海洋细菌对赤潮藻生长及其产毒量的影响

采用麻痹性贝类毒素小白鼠生物测定法 ,研究了在可控生态条件下两株海洋细菌S1 0 、P42 对塔玛亚历山大藻生长及其产毒量的影响。结果表明 ,菌株S1 0 在较高浓度下对藻细胞的生长有明显的抑制作用 ,在较低浓度下抑藻生长作用较弱 ,不同浓度的菌株S1 0 均能有效地抑制藻细胞内麻痹性贝类毒素的产生 ,且在较低浓度下效果较好 ;菌株P42 对该藻的作用恰好与S1 0 相反 ,在较低浓度下明显抑制藻细胞的生长 ,不同浓度的菌株P42 也能有效地抑藻产毒 ,且在较高浓度下作用较明显。实验用的藻株毒力约为 ( 0 .95— 1 2 .1 4)× 1 0 - 6MU/cell,属于低毒藻株 ,该藻株在培养第 1 4天达到毒性最高峰 ,峰值为 1 2 .1 4× 1 0 - 6MU/cell,之后逐渐下降。讨论了海洋细菌在赤潮生物防治中的应用前景     

海洋细菌抑菌活性菌株的筛选

从不同海区的海洋底质，生物样，水样中分离到480株海洋细菌，其中包括150株芽孢细菌和108株粪大肠杆菌，利用纸片法对其抑菌活性进行检测，结果表明：117株海洋细菌具有抑菌活性，占总分离菌株的24.4%；一般细菌，芽孢细菌，粪大肠杆菌的抑菌活性菌株分别占各供测菌株的17.1%,27.3%,35.2%；抑菌活性菌株的比例与样品来源密切相关，且各类海洋细菌的抗菌谱有很大的不同。     

海洋细菌生物被膜可拉酸含量影响厚壳贻贝稚贝附着

可拉酸是生物被膜上重要的胞外多糖之一,但细菌可拉酸对海洋无脊椎动物附着过程的影响还鲜少研究。本研究从自然生物被膜中分离出8株海洋细菌,对其种属进行鉴定及聚类分析,并测定其生物被膜的可拉酸含量及对稚贝附着的诱导能力。筛选所得海洋细菌形成生物被膜并测定其成膜能力及胞外产物含量,发现β-多糖的生物量与厚壳贻贝稚贝附着率呈显著正相关趋势（p <0.05）。8株海洋细菌生物被膜中可拉酸含量的定量结果显示,3株革兰氏阳性菌无法产生可拉酸,5株革兰氏阴性菌均可检测到不同含量的可拉酸,其中革兰氏阴性菌Shewanella marisflavi的可拉酸含量最高,为1 076.43μg/mL。不同可拉酸含量的海洋细菌单一生物被膜与厚壳贻贝稚贝附着率之间关系的研究结果显示,海洋细菌生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着率的诱导效果与其可拉酸含量呈显著正相关（p <0.05）。以上结果表明,细菌生物被膜中的可拉酸能够参与诱导厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着。本研究为探究海洋细菌生物被膜的化学物质与海洋贝类附着之间的相互作用及其对贝类附着机制提出了新的见解。     

针胞藻海洋卡盾藻(Chattonella marina)和硅藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)藻际细菌的分离、鉴定及影响研究

对实验室培养的两株海洋微藻海洋卡盾藻和中肋骨条藻的可培养细菌进行了分离鉴定,分别在海洋卡盾藻和硅藻中肋骨条藻不同生长时期分离得到48株和34株可培养细菌,去除重复序列后得到12株不同的菌株。这些菌株分属α-变形杆菌纲、γ-变形杆菌纲、拟杆菌和放线菌。α-变形杆菌纲在两种藻的藻际环境中占据优势,其中红杆菌科是最为常见的科,中肋骨条藻的藻际细菌比海洋卡盾藻更为多样化。海洋卡盾藻生长后期细菌密度大幅度上升,可能导致了藻细胞的衰亡。中肋骨条藻相关细菌中有一株对旋链角毛藻的生长具有明显抑制作用,而大部分海洋卡盾藻相关细菌对角毛藻的生长具有抑制作用。本研究结果说明海洋卡盾藻的藻际细菌也许对其与硅藻的种间竞争中具有一定作用。     

