含量—面积分形方法在确定湘西北龙山地区Hg元素异常下限中的运用

元素的地球化学含量异常下限值的确定方法众多,传统的统计学方法是以样品数据呈正态分布或者对数正态分布为假设前提,通过统计学参数对异常进行筛选和评价。已有研究表明,地球化学景观可能是具有低维吸引子的混沌系统,元素的地球化学背景值和异常具有各自独立的幂指数关系,是一种多重分形分布。依据元素的分形分布规律,可运用分形方法来计算元素的异常下限。本文以湖南龙山县地区Hg元素化探数据为基础,使用含量—面积分形方法确定了Hg元素异常下限值,并与传统计算方法所得的结果作了对比,证明了分形方法在计算非正态分布元素的异常下限值方面存在优势,不受元素极值数据的影响,并能有效减少人为干预,在实践工作中具有可行性。     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

日照市土壤地球化学元素分布规律及成因探讨

在日照市开展多目标区域地球化学调查,获取了表层土壤和深层土壤地球化学数据,通过对获得的地球化学参数进行统计分析,确定了日照市土壤地球化学基准值和背景值,认为日照市除部分元素或指标外,大部分元素或指标土壤地球化学基准值和背景值与全省土壤地球化学基准值和背景值接近。研究发现,日照市As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb,Zn等8种重金属元素背景值含量低于国家土壤环境质量标准的土壤一级标准限值,日照市土壤质量基本保持自然背景水平;而受工业化生产和城市化建设等后期人为活动影响,日照市表层土壤中Cd,C,Hg,N,P,S,Se,Corg等元素或指标出现明显富集,应引起重视。     

原子吸收法测定矿泉水的镉元素

镉及其化合物均为有毒物质，能够在人体的软组织中积累。过量积累时会引起心力衰竭、动脉血管硬化和高血压等多种疾病。因此，饮用天然矿泉水国家标准对镉含量规定了限值。     

济南西部地下水有机污染现状及污染来源浅析

为查明济南西部岩溶地下水有机物污染现状及原因,通过统计分析区内100件地下水有机物含量测试结果,有卤代烃、单环芳烃、氯代苯类、有机氯农药4类有机物检出;检出个数最多的为三氯甲烷和三氯乙烯,均为卤代烃;但检出值普遍偏低,远小于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的标准限值,表明:研究区地下水存在有机污染,但污染度较低。污水排放和垃圾堆渗透液是造成地下水有机污染的主要来源。     

山东省汶泗河冲洪积平原地下水污染评价与安全供水对策

在对汶泗河冲洪积平原水文地质条件和污染源现状进行阐述的基础上,对不同含水岩组无机组分指标进行了分析,表明浅层孔隙水和部分地区岩溶裂隙水无机组分含量大幅增高,深层孔隙水无机物含量则变化不大。在有机污染方面,浅层孔隙水有机物检出率26.8%,但含量很低,远未达到饮用水标准限值;岩溶裂隙水有机物检出率46.7%,检出率相对较高,局部地段有机物超标;深层孔隙水有机物基本未检出。该区地下水污染评价结果表明,浅层孔隙水和岩溶裂隙水无机污染呈面状污染特征,且污染程度较重,而有机污染则呈现点状污染特征,且污染程度总体较轻。对研究区地下水污染现状,提出了地下水安全供水对策。     

浙江省表层岩石及水系沉积物地球化学元素丰度研究

本文给出了浙江省及各地层分区的表层岩石41种元素 (含氧化物 )地球化学丰度 ;全省及浙西北、浙东南地层区的43种元素 (含氧化物 )的水系沉积物地球化学丰度 ;全省11个构造分区15种元素的平均含量、离差及异常下限值。并详细的介绍了样品的采集、分析测试方法和质量 ,以及丰度值的计算方法等 ,从而为浙江省勘查地球化学异常研究提供了背景资料     

山东省小清河中下游地区土壤地球化学特征

经调查证实 ,小清河中下游地区土壤质量较好 ,N ,P ,K ,Cu ,Zn ,Fe等元素在土壤中含量丰富 ,但B元素含量不足 ,Mo元素含量严重短缺 ,且有不同程度的污染 ,应引起足够重视。     

珠江河口经济动物体铜铅锌镉的含量

分别于2000年4月、2001年4月和2002年8月对珠江河口水域海洋经济动物体内Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd四种重金属元素的含量进行了调查分析,结果表明,14种经济动物体肌肉Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn各元素的平均含量分别是0.08、2.67、0.05、5.69mg·kg~(-1),其变化范围为nd～0.46mg·kg~(-1)、0.24～11.85mg·kg~(-1)、nd～0.26mg·kg~(-1)、1.55～18.36mg·kg~(-1)。甲壳类与头足类生物体内铜铅锌镉含量比较接近,远远高于鱼类的含量。所检测的14种经济类海洋动物中,虾姑、乌贼Cu的含量高于其余三种元素的含量,其余12种生物Zn的含量比另三种元素含量高。三次调查该水域经济类海洋动物体铜铅锌镉的含量基本一致。与水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准比较,14种被测样品铜、铅和镉的含量全部符合该标准的要求。     

