiO₂. In contrast, those which have high Nb/La, low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i and high εNd_i ratios, like the upper units in the Deccan Traps, have major- and trace-element compositions similar to oceanic basalts. It would appear that those CFB that have distinctive isotope and trace-element ratios also exhibit distinctive major-element contents, suggesting that major and trace elements have not been decoupled significantly during magma generation and differentiation.

When compared (at 8% MgO) with oceanic basalt trends, the displacement of many CFB to lower Na₂O, Fe₂O₃^*, TiO₂ and CaO/Al₂O₃, but higher SiO₂, at similar Mg#, is not readily explicable by crustal contamination. Rather, it reflects source composition and/or the effects of the melting processes. The model compositions of melts produced by decompression of mantle plumes beneath continental lithosphere have relatively low SiO₂ and high Fe₂O₃^*. In contrast, the available experimental data indicate that partial melts of peridotite have low TiO₂, Na₂O and Fe₂O₃^*CaO/Al₂O₃, if the peridotite has been previously depleted by melt extraction. Moreover, melting of hydrated, depleted peridotite yields SiO₂-rich, Fe₂O₃- and CaO-poor melts. Since anhydrous, depleted peridotite has a high-temperature solidus, it is argued that the source of these CFB was variably melt depleted and hydrated mantle, inferred to be within the lithosphere. Isotope data suggest these source regions were often old and relatively enriched in incompatible trace elements, and it is envisaged that H₂O±CO₂ were added at the same time as the incompatible elements. An implication is that a significant proportion of the new continental crust generated since the Permian reflected multistage processes involving mobilization of continental mantle lithosphere that was enriched in minor and trace elements during the Proterozoic.     

First Report of Sapphirine+Quartz Assemblage from Southern India: Implications for Ultrahigh-temperature Metamorphism

We report here for the first time, the occurrence of sapphirine+quartz assemblage in textural equilibrium from quartzo-feldspathic and pelitic granulites from southern India. The sapphirine-bearing rocks occur as layered gneisses associated with pink granite within massive charnockite in Rajapalaiyam area in the southern part of Madurai Block. Sapphirine occurs in three associations: (i) fine-grained subhedral mineral associated with quartz enclosed in garnet, (ii) intergrowth with Al-rich orthopyroxene (up to 9.7 wt.% Al₂O₃), and (iii) in symplectitic intergrowth with orthopyroxene (Al₂O₃= 5.9–6.7 wt.%) and cordierite surrounding garnet. The sapphirine in association with quartz is slightly magnesian (X_Mg = 0.79–0.80) and low in Si content (1.55–1.56 pfu) as compared with those associated with orthopyroxene and cordierite (X_Mg= 0.77–0.79, Si = 1.59–1.63 pfu). The sapphirine+quartz assemblage suggests that the granulites underwent T>1050 °C peak metamorphism. Cores of porphyroblastic orthopyroxene in the sapphirine-bearing rocks shows high-Al₂O₃ content of up to 9.7 wt.%, suggesting T = 1040–1060°C and P = 8 kbar. FMAS reaction of sapphirine+quartz→garnet+sillimanite+cordierite indicates a cooling from sapphirine+quartz stability field after the peak ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism. Slightly lower temperature estimates from ternary feldspar and sapphirine-spinel geothermometers (T = 950–1000°C) also support a post-peak isobaric cooling. Corona textures of orthopyroxene+cordierite (±sapphirine), orthopyroxene+sapphirine, and cordierite+spinel around garnet suggest subsequent decompression. The sapphirine-quartz association and related textures reported in this study have important bearing on the ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism and exhumation history of the Madurai Block as well as on the tectonic evolution of the continental deep crust in southern India.     