Khai岛和Pathiu岛珊瑚礁沉积物细菌多样性及细菌粗提物延缓秀丽隐杆线虫衰老活性研究*

在Khai岛和Pathiu岛珊瑚礁生长海域采集2份珊瑚礁沉积物样品, 将样品预处理后采用6种分离培养基进行分离培养, 获得活性海洋细菌菌株, 通过PCR扩增和16s rRNA基因序列测定, 分析物种多样性, 并构建系统发育树。以模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫为模型考察菌株发酵提取物延缓衰老的作用。实验结果表明, 从4种样品中分离鉴定出22株细菌, 分别属于11目13科14属。16S rRNA基因序列相似性低于98.65%的细菌有2株, 疑似为潜在新种。GXIMD014 (Vibrio galatheae)和GXIMD112 (Kocuria kristinae)的500μg·mL^-1细菌粗提物具有延缓线虫衰老的活性, 能不同程度的延长线虫寿命, 提高线虫产卵量、运动能力、热激损伤能力、抗氧化损伤能力、体内酶活性以及改善虫体表皮形态。Khai岛和Pathiu岛珊瑚礁沉积物细菌具有较高的物种多样性, 蕴藏着丰富的微生物资源, 且部分细菌菌株具有延缓衰老的生物活性。     

产胞外黑色素海洋菌的鉴定及发酵条件优化

从山东近海海域沉积物的微生物筛选中获得了一株高产胞外黑色素的菌株QJNY82,通过对该菌株菌落形态特征观察、生理生化检验及16S rDNA序列测定,初步确定该菌株为发光杆菌属细菌.通过对菌株QJNY82的胞外产物进行红外光谱分析,得到该细菌的胞外产物为黑色素,纯化后的黑色素的红外光谱图与标准黑色素（SIGMA）的红外光谱图一致,且该细菌所产黑色素的理化性质与标准黑色素具有一致性.该海洋菌株具有产黑色素速度快,产量高且不需要L-酪氨酸诱导的特点,而且经L-酪氨酸诱导后,可显著提高菌株QJNY82胞外黑色素的产量,在L-酪氨酸的含量为0.75 g/dm3、盐度为30、pH值为8.0、温度为28℃的条件下,菌株黑色素产量是未加L-酪氨酸的3.5倍,其产量达1.325g/dm3.鉴于菌株QJNY82具有产黑色素的特性,将成为发光杆菌属的一个新的菌种资源.     

广西北部湾可培养黏细菌资源初探及其抗菌活性研究

采用大肠杆菌诱导法和滤纸诱导法对广西北部湾不同海洋生境采集的样品进行黏细菌的分离纯化,基于菌落形态特征结合16S r RNA基因序列分析对黏细菌纯培养物进行初步鉴定。从21份海洋生境样品中共分离纯化得到38株黏细菌,隶属于4属10种,其中黏球菌属和珊瑚球菌属分别占菌株总数的63.16%和26.32%,属于优势菌属。采用VY/2培养基进行固体培养发酵,利用丙酮提取浓缩获得提取物,进一步利用滤纸片琼脂扩散法对菌株粗提物进行抗菌活性初步筛选。结果发现24株黏细菌提取物对9种指示菌具有不同程度的抑制作用,抗菌阳性率达63.16%,其中Myxococcus macrosporus (1H01)的提取物对肺炎克雷伯菌的抑制活性显著,优于阳性药(氨苄青霉素钠,1mg·mL-1)。研究结果表明广西北部湾特殊海洋生境黏细菌多样性丰富,分离出的黏细菌具有良好的抗菌活性,为新型抗生素应用研究奠定了物质基础。     