山东黄河下游地区局部生态地球化学评价方法与技术

山东黄河下游地区局部生态地球化学评价是在多目标区域地球化学调查和区域生态地球化学评价基础上,选特色农产品产地,绿色无公害蔬菜生产基地,地方病分布区及小清河沿岸、东营油气开采污染区等局部生态地球化学环境区。按一定的方法和采样密度采集土壤、浅层地下水、土壤溶液、植物根系土、籽实、土壤生物、微生物和种子库样品,分析As,Cd等重金属元素、N,B等有益营养元素、六六六、DDT等有机物和土壤微生物类群、功能、结构多样性,研究有益营养元素、重金属元素、有毒有机污染物的分布规律、赋存状态、来源及它们在土壤、水体及生物体中的迁移、转化、累积规律与生态效应,探讨对重金属元素污染的生物修复。提出特色农产品基地布局规划建议和地方病防治、重金属污染的治理措施。     

ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL GEOCHEMISTRY OFCHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN Betula ermanii FORESTIN CHANGBAI MOUNTAINS,CHINA

匠he 乙hangbal Mountains Nature Reserve Is a al，1982ZHUANGetal，1989；HUANGetal，1982；state－grade nature rese。e，also Is a component part of LIU，1993；LIU，1988； ZHU et al，1991）．Most ofreserve net of International blosphere．its area Is large，their research works focus on the chemical structure andthe natural environment and ecosystem lsprotected material cycling In alpine tundra zone andcompletely．the natural elements and ecological envl－broadleatKorean pine fores…     

鉴江下游及其支流小东江和袂花江放射性研究

为了解鉴江放射性含量,分别在鉴江流域布设了5个水质和底泥监测点,取样进行总α和总β分析,并与省内本底调查资料比较,结果表明:鉴江水质中放射性含量上下游都比较低,而底泥的放射性含量则下游略高于上游;鉴江底泥放射性含量也低于省内各地土壤放射性含量的平均值;鉴江水质放射性总α和总β符合生活饮用水卫生标准。     

Analysis of biological geochemistry of chemical elements in Betula ermanii forest in Changbai mountains, China

Based on catalogue of biology and geochemistry of chemical elements, content characteristics and variation law of the large nutrient elements, the needful trace elements, the uncertain needful elements, the non-needful elements and the toxic elements in Betula ermanii trees are analyzed. The result shows that the content of the large nutrient elements in Betula ermanii trees is higher than that of other kinds of element; the contents of all kinds of elements in foliage with vigorous metabolism are higher than those in other parts; the content variations of the large nutrient elements and the needful trace elements with similar chemical property, geochemical property and biological function in different parts of Betula ermanii trees show the similar laws; but the other three kinds of elements variations are without laws. It is indicated that the variation of the needful elements in the plant follows a certain law, they are in relative equilibrium under undisturbed condition. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Natural Science Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: LIU Jing-shuang(1956 -), male, a native of Jilin Province, professor, doctor tutor. His research interest includes environment science. E-mail: liujingshuang@mail.ccig.ac.cn     

济南市历城区典型土壤类型N、P、K养分元素的有效态分布特征

本文选择济南市历城区典型土壤中N、P、K3种养分元素进行化学测试分析,对该地区的浅层土壤元素有效态地球化学背景值及在不同类型土壤中的分布特征进行研究.研究结果表明:该地区土壤质量较好,元素有效量与全量总体排序一致,不同元素的有效度相差十分悬殊.5种土壤类型的元素有效度具有一定差异性,潮褐土、潮土中N、P、K元素的有效量...     

