基于线粒体DNA细胞色素b序列分析3个条纹斑竹鲨群体的遗传结构和遗传分化

测定和分析了广东、福建、海南3个不同地理群体共71尾条纹斑竹鲨Chiloscyllium plagiosum的线粒体细胞色素b(mtDNA cyt b)全序列.结果表明,条纹斑竹鲨cyt b基因全长1146bp,具15个单倍型.较低的核苷酸多样性(π=0.00254)及单倍型多样性(h = 0.7195)提示条纹斑竹鲨线粒体DNA的进化速率较慢.各群体内的Tajima's D检验的结果均不显著(P>0.10),表明各群体进化过程中未出现扩张和持续增长,群体大小维持稳定.NJ树和单倍型网络图结果表明较早出现的是广东群体,福建群体较晚出现.通过计算其遗传距离值、估算其基因流(Nm) 及进行AMOVA 分析,均显示福建群体与海南和广东群体的分化最远,而海南及广东群体间分化不明显.研究表明距离隔离是条纹斑竹鲨福建、广东和海南群体遗传分化的重要因素.     

我国南部海域条纹斑竹鲨线粒体DNA控制区遗传多态性研究

摘要:在对我国南部沿海闽东、闽南、粤西、海南、北部湾5个海域的条纹斑竹鲨群体线粒体控制区多态性研究中,获得长度为1 094~1 096 bp的线粒体控制区完整序列。序列比对发现了6个多态性核苷酸位点,定义了8个单倍型。5个群体的单倍型多样度(h=0.542 5~0.744 8)和核苷酸多样度(π=0.000 571~0.000 980)均处于较低水平,说明条纹斑竹鲨的线粒体DNA进化速率较低。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示群体间的遗传差异较小(Fst=0.216 26,P<0.000 1),变异主要发生在群体内部。10 000步Markov链计算的群体间遗传分化概率及单倍型系统地理学分析结果将5个群体分成两个地理种群(台湾海峡种群、南海北部种群)。综合分析表明条纹斑竹鲨的基因流主要在浅海近岸水域扩散,遗传变异程度受地理结构和距离隔离影响。     

条纹斑竹鲨5个地理群体的简单重复序列中间区域分析

简单重复序列中间区域(inter-simple sequence repeat,ISSR)是一种微卫星类分子标记。为明确条纹斑竹鲨(Chiloscyllium plagiosum)中国群体的遗传多样性和遗传关系,作者利用ISSR技术对福建厦门(XM)、福建平潭(PT)、广东湛江(ZJ)、海南海口(HK)和台湾(TW)5个土著地理群体的条纹斑竹鲨进行了遗传多样性和遗传关系分析。从56对ISSR引物中筛选出13对多态性引物,扩增共获得81个重复性的位点,其中多态性位点57个,多态位点百分率为70.37%。5个群体的多态位点百分率、Nei’s基因多样性和Shannon’s信息指数分别为38.27%~58.02%,0.1353~0.2155和0.2032~0.3193。UPGMA聚类分析表明PT群体首先和XM群体聚类,再与TW群体聚类,最后与ZJ群体和HK群体形成的分支聚类,即形成了与地理距离远近相关的基因交流模式。     

黄渤海松江鲈鱼线粒体控制区结构与序列多态性分析

测定了辽宁丹东、盘锦与河北秦皇岛35尾松江鲈鱼线粒体控制区序列977bp。共检出单倍型30个,多态位点35个,简约信息位点27个,绝大多数变异集中在192-342bp、594-783bp区段,同时识别出了线粒体控制区5’端终止序列区、中央保守区和3’端保守序列区的关键序列。3个群体总的单倍型多样性为0.990,核苷酸多样性为0.00718,丹东群体核苷酸多样性最高(0.00959)。群体间、群体内平均遗传距离低(分别为0.0067和0.0063);在NJ树上不同地理来源的个体混杂分布;Fst分析显示丹东与秦皇岛群体间遗传分化相对较大(0.14222,p0.05),其余不明显(0.02865-0.05616,p0.1),表明3个群体有可能隶属同一个种群。核苷酸不配对分布图表明松江鲈鱼可能未经历过大规模的种群扩张。     