Petrogenesis of picritic mare magmas: Constraints on the extent of early lunar differentiation

Calculations of isobaric batch, polybaric batch, and polybaric fractional melting have been carried out on a variety of proposed lunar and terrestrial source region compositions. Results show that magmas with a generally tholeiitic character—plagioclase and high-Ca pyroxene crystallize before low-Ca pyroxene reflecting relatively high Al₂O₃ concentrations (>12 wt%)—are the inevitable consequence of anhydrous partial melting of source regions composed primarily of olivine and two pyroxenes with an aluminous phase on the solidus. Low-Al₂O₃ magmas (<10 wt%), as typified by the green picritic glasses in the lunar maria require deep (700–1000 km), low-Al₂O₃ source regions without an aluminous phase. The difference between primitive and depleted mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges amounts to less than 0.1 wt% Al₂O₃, whereas formation of the green glass source region requires a net loss of between 1.5 and 2.5 wt% Al₂O₃. Basalt extraction cannot account for fractionations of this magnitude. Accumulation of olivine and pyroxene at the base of a crystallizing magma ocean is, however, an effective method for producing the necessary Al₂O₃ depletions. Both olivine-rich and pyroxene-rich source regions can produce the picritic magmas, but mixing calculations show that both types of source region are likely to be hybrids consisting of an early- to intermediate-stage cumulate (olivine plus enstatite) and a later stage cumulate assemblage. Mass balance calculations show that refractory element-enriched bulk Moon compositions contain too much Al₂O₃ to allow for the deep low-Al₂O₃ source regions even after extraction of an Al₂O₃-rich (26–30 wt%) crust between 50 and 70 km thick.     

“巫山黄土”元素地球化学特征及成因和物源意义

为了探讨“巫山黄土”的成因及物源,对剖面73个样品进行了常量元素测试和分析,并与已知典型的黄土剖面的元素地球化学特征进行了比较．结果表明:（1）“巫山黄土”主要化学成分以SiO₂、Al₂O₃和TFe₂O₃(TFe₂O₃=Fe₂O₃+FeO)为主,三者的平均含量之和为84.84%,与上部陆壳(UCC)（86.2%）、洛川黄土（85.34%）、镇江下蜀土（86.76%）均非常接近。（2）“巫山黄土”常量元素质量百分含量与洛川、甘孜黄土和西风红黏土的均比较接近,显示了具有相同或相近的沉积环境和类型。（3）“巫山黄土”的TiO₂/Al₂O₃-K₂O/Al₂O₃的数据点主要分布区域与镇江下蜀土与川西的甘孜黄土大致相同,经UCC 标准化后的“巫山黄土”分布曲线与其它风成黄土也显示了较好的相似性,从而说明“巫山黄土”具有风积成因的特点。（4）元素比值分析显示“巫山黄土”与甘孜黄土、洛川黄土均十分相近,在Mg/Mn、Al/Mg、Fe/K方面与甘孜黄土更为接近,而在Mg/Ca 、Si/Al方面与洛川黄土更为一致,可能与两处黄土同源。     

Desert varnish and petroglyphs on sandstone – Geochemical composition and climate changes from Pleistocene to Holocene (Libya)

Desert varnish of pristine sandstone and petroglyph surfaces from Takabart Kabort (Naturalistic Bubaline Art School) and Alamas (Tanzina Art School) can be well classified by their (SiO₂+Al₂O₃):MnO₂, Al₂O₃:SiO₂, and P₂O₅:CaO ratios. Specific ratios are due to the occurrence of clay minerals like illite, kaolinite, smectite, and feldspar, quartz, carbonates like calcite and dolomite, manganese oxyhydroxides, and apatite. Their occurrence corresponds to the local origin and composition of the primary aeolian material.

