山东省灵山岛早白垩世软沉积物变形构造特征*

利用野外露头和镜下薄片等资料、地质统计等方法, 对山东省灵山岛老虎嘴剖面和船厂滑塌剖面软沉积物变形构造分布特征和形成期次进行了研究。船厂剖面发育滑塌褶皱、负载构造、阶梯断层、布丁构造、球—枕构造等典型的软沉积物变形构造;老虎嘴剖面发育层内褶皱、微阶梯断层、层内角砾岩等。根据形成时间、发育部位和形态特征, 将船厂剖面变形划分为滑塌前变形和滑塌中变形, 滑塌前变形又可以细分滑塌体下部变形和滑塌体内部变形。滑塌褶皱具有多级别、多尺度的特点;以厚岩层组成的滑塌褶皱为主, 尺寸为米级;岩层内部纹层形成的次级褶皱为辅, 尺寸为毫米级。滑塌过程中岩层不同部位应力不同, 伴生其他变形构造, 如拉张形成的布丁构造和挤压形成剪切褶皱等。滑塌前已经形成的负载构造等在滑塌过程中保持原来形态, 不因地层变形而变形。这些古地震触发形成的软沉积变形构造证明灵山岛在早白垩世古地震活动频繁。     

Cretaceous paleomargin tilted blocks geometry in northern Tunisia: stratigraphic consideration and fault kinematic analysis

New stratigraphic data, lithostratigraphic correlations, and fault kinematic analysis are used to discuss the basin geometry and sedimentation patterns of the northeastern Tunisia during Cretaceous times. Significant facies and thickness variations are deduced along the northeastern Atlas of Tunisia. The NW-SE 80-km-long regional correlation suggests a high sedimentation rate associated with irregular sea floor. The fault kinematic analysis highlights N-S to NE-SW tectonic extension during Early Cretaceous. During Aptian–Albian times, an extensional regime is recognized with NE-SW tectonic extension. The Cenomanian–Turonian fault populations highlight a WNW-ESE to NW-SE extension, and Campanian–Maastrichtian faults illustrate an NW-SE extension. The normal faulting is associated to repetitive local depocenters with a high rate of sedimentation as well as abundant syntectonic conglomeratic horizons, slump folds, and halokinetic structures. The sequence correlation shows repetitive local depocenters characterizing the basin during Early Cretaceous times. All the above arguments are in favor of basin configuration with tilted blocks geometry. This geometry is shaped by major synsedimentary intra-basin listric normal faults, themselves related to the extensional setting of the southern Tethyan paleomargin, which persisted into the Campanian–Maastrichtian times. The results support a predominant relationship between tilted blocks geometry and sedimentation rather than E-W “Tunisian trough” as it was previously accepted.     

Atlantic-Type Passive Margin Structural Style of the Cretaceous Basin in Northern Tunisia: Paleoslope Reconstruction and Regional Tectonics

Geotectonics - The purpose of this paper is to characterize the configuration of northern Tunisia’s basin during the Cretaceous on the basis of abundant slump folds and frequent...     

山东省灵山岛下白垩统浊积岩中与滑塌作用相关的软沉积物变形构造

灵山岛上出露的软沉积物变形构造其成因具有多样性,而灯塔剖面底部滑塌层内的变形构造的触发因素尚不明确.结合野外观察和极射赤平投影方法,研究了滑塌层和内部变形构造的形成过程、触发机制和地质意义,结果表明:灯塔剖面主要由浊积岩沉积序列组成.滑塌层夹在未变形层之间,由地震触发形成,内部发育4个滑脱面,将滑塌层划分为5个变形单元,缩短率和变形程度各不相同.软沉积物变形构造主要为褶皱,形态特征表现为砂岩厚度在枢纽部位大大增加,也可见一些砂岩增厚和减薄现象,两者均是液化的砂岩在驱动力作用下的结果.滑塌过程中,滑塌层中的砂泥岩与海底沉积物之间的孔隙流体自由交换被切断,产生了暂时性的超压,导致了液化的发生.褶皱的轴线延伸方向为SSW-NNE,轴面倾斜方向主要为SEE(120°),指示古水流主要来自SEE方向,与浊积岩内底痕指示的古水流方向一致,说明斜坡沉积系统上发育的滑塌褶皱能够指示古水流方向.      