THE BACKGROUND VALUES OF RARE EARTH AND RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS IN WATER SYSTEM OF SOURCE AREA OF THE CHANG JIANG RIVER

Using neutron activation analysis method we determined contents of rare-earth and radioactive elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Cs, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ba, U, Th) in source water system of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, which is mainly composed of the Tuotuo River, the Chumaer River, and the Buqu River. The contents of these elements in the unflltered water have a great variation and a close correlation with the water turbidity. The contents of these elements in filtered water only have a little variation and are lower than those in the unflltered water. The variations in contents of these elements in sediments are also very little. These elements in the unifiltered water are in geometric distribution, except Sc. Most of the elements in sediments are in arithmetic distribution, but Cs, Sb, Th, are in deviation distribution. The contents of most of these elements in the river source area correspond to the contents of fresh water of the earth. Most of these elements have a little variation in their c     

巨野县土壤地球化学背景值及土地质量地球化学评价

通过对山东省巨野县土壤元素背景值状况的计算和研究,发现土壤中Ca,Cd,Hg,Mg,F等元素显著高于全省和全国背景值;Mo,Pb,Cu,Co等元素则低于全省和全国背景值;其中土壤Mo含量远低于全省和全国平均水平。土壤质地是决定区内土壤N,K,Mg等元素含量的关键;由黄河冲积物发育的土壤P含量普遍较高,TOC空间分布与N密切相关。城镇及工业区土壤中Hg和Pb的积累趋势明显。元素分级结果显示,区内土壤K和有机质比较丰富;N,P和有机质缺乏区占比分别为23.82%,15.39%和6.47%。微量元素中Ca,Mg,S,Cl等元素较为丰富;而Mo,Si,Se,Co,Zn,Cu,Fe,Mn等元素的缺乏状况最突出。土地质量地球化学评价分等结果显示,全区大部分土地质量优良,区内东北部和中西部地区土壤肥力较好,但有害元素含量偏高,西北部地区肥力较差导致土地质量等级偏低。全区土壤有机质含量不足以满足农业生产需要,加之局部土壤盐分偏高,对粮食作物生长不利。区内土壤环境质量水平总体较好,多数重金属元素分布受地质背景控制,但Hg和Pb污染位置与城镇及工业区分布明显存在一定关系,高值区多呈点状分布于人类活动强烈的地带,说明工业或生活排放对区内土壤中Hg,Pb的积累贡献较大。     

Bertrand's Law and Weinberg's Principle and Their Extension

IntroductionThe topography and geomorphy controlled bythe geological structure of hydrogeological unit playdecisive roles not only in the distribution of surfaceand groundwater flow, the permeability of theaquifer but also in the hydrogeochemical reaction…     

Bertrand's Law and Weinberg's Principle and Their Extension

Bertrand's law that the plant can't live in lack of some indispensable element, appropriate amount of the element will make the plant thrive but excessive amount of it will make the plant poisoning and even die was obtained through the study on the biologic adaptability in laboratory for the indispensable element manganese by G. Bertrand. E. D. Weinberg developed Bertrand's law as that certain amount of manganese was appropriate for the growth of some bacteria but not for the form of bacteriophage.The double threshold contents of elements indispensable for the organisms and their physiological effects can be extended to different hydrogeochemical zones of hydrogeological unit. Some elements are lack in the hydrogeochemical zone, in which the elements leaching and transfer are very strong the biological physiological effect is negative to the elements content. However, in the elements enrichment area caused by leaching and concentrating by evaporation or environmental pollution, the biological physiological effects are positive to the element content. The elements content in other areas which are in between two above types is appropriate for the organisms.From the hydrogeochemical study in Liliu , Shanxi province we obtained that the rate of KBD, IDD and dental caries are resulted from deficiency of elements Se, I and F in water (soil), respectively, the rate of diseases above is inversely related with the element content, while in the zone with excessive fluorine caused by enrichment and leaching, the rate of endemic fluorosis is positive to the fluorine content.     

Effect of soil salinity on cold tolerance of mangrove Kandelia candel

Analysis of cold tolerance on mangroveKandelia candel leaf growing in different soil salinity along Jiulong River Estuary in South China showed that the cold tolerance decreased as the increase of soil salinity. The lethal temperatures ofK. candel leaf were −10.4, −9.9 and −8.6 °C in Liaodong, Baijiao and Aotou, respectively. Under 1–2°C cold stress treatment on detached leaves ofK. candel, their caloric value gradually decreased, while electrolyte leakage gradually increased. The leaf's caloric value and electrolyte leakage in Aotou with higher soil salinity varied more largely than those in Liaodong with lower soil salinity. InK. candel leaf, total water content lowered a little, bound water content rose significantly and free water content dropped significantly with duration of cold stress. At the same time, reduction sugar, soluble sugar and starch content gradually decreased and sucrose content gradually increased. Bound water, free water and sucrose content inK. candel leaf from Aotou with higher soil salinity changed more slowly than those from Liaodong with lower soil salinity, but reduction sugar, soluble sugar and starch content inK. candel leaf from Aotou had faster variations than those from Liaodong. These data indicated that soil salinity can reduce cold tolerance ofK. candel leaf by increasing negative effect of salt ions in cell membrane, inhibiting variations of water content, and aggravating consumption of material and energy. Supported by the Found for Outstanding Young Teacher, the Ministry of Education, China.