In general, the analyzed desert varnish shows lamination patterns characterized by alternating MnO₂-rich and -poor layers (25 wt% MnO₂) at rather constant iron oxyhydroxide content (6 wt% Fe₂O₃). Varnish on non-engraved surfaces exhibits three MnO₂-rich layers, whereas varnish-coated petroglyphs reveal minor lamination patterns corresponding to the dating of petroglyphs by rock art. The older Naturalistic Bubaline Art School petroglyphs (about 6–4 ka BP) and the younger Tazina Art School petroglyphs (about 3.8–3 ka BP) contain only two and one MnO₂-rich layer, respectively. It is assumed that the occurrence of such microlaminations is caused by climate changes in North Africa. Three humid periods are discerned from the Terminal Pleistocene to Holocene in the literature. Such periods are suitable to induce manganese accumulation by biotic and abiotic processes. Accordingly, the distinct lamination patterns gained from this study verify the dating of petroglyphs by rock art. From another point of view, classification of the above petroglyphs may be provided by analyses of microlaminations independently on cultural historical aspects.     

陕西韩城矿区11#煤层中高岭岩矿研究

通过野外调查和室内研究,查明韩城矿区11#煤层底板（南区）和煤层中、下部（北区）有一层厚0.60～1.30m的高岭岩矿层。其厚度稳定,储量丰富,为一大型高岭岩矿床。矿石成分纯,高岭石含量在95%以上,Al₂O₃含量高,SiO₂含量低,TiO₂含量较高,Fe₂ O₃含量低至较高。可作为生产超细煅烧高岭土及4A分子筛等产品的原料,有较广阔的开发利用前景。      

碳酸盐岩石成因类型的判别分析和白云鄂博“白云岩”的成因讨论

本文根据对世界上20多个国家和我国21个省碳酸盐岩石化学全分析数据的统计和换算结果,发现岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩之间常量元素的一般含量无显著不同,但采用两组或逐步判别分析的方法,仍能将岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩很好的区分开。判别效率可达90%以上。将这一方法应用到白云”鄂博矿区的“白云岩”和灰岩,90%以上的“白云岩”样品判为岩浆碳酸岩,灰岩的样品全部判为沉积碳酸盐岩,与它们的地质产状和地球化学特征一致。     

风成沉积地层化学元素记录的毛乌素沙地气候变化

毛乌素沙地位于东亚季风边缘区,是研究全球气候变化和沙漠变迁的理想场所。选取沙地东缘风成砂/古土壤/湖沼相沉积序列,以常量化学元素含量及比值变化揭示了全新世的气候变化。结果表明：常量化学元素氧化物含量在全剖面上呈SiO₂ > Al₂O₃ > K₂O > Na₂O > Fe₂O₃ > MgO > CaO,且在不同沉积相中含量存在差异;常量化学元素氧化物与<63 μm粉黏组分及磁化率的相关性分析显示,Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、MgO三者之间呈显著正相关性,且与粉黏组分、低频磁化率（X_lf）也呈显著正相关性,表明<63 μm粉黏组分、X_lf可以反映夏季风的强弱;全新世气候变化存在多次暖湿冷干波动,10.39 ka BP之前出现3次快速的气候颤动,表现为3层风成砂与3层湖沼相互层沉积,指示存在3次冬夏季风交替变化;10.39~9.34 ka BP、8.68~8.29 ka BP、2.72~1.34 ka BP为3次明显的冬季风势力增强、风沙活动加剧的相对冷干气候;在9.34~8.68 ka BP、8.29~2.72 ka BP、1.34~0.62 ka BP为3次明显的夏季风盛行、降水增多、生草成壤的相对暖湿气候;0.62 ka BP之后与现代气候状况相近。化学元素及其比值反映出毛乌素沙地具有千百年尺度的气候波动,并与北半球其他地区气候变化有着良好的对比。     

滇东南晚二叠世铝土矿地球化学特征及物源分析

滇东南地区晚二叠世铝土矿属典型的喀斯特型铝土矿,矿体赋存于上二叠统吴家坪组(龙潭组),分析其地球化学特征对研究其物质来源具有重要意义。全岩分析显示铝土矿石成分以Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、SiO₂和TiO₂为主,其中Al₂O₃与Fe₂O₃ 、SiO₂具有较好的负相关关系。微量元素Cr、Zr、 Hf、Ta、Th、U和稀土元素在铝土矿矿化过程中不断富集,元素Zr-Hf、Nb-Ta之间具有明显的正相关关系。lgCr-lgNi图解、稳定元素比值(Zr/Hf)及稀土元素配分模式等地球化学特征说明峨眉山玄武岩为铝土矿的形成提供了主要的物质来源,同时下伏碳酸盐岩也提供了部分成矿物质。     