Genesis of folds in external zones: application of fault propagation fold model. Gafsa Basin example (southern central Tunisia)

The evolution of geological structures is related particularly to reactivation of preexisting fault, thus the importance of tectonic inheritance. Basing on stratigraphic and structural data in external zones leaving the example of Gafsa Basin (southern central Tunisia), we study the evolution of folds during tectonic phases. The structural and stratigraphic data prove that Gafsa Basin is subject for more than one tectonic phase where beginning by Cretaceous extension and reactivated by Atlasic compression. The combination of field results associated to that geomorphology confirms the application of “fault propagation model” as evolution mode of folds. The balanced of cross section, using numerical software Ramp E.M. 1.5.2, shows the importance of tectonic inheritance to interpret evolution of structures reliefs. The deformation increases related to reactivation of old normal fault. The most important deformation is observed in Jbal At Taghli presenting folds in the form of duplex resulted from conjugate activity of tear fault; it is the first interpretation of tear fault activity in surface in the scale of Tunisia. The application of fault propagation fold model to interpret fold genesis confirms the field data and proves the role of tectonic inheritance and reactivation of preexisting faults in the evolution of structures during different tectonic phases.     

山东灵山岛早白垩世复理石软沉积物变形期次解析

前人对软沉积物变形期次研究多数集中于触发变形的地震事件的周期,而对滑塌体内部软沉积物变形期次研究较少。山东灵山岛早白垩世复理石形成于残余盆地背景,且由于地震频发导致滑塌沉积广泛发育。滑塌沉积层中发育有丰富的软沉积物变形构造,如：同沉积滑塌褶皱、底模构造、剖面X形共轭逆断层、同沉积布丁构造、砂岩层断块及变形团块、微型地垒—地堑组合和叠瓦状倒转紧闭褶皱等。不同类型和不同部位的软沉积物变形构造显示出发育期次不同的特征。本文以灵山岛修船厂附近滑塌沉积层为例,分析软沉积物变形构造的变形机制,并将其发育期次大致分为滑塌前、滑塌中和滑塌后三个阶段。只有部分滑塌中的软沉积物变形构造具有滑塌指向意义,而滑塌前的变形构造不能用来判别滑塌体的搬运方向。     

扬子地台西缘江浪变质核杂岩的出露地壳剖面构造地层柱

扬子地台西缘江浪变质核杂岩的出露地壳剖面构造地层柱自下而上由３个体系构成，即中元古界李伍岩群堆垛层系统，代表深部构造层次中多期、多体制变形变质改造后的扬子地台基底；古生代褶叠层系统（中间韧性流变层），其中的３个岩组具有不同的褶叠层构造地层型，其时代分别为奥陶纪、早志留世和二叠纪；最上部为浅部构造层次纵弯曲变形的三叠纪西康群板岩带。在各体系之间以及各体系内部，发育了一系列的顺层韧性剪切滑脱带；其中以分割基底堆垛层与下部盖层流变层的区域性韧性剪切滑脱带最具意义，我们称之为基底剥离滑脱带。     

山东诸城晚白垩世古地震事件与恐龙化石埋藏

在山东诸城库沟、龙骨涧、西见屯集群恐龙化石埋藏层——上白垩统王氏群辛格庄组与红土崖组中,发现存在脆性、塑性及液化等多种类型的软沉积物变形构造,主要包括负载构造、球一枕构造、挤入构造(火焰构造)、液化卷曲变形、液化脉状构造、混插沉积构造及地震断裂等典型的粗碎屑沉积物形成的古地震记录.多层的软沉积物变形构造及未变形沉积层间...     

New Early Cretaceous shrimp (Decapoda) from the Sidi Aïch Formation of the Northern Chotts Range,southern Tunisia: Taxonomy,biostratigraphy, and palaeoenvironmental implications

The fossil dendrobranchiate shrimp Macropenaeus was originally described from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) limestones of Hadjoula, northwest Lebanon. A new species, M. sidiaichensis sp. nov., was recovered from the Sidi Aïch Formation in the Northern Chotts Range, southern Tunisia. The Barremian occurrence of the genus in Tunisia suggests that Macropenaeus most likely originated in northern Africa and then migrated to Arabia in the Cenomanian. The association of the fossil shrimp with conchostracans, plant fragments, and fish indicates the interaction of freshwater and marine conditions that characterized the northern African margin as part of widespread coastal complex, paralic environments during the Barremian.     