青岛海区4种大型海藻可培养附生细菌多样性研究

为研究与生物膜相关的海洋细菌的多样性,在青岛近海海域,选取黏管藻、裙带菜、囊藻和浒苔4种大型海藻,分离其附生海洋细菌。使用2216E、海水R2A、TCBS和海水琼脂4种培养基平板,分离纯化得到99株海洋细菌。16SrD-NA序列分析表明,变形菌门细菌在数量、种类等方面,均占主导地位。这些菌株绝大多数为变形菌门的γ-变形菌纲(94株)和α-变形菌纲(3株),仅有1株为放线菌门,1株为厚壁菌门。其中丰度最高的3个属分别为假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas,22株)、弧菌属(Vibrio,20株)和盐单胞菌属(Halomonas,15株),其次为食烷菌属(Alcanivorax,9株)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter,8株)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas,7株)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas,5株)、交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas,4株),其它9个属丰度较低。本研究为进一步探讨与生物膜相关的海洋细菌的多样性及其应用奠定了基础。     

海洋生物共栖细菌抑藻活性的初步研究

针对我国常见赤潮藻种赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)及海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans),通过细胞活体荧光测定方法,研究了15株海洋生物共栖细菌对微藻生长的抑制作用,同时,对它们进行了分子生物学鉴定,分析了其系统发生学关系。结果表明,7株细菌的代谢产物对2种微藻的生长具有不同程度的抑制作用,并表现出一定的选择性,其中3株海洋细菌NJ6-3-2,QD1-2,ATCI02-4的代谢产物对2种赤潮微藻的生长都具有抑制作用。系统发生学分析显示,具有抑藻活性的海洋细菌中有4株(NJ6-3-1,QD1-2,SSN-6,SS6-4)属于-γproteobac-teria分支,另外3株(NJ5-7-1,NJ6-3-2,ATCI02-4)属于Gram 细菌。     

海洋微生物抗肿瘤活性菌株的分级组合筛选

为探索如何快速获取活性菌株的筛选模式 ,组合使用海虾生物致死法和tsFT2 10细胞的流式细胞术筛选模型 ,对从青岛前海和胶州湾潮间带海泥、动植物样品中分离的 162株海洋微生物 ,进行了抗肿瘤活性的分级组合筛选。经海虾生物致死法一级初筛 ,得到活性菌株 5 8株 (LC50 <5 0 0 μg/mL) ,阳性率为 3 5 .8%。对初筛有效的 5 8株菌利用流式细胞术筛选模型进行二级复筛 ,得到对tsFT2 10细胞有各种活性的活性菌株共 2 5株 ,阳性率为复筛菌株数的 43 .1%、初筛菌株总数的 15 .4% ,其中 ,诱发细胞坏死伴有凋亡诱导活性的菌株 7株 (占总菌株的 4.3 % ) ,具有细胞周期抑制活性的菌株 18株 (占总菌株的 11.1% )。该分级组合筛选模式与流式细胞术筛选模型的单独筛选模式相比 ,无漏筛 ,具有成本低、速度快、宜于大规模筛选等特点。     

海洋木栖真菌抗菌活性的初步研究

从福建厦门海沧、集美及漳州浮宫等地采集到的红树林等海洋潮间带的各种腐木样品中分离得到176株海洋木栖真菌,对其进行抗菌活性检测.其结果表明共有96株海洋木栖真菌对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌及白色假丝酵母中的一种或多种拮抗指示菌具有抑制作用,占供测菌株总数的54.5%.在这些活性菌株中,红树源菌株拮抗比例为30.2%,非红树源菌株拮抗比例为69.8%.具有抗菌活性的菌株主要分布于15个属中,包括木霉Trichoderma、青霉Penicillium、拟青霉Paecilomyces和一些不产孢的分类群.某些稀有真菌如盘多毛孢Pestalotia、茎点霉Phoma也具有一定的抗菌活性.     

Diversity patterns of free‐living marine nematodes in the southwest continental shelf off Bay of Bengal and their link to abiotic variables

Marine sediments in continental shelf ecosystems harbor a rich biodiversity of benthic communities. In this study, the spatial and temporal diversity and community assemblages of free‐living marine nematodes were studied by sampling at six depths and over 3 years from the southwest continental shelf off Bay of Bengal, one of the least explored tropical shelf ecosystems. The dominant marine nematode species were related with abiotic variables as part of this study. The effects of sediment granulometry generally decreased with increasing depth and the highest nematode density and species diversity were recorded on coarse sand (shallower depths). Multivariate analysis of the nematode community data showed that community structure differed significantly among depths as well as among years. Statistical analyses showed significant correlations between the nematode community and abiotic variables. Sediment texture, organic matter, water pressure and depth profile were crucial factors for determining diversity, vertical profile and feeding types of the nematode community. Other environmental factors, including anthropogenic pressure, did not have an effect on nematode diversity except for the presence of some tolerant species (Metachromadora spp., Sabatieria spp. and Siplophorella sp.). This study represents a baseline of knowledge of free‐living marine nematode communities that can be used in the future to compare nematode assemblages from temperate shelf ecosystems.     