Petrology and geochemistry of shoshonitic plutons from the western Kunlun orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China: implications for granitoid geneses

A series of granitoids from Proterozoic to Cenozoic age occurred in the western Kunlun orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China. Several intrusions such as the West Datong (Middle Caledonian age), North Kuda (Late Caledonian age) and Kuzigan, Karibasheng, Zankan (Himalayan age) plutons have shoshonitic affinity. Their rock assemblages include (quartz) monzodiorite–(quartz) monzonite–quartz syenite (Middle Caledonian) or monzonitic granite–granite (Late Caledonian) or biotite (monzonitic) granite–diopside granite–diopside syenite (Himalayan). Generally, biotite is iron–phlogopite, with some eastonite and high Mg/(Mg+Fe_T) and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio. Amphibole is mainly edenitic hornblende and magnesian hastingsitic hornblende, with some edenite and higher Mg/(Mg+Fe_T) and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio. The rocks show SiO₂ contents of 52.77–71.85% and high K₂O+Na₂O (mostly >8%, average 9.14%), K₂O/Na₂O (mostly >1, average 1.50) and Fe₂O₃/FeO (0.85–1.51, average 1.01) and low TiO₂ contents (0.15–1.12%, average 0.57%). Al₂O₃ contents (13.01–19.20%) are high but variable. The granitoids are prominently enriched in LILE, LREE and volatiles such as F. However, the studied shoshonitic granitoids among the three intrusive periods also show differences in isotopic compositions and trace element concentrations, suggesting their different geneses: the origin of the West Datong pluton is probably related to the involvement of subducted oceanic crust sediments into the mantle source; the North Kuda and Himalayan plutons could have been generated by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust sediments or metasediments of thickened continental lower crust in the process of late-orogenic slab break-off or lithospheric thinning.     

吉林省白山市板石沟铁矿断裂构造地球化学特征

断裂构造中元素的迁移变化规律是构造地球化学研究的主要内容.白山市板石沟铁矿断裂构造发育,是开展断裂构造地球化学研究的有利地区.通过对板石沟铁矿17矿组和赵家沟矿组典型逆断层剖面测量,采集构造岩和周围岩石,分析常量元素和微量元素,利用构造地球化学剖面法、质量等比线法和特征元素比值来反映元素在逆断层中分布特征和迁移变化规律.通过分析认为在逆断层中常量元素SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、CaO、Na₂O亏损,Al₂O₃、K₂O富集,微量元素中Rb、Sr等离子半径较大元素富集,离子半径较小元素Co、Cr、Ni亏损,K₂O/Na₂O、V/Cr、Rb/（Ni+Co）在逆断层中呈现出高值,SiO₂/Al₂O₃、（Fe₂O₃+CaO+MgO）/Al₂O₃呈现出低值.依据这些构造地球化学特征可以用来判断断裂构造的存在,为断裂构造地球化学研究和板石沟铁矿勘查提供构造地球化学依据.     

抚顺油页岩开发利用条件分析

对抚顺油页岩样品的容重测定、工业分析、低温干馏、元素分析、发热量测定、灰分成分分析及灰熔点测定,可知油页岩容重为1.4～2.7 t/m³、含油率为1.17%～20.70%、发热量为0.45～11.18 MJ/kg。油页岩的颜色多为浅褐-深褐色,条痕为褐色,颜色越深含油率越高。低温干馏时,温度控制在510℃,焦油率最高。油页岩有机质主要由C、H、O、N元素组成,无机物主要由Si、Al、Fe、Ca、Mg等元素组成,其伴生元素主要为Ti、Zr、Ge和Ga;油页岩灰分主要由SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、CaO、MgO和SO₃组成,其中SiO₂的含量最高,Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃次之。