Mesozoic paleostress evolution in the Saharian platform (southern Tunisia)

Abstract

A detailed analysis of brittle deformations in the Saharian platform of southern Tunisia is based on studies of fault-slip data sets and joint sets. It allows reconstruction of the Mesozoic paleostress evolution. During the Permo-Triassic, N-S extensions occurred with high late Permian subsidence rates. During the Norian, strike-slip movements reactivated former normal faults. During the Jurassic and the Cretaceous a succession of extensional events was characterized by : (1) a N-S extension which dominated from late Triassic to early Aptian. We relate this extension to the Africa-Eurasia divergence; (2) a ENE-WSW extension during the Cenomanian. We relate this extension to the opening of «he African basins ; (3) a NE-SW Senonian extension that continued during the Cenozoic in the Jeffara and in the Gabes Gulf, during the further evolution of the northern African margin. The various compressional trends recorded in the platform are attributed to Cenozoic events.     

Palaeoseismicity in relation to basin tectonics as revealed from soft-sediment deformation structures of the Lower Triassic Panchet formation,Raniganj basin (Damodar valley), eastern India

The Raniganj basin in the Damodar valley of eastern India is located within the riftogenic Gondwana Master-Basin. The fluvio-lacustrine deposits of the Lower Triassic Panchet formation of the Damodar valley in the study area preserve various soft-sediment deformation structures such as slump folds, convolute laminae, flame structures, dish-and-pillar structures, sandstone dykes, pseudonodules and syn-sedimentary faults. Although such soft-sediment deformation structures maybe formed by various processes, in the present area the association of these structures, their relation to the adjacent sedimentary rocks and the tectonic and depositional setting of the formation suggest that these structures are seismogenic. Movements along the basin margin and the intra-basinal faults and resultant seismicity with moderate magnitude (2–5 on Richter scale) are thought to have been responsible for the soft-sediment deformations.     

Debris flow (olistostromes) and slumping on a distal passive continental margin: the Palombini limestone–shale sequence of the northern Apennines

An olistostrome accumulation up to 530 m thick occurs in the Casanova area of the northern Apennines. It lies within or above the calciturbiditic Palombini limestone-shale sequence, and is part of the allochthonous Vara Complex—sediments originally deposited on oceanic crust. The olistostromes are poorly sorted, monomict, matrix-supported, submarine debris flow deposits with rigid plugs. They have a compactional foliation and a compaction-modified, planar clast fabric created during flow. Although diachronous in the main part of the area, the olistostromes have a vertical gradational contact with the overlying slumped Palombini, in which recumbent asymmetric fold hinges and trains and slump boudins are present. Many criteria indicate soft-sediment deformation. Fold asymmetry indicates a uniformly SW-dipping palaeoslope. The textural gradation from slumps to olistostrome beds, plus slump folds and boudins as olistostrome clasts show that the olistostromes are dismembered slumps. In vertical sections, variations in limestone petrography, volume percentage and size of clasts confirm that the olistostromes were derived from the Palombini as a series of bed-by-bed slumps keeping pace with sedimentation of the Palombini. From olistostrome clast sizes and bed thicknesses, a depositional slope of ～ 4° is estimated. The olistostromes are not precursor sediments shed from advancing nappes, as in the Bracco ridge model of some authors; rather, they were formed at the foot of a distal, block-faulted passive continental margin, long before nappe emplacement.     

蒙古塔木察格坳陷白垩系震积岩特征及其地质意义

通过岩芯观察,结合构造背景研究,在蒙古塔木察格坳陷白垩纪地层中识别出震积岩。震积岩的主要标志有微同沉积断裂、同沉积塑性变形构造、液化脉、震积枕状及伴生构造等。通过对塔219 井、塔1943 井等岩芯的系统观察,建立了蒙古塔木察格坳陷白垩系震积岩的垂向序列。震积岩的垂向序列自下而上依次为砂岩脉（砂火山）层段、水塑性褶皱变形层段、斧式构造层段、滑塌构造层段、阶梯状微断层和震裂缝层段、准原地沉积湖泊津浪丘状层理和内碎屑角砾岩层段、异地沉积震浊积岩层段,对应于地震由强变弱的一个变化过程。震积岩的发现具有重要的研究意义,有助于分析盆地边界断裂的强烈活动时期。     

Soft-sediment deformation of sandstone related to the Dwyka glaciation in South Africa

Sandstones of the uppermost Witteberg Group in the Cape fold belt of South Africa exhibit unusual and distinctive soft-sediment deformation structures. These structures include folds, axial planar cleavage and micro-fold lineations. Interfering fold patterns and intersecting sets of lineations are indicative of repeated deformation. The sandstones are immediately overlain by glacial and proglacial sediments of the Carboniferous Dwyka Group, indicating that the deformation was related to glaciation. Possible environments of deformation include: (a) subglacial dragging of unconsolidated material, (b) subaqueous slumping beyond the limit of floating ice, and (c) englacial deformation of material incorporated by freezing into the base of the glacier.     