台湾海峡中北部海洋线虫群落的种类组成及分布

1998年2月对台湾海峡中北部3个断面13个取样站进行了自由生活海洋线虫调查，获得了海洋线虫100种，隶属于3目28科91属，其中密度较高的种有萨巴线虫（Sabatieria sp.1)、变异矛咽线虫（Dorylaimopsis variabilis)、Vasostoma sp．、花斑线虫（Spilophorella sp.)、吞咽线虫（Daptonema sp.)、Linhystera sp.1、吸咽线虫（Halalaimus sp.1)和（Filoncholaimus sp.)等。虽然这些海洋线虫绝大多数只鉴定江口外海降低。从优势种分布看，不同取样站其密度差异很大。海洋线虫的取食类型以选择性食沉积物者（1A）占优，有38种，但刮食性种类（2A）和非选择性食沉积物者（1B）也分别为29种和25种，表明了台湾海峡中北部海洋吸虫取食类型的复杂性。文中还探讨了海洋线虫分布与海流等环境因子的关系。     

Species composition and distribution of marine nematode community in the North Taiwan Strait

I~IOW~ne nelnatode is a ban gIOup of benthic OrgAnsrns. Abbot 5 000 spotes Of free-livingnelnatedes have ben dedbo so far, and it has ho estimated that abbot 20 (XX) are as yetunknoWn. Chinese bothologist has Paid attention to marine nelnatodes in China seas in yare. The spatial distribution and shoes commotion of marine nelnatedes in the HUanghe EstUary, Qinhuangdao waters, QingdaO Bay and Xiamen ~ have ho reported (Zhang etal., 1990, 1991, 1993; ac and Li, 1998). ~ new shoes in the…     

Gene flow and demographic history of the mangrove crab Neosarmatium meinerti: A case study from the western Indian Ocean

Most marine organisms are characterized by at least one planktonic phase during their life history, potentially allowing interconnection of populations separated by several hundred kilometers. For many years, the idea that marine species are genetically homogenous throughout their range of distribution, due to passive larval transport, has been a paradigm. Nowadays, a growing number of studies underline the existence of boundaries in the marine realm and highlight how larval dispersal is a complex process depending on biotic as well as abiotic factors. Marine fragmented habitats, such as atolls, mangroves and estuaries, are optimal systems for investigating the marine dispersion process under a metapopulation approach, since populations can be geographically defined a priori as opposed to those occupying open marine environments. Within this frame, the present paper investigates the population genetic structure and the demographic history of the mangrove crab Neosarmatium meinerti within the western Indian Ocean by partial sequences of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I. A total of 167 specimens were sampled from six mangrove sites distributed along the East African coast, from Kenya to South Africa, also including a mangrove forest located on Mahé Island, Seychelles. A sharp genetic break between the mainland and the Seychelles is recorded, revealing the existence of two historically distinct groups that can be defined as independent evolutionary units. Gene flow along the East African coast appears to be high enough to form a single metapopulation, probably by means of stepping stone populations. Otherwise, this mainland metapopulation is currently under expansion through a gradual moving front from the subtropical toward the equatorial populations.     