Mass transport in European Cretaceous chalk; fabric criteria for its recognition

Although it is a pelagic sediment, fine-grained calcareous ooze may be mobilized prior to general lithification and redeposited as allochthonous units. Numerous occurrences of allochthonous chalk have been reported in recent years, having been recognized by large-scale bedding features seen in outcrop. Smaller-scale internal features, such as contorted laminae, and larger features, such as smeared burrows and imbricated flint nodules, attest to a significant amount of soft-sediment deformation and synsedimentary slumping in European chalk sections of Late Cretaceous age. Truly autochthonous chalks contain complex, tiered ichnofabrics and in some cases exhibit a diagenetic nodular fabric that is undisturbed by transport. In some situations, such as stagnant water conditions, autochthonous chalks may exhibit primary lamination, although this is very uncommon in European chalk sequences. Different types of redepositional processes produce an array of varied allochthonous fabrics. Glide and slump units, for example, contain internal deformational features produced during sliding. Ooze flow causes plastic deformation of chalk units, internally as well as externally. Resuspension and fluid flow of chalk sediment produces a deposit having a totally new fabric, such as a conglomerate composed of detrital chalk clasts. In this paper, typical macroscopic, sedimentary fabric types are illustrated, and the means of identifying them are discussed in terms of bioturbation features, in situ diagenetic nodules versus detrital clasts, physical deformation structures and development of flints.     

山东灵山岛滑塌体内部沉积及构造特征研究

青岛市灵山岛修船厂剖面下白垩统地层中发育良好的滑塌变形体。野外观察可见滑塌体岩性单元主要由厚层砂岩及砂页岩互层组成,其中厚层砂岩根据其沉积构造及成因机制可分为砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积两类;砂页岩互层段砂岩层可见底模构造及粒序层理,为静水环境下远端浊流沉积。滑塌体内部构造主要可分为软褶皱变形、同生断层、透镜状砂质团块三种类型。其中,软褶皱变形根据岩性可分为砂岩软褶皱、砂页岩互层软褶皱及页岩软褶皱,随着变形强度增加,软褶皱枢纽逐渐平行于滑移方向,形成曲脊软褶皱或软鞘褶皱(soft sheath folds);同生断层出现在砂岩层中,根据力学性质分为正断层及逆断层,正断层为剪切拉伸所致,逆断层为软褶皱逆冲所致;透镜状砂质团块包括同沉积布丁构造和同沉积断块。根据滑塌体内部滑移面识别出三期滑塌,完整的滑塌体由底部拆离滑移面、下部厚层砂体、中部砂页岩互层及上部砂页岩互层未变形体组成,其组成特征及各部分接触关系反映了滑塌体中下部沿底部拆离滑移面发生滑塌变形,且于活动末期在相对静水条件下被上部砂页岩互层覆盖这一形成过程。根据滑塌体内部组成特征的有序性、相似性及滑塌体内部沉积构造特征,推测其触发机制可能为沉积物快速沉积所引发的重力滑塌成因。     

Soft-sediment deformation structures in late Albian to Cenomanian deposits, São Luís Basin, northern Brazil: evidence for palaeoseismicity