Changes in biotic and abiotic processes following mangrove clearing

Mangrove forests, important tropical coastal habitats, are in decline worldwide primarily due to removal by humans. Changes to mangrove systems can alter ecosystem properties through direct effects on abiotic factors such as temperature, light and nutrient supply or through changes in biotic factors such as primary productivity or species composition. Despite the importance of mangroves as transitional habitats between land and sea, little research has examined changes that occur when they are cleared. We examined changes in a number of biotic and abiotic factors following the anthropogenic removal of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) in the Panamanian Caribbean, including algal biomass, algal diversity, algal grazing rates, light penetration, temperature, sedimentation rates and sediment organic content. In this first study examining multiple ecosystem-level effects of mangrove disturbance, we found that areas cleared of mangroves had higher algal biomass and richness than intact mangrove areas. This increase in algal biomass and richness was likely due to changes in abiotic factors (e.g. light intensity, temperature), but not biotic factors (fish herbivory). Additionally the algal and cyanobacterial genera dominating mangrove-cleared areas were rare in intact mangroves and included a number of genera that compete with coral for space on reefs. Interestingly, sedimentation rates did not differ between intact and cleared areas, but the sediments that accumulated in intact mangroves had higher organic content. These findings are the first to demonstrate that anthropogenic clearing of mangroves changes multiple biotic and abiotic processes in mangrove forests and that some of these changes may influence adjacent habitats such as coral reefs and seagrass beds. Additional research is needed to further explore the community and ecosystem-level effects of mangrove clearing and their influence on adjacent habitats, but it is clear that mangrove conservation is an important aspect of managing tropical coastal systems.     

How can marine ecosystem services support the Blue Growth agenda?

The EU Blue Growth Agenda targets maritime economic activities that have the sea and the coasts as drivers. These activities are supported by marine Ecosystem Services (ES) in combination, or not, with abiotic outputs from the marine natural capital. This paper analyses Blue Growth activities with regards to the demand and supply of marine ES and Good Environmental Status (GES). The results show that marine provisioning ES support aquaculture and blue biotechnology, while blue energy is supported by marine provisioning ES and by abiotic provisioning, and abiotic provisioning supports extraction of marine mineral resources. Maritime, coastal and cruise tourism is supported by cultural marine ES and cultural settings dependent on marine abiotic structures. All these multi-sectoral economic activities depend on healthy marine and coastal ecosystems that are provided by regulating and maintenance ES combined with the abiotic regulation and maintenance by natural marine physical structures and processes. In order to balance concurrent sectoral interests and achieve sustainable use of marine resources there is the need to consider indicators for demand for ES, which are social and economically driven, and for the supply, which are dependent on ecosystems capacity to provide the required marine ES. Some of the actions foreseeing GES are already anticipated in legislation that underpin Blue Growth, whilst others could benefit from additional regulation, particularly in what concern the exploration and exploitation of marine mineral and biological resources. Blue Growth options require navigating trade-offs between economic, social and environmental aspects.     

介形类壳体无机成份的定量分析及其指相意义

本文报道了笔者对四十六枚现生和化石四组介形类标本(现生海洋、现生淡水湖泊、化石海相、化石陆相介形类)壳体的内表皮层(即钙质层)进行能谱无机成份定量分析的结果。初步研究表明:介形类钙质壳体中各微量元素的出现频度、平均含量、钙镁比值等有关指数与它们的生活环境有密切关系。     

Effect of salinity on the growth, biological activity and secondary metabolites of some marine fungi

The study investigated the effects of salinity on growth,antimicrobial activities and secondary metabolites of 47 marine filamentous fungi isolated from the East China Sea near the western shore of the Taiwan Straits.The results indicate that NaCl promoted the growth up to 91.5% of test strains.However,only 14.9% of them showed a significant increase of antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans.When incubated in different concentrations of NaCl,the colony growth, antimicrobial activities and composition of secondary metabolites of the strain Ty01b-8 of Penicillium sp.varied.Treatment with KCl also showed a similar effect.An alkaloid isolated from the fermentation broth of Ty01b-8 was identified as chrysogine,inhibition activity of which against Hela cells was 15.05% at 20 μ g/ml,and yield was 4.4 and 4.9 times higher in 3 percent and 6 percent NaCl treatments,respectively, compared with the non-salt culture condition. These findings prove that salinity is an important factor influencing growth and secondary metabolites of some marine fungi,which can be used to screen for new metabolites from marine fungi,and to enhance their metabolites production in industrial fermentation.     

Studies on the species composition and biodiversity of free-living marine nematodes in the southern Huanghai Sea

1 IntroductionThe conservation, persistentuse and basic re-search ofbiodiversity are increasingly becom ing oneofthe centraltopics concerned by internationalaca-dem iccirclesandothergroupsdueto itshugevaluetom ankind living and suffered seriousthreats. Fr…