Soft-sediment deformation structures from the Alcântara Formation (late Albian to Cenomanian), São Luís Basin, northern Brazil, consist of (1) contorted structures, which include convolute folds, ball-and-pillow structures, concave-up paths with consolidation lamination, recumbently folded cross-stratification and irregular convolute stratification that grades into massive beds; (2) intruded structures, which include pillars, dykes, cusps and subsidence lobes; and (3) brittle structures, represented by fractures and faults displaying planes with a delicate, ragged morphology and sharp peaks. These structures result from a complex combination of processes, mostly including reverse density gradients, fluidization and liquefaction. Reverse density gradients, promoted by differential liquefaction associated with different degrees of sediment compaction, led to the genesis of convolute folds. More intense deformation promoted the development of ball-and-pillow structures, subsidence lobes and sand rolls, which are attributed to denser, and thus more compacted (less liquefied), portions that sank down into less dense, more liquefied sediments. Irregular convolute stratification that grades into massive beds would have formed at periods of maximum deformation. The subsidence of beds was accompanied by lateral current drag and fluid escape from water-saturated sands. In addition, the fractures and faults record brittle deformation penecontemporaneous with sediment deposition. All these mechanisms were triggered by a seismic agent, as suggested by a combination of criteria, including (1) the position of the study area at the edge of a major strike-slip fault zone that was reactivated several times from the Albian to the Holocene; (2) a relative increase in the degree of deformation in sites located closer to the fault zone; (3) continuity of the deformed beds over large distances (several kilometres); (4) restriction of soft-sediment deformation structures to single stratigraphic intervals bounded by entirely undeformed strata; (5) recurrence through time; and (6) similarities to many other earthquake-induced deformational structures.     

Soft-sediment Deformation Structures Related to Earthquake from the Devonian of the Eastern North Qilian Mts. and Its Tectonic Significance

Devonian in the North Qilian orogenic belt and Hexi Corridor developed terrestrial molasse of later stage of foreland basin caused by collision between the North China plate and Qaidam microplate. The foreland basin triggered a intense earthquake, and formed seismites and earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation. The soft-sediment deformation structures of Devonian in the eastern North Qilian Mts. consist of seismo-cracks, sandstone dykes, syn-depositional faults, microfolds (micro-corrugated lamination), fluidized veins, load casts, flame structures, pillow structures and brecciation. The seismo-cracks, syn-depositional faults and microfolds are cracks, faults and folds formed directly by oscillation of earthquake. The seismic dykes formed by sediment instilling into seismic cracks. Fluidized veins were made by instilling into the seismo-fissures of the fluidized sands. The load casts, flame structures and pillow structures were formed by sinking and instilling caused from oscillation of earthquake along the face between sandy and muddy beds. The brecciation resulted from the oscillation of earthquake and cracking of sedimentary layers. The seismites and soft-sediment deformations in Devonian triggered the earthquake related to tectonic activities during the orogeny and uplift of North Qilian Mts.     

安徽寿县新元古界一个滑塌-滑脱软沉积物变形复合构造的发现及地质初探

安徽寿县新元古界四十里长山组底部粉砂岩层中发现了一个滑塌-滑脱软沉积物变形复合构造,剖面观察显示,该沉积变形构造经历了滑塌变形、滑脱变形、震动液化变形等3次以上的变形过程,很好地保存了原始沉积面貌和沉积变形特征;分析该沉积变形构造的成因,发现变形构造属于软沉积物变形构造类型,形成于浅海陆棚边缘斜坡相带。引起软沉积物变形的动力是地震事件产生的多次震动波作用,造成软沉积物滑塌、滑脱褶皱、震动液化泄水等变形作用,形成了具有复杂变形特征的软沉积物变形复合体,是一次地震事件多次地震活动的沉积记录。     

Soft-sediment deformation structures in NW Germany caused by Late Pleistocene seismicity

New data on seismically triggered soft-sediment deformation structures in Pleniglacial to Late Glacial alluvial fan and aeolian sand-sheet deposits of the upper Senne area link this soft-sediment deformation directly to earthquakes generated along the Osning Thrust, which is one of the major fault systems in Central Europe. Soft-sediment deformation structures include a complex fault and fold pattern, clastic dikes, sand volcanoes, sills, irregular intrusive sedimentary bodies, flame structures, and ball-and-pillow structures. The style of soft-sediment deformation will be discussed with respect to brittle failure, liquefaction and fluidization processes, and was controlled by (1) the magnitude of the earthquake and (2) the permeability, tensile strength and flexural resistance of the alluvial and aeolian sediments. It is the first time in northern Germany that fluidization and liquefaction features can be directly related to a fault. The occurrence of seismicity in the Late Pleistocene and in the seventeenth century indicates ongoing crustal movements along the Osning Thrust and sheds new light on the seismic activity of northern Germany. The Late Pleistocene earthquake probably occurred between 15.9 ± 1.6 and 13.1 ± 1.5 ka; the association of soft-sediment deformation structures implies that it had a magnitude of at least 5.5.