日本蟳线粒体16SrRNA和COI基因序列比较分析

对采自莱州湾和胶州湾的日本蟳野生群体的线粒体16S rRNA和COI基因片段进行了PCR扩增和测序,分别得到长度为519和658 bp的碱基序列.研究结果显示这2个基因片段在种内的变异都较低,对2个基因同源序列分析表明,在线粒体16SrRNA基因片段中共检测到7个变异位点(包括6个单一变异位点,1个简约信息位点)和7种单倍型;在COI基因中共检测到8个变异位点(包括6个单一变异位点,2个简约信息位点)和7种单倍型.通过统计变异位点、平均核苷酸差异数和核苷酸多样性指数,分析比较了两群体间的序列差异和遗传多样性水平.结果显示2个日本蟳野生群体的遗传多样性比较丰富.用MEGA4.0软件构建了NJ和UPMGA系统树,基于16SrRNA基因片段的系统树显示梭子蟹科的4个属聚为两大支:日本蝇不同的单倍型先聚在一起,然后与青蟹属的3种蟹聚为一支;梭子蟹属的三疣梭子蟹、远海梭子蟹及塞氏梭子蟹聚在一起;再与美青蟹属的美洲蓝蟹、巴西蓝蟹等聚为一支.基于COI基因显示日本蟳不同的单倍型先聚在一起,再与其他3种蟳聚为一支;梭子蟹属的远海梭子蟹和三疣梭子蟹相聚,然后与美青蟹属的2种蟹相聚为一支.该结果与传统分类一致.这些数据为我国日本蟳的种质资源保护和利用提供了基础的分子生物学依据.     

中国近海角木叶鲽（Pleuronichthys?cornutus）种群遗传多样性研究

测定了中国沿海角木叶鲽4个群体57个体的线粒体控制区序列,在长度为549 bp的线粒体控制区序列中,检测到3个插入/缺失位点,24个变异位点(包括11个简约信息位点),共出现了37个单倍型,其中9个为共享单倍型。角木叶鲽整体的单倍型多样度(Hd)和核苷酸多态度(P)i结果分别为0.979±0.008和0.00655±0.0037,呈现出高单倍型多样度和低核苷酸多态度分布模式。中性检验结果显示,角木叶鲽种群的Fu’s Fs为显著负值,核苷酸不配对分析呈现单峰分布,表明角木叶鲽在历史上经历过种群扩张事件。群体内个体间的平均遗传距离为0.0065,群体间遗传分化指数都为负值(-0.0067~-0.0460)但不显著(P>0.1),AMOVA分析显示遗传变异主要集中在群体内个体间(102.15%),均表明我国近海角木叶鲽种群无明显的分化,可以作为一个渔业管理单位加以保护和利用。     

福建近海2个鮐鱼群体遗传结构与遗传多样性分析

测定了福建近海鮐鱼(Scomber japonicus)2个群体共62尾个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区序列,探讨了闽东、闽南群体的遗传结构和遗传多样性.获得长度为864 bp的控制区全序列,在所分析的62个样本中,共检测到35个变异位点,定义了36个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性(h)为0.960,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.009 85,核苷酸差异数(K)为8.508,提示鮐鱼是一个遗传多样性水平较高的稳定的大种群.构建的单倍型邻接关系树和单倍型网络图均没有表现出明显的地理分布特征.分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异全部存在于群体内个体间,2个群体间具有相似的遗传结构.群体间和群体内的Kimura双参数遗传距离均为0.01.Tajima’s D中性检验及核苷酸不配对分析暗示鮐鱼是一个平衡的大种群,mtDNA控制区符合中性理论进化.结果显示,福建近海鮐鱼遗传多样性较高,闽东、闽南群体间不存在显著的遗传分化.扩散能力、种群大小、栖息地环境和台湾海峡环流促进了鮐鱼2个群体间频繁的基因交流,可能是闽东群体和闽南群体具有相似遗传结构的重要原因.     

10个菲律宾蛤仔野生群体的遗传多样性研究

对我国沿海地区10个菲律宾蛤仔野生群体线粒体16S r RNA和COI基因部分序列进行测序,分别得到了长度为473bp和632bp的片段。结果表明,16S r RNA 193条序列A+T平均含量为66.6%,共检测到21个变异位点,193个个体具有22种单倍型;COI基因183条序列A+T平均含量为64.8%,共检测到126个变异位点,183个个体具有67种单倍型。基于群体间遗传距离利用Mega5.1软件构建10个群体的NJ树,聚类结果表明,大连群体和荣成群体聚为一支,其余8个群体聚为一支。AMOVA分析表明,大连群体和荣成群体间分化不显著,而荣成、大连群体与其余8个群体间的分化达到极显著水平(P0.01),说明我国沿海的菲律宾蛤仔野生群体存在一定的遗传分化。     

南海海区鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)CO Ⅰ基因序列的遗传多样性分析

利用线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(Co Ⅰ)序列研究了南海海区鲻鱼群体的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构.通过PcR扩增与序列测定获得了长度为621bp的基因片段.在35个样品中共发现47处碱基变异,A、T、G、C碱基的平均含量分别为31.6%、24.1%、25.0%和19.2%.35条CO Ⅰ序列共定义了25个单倍型,存在4...     

利用线粒体DNA 控制区部分序列分析不同地理群体大泷六线鱼遗传多样性

利用PCR技本扩增了6个野生地理群体大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)线粒体DNA控制区的部分序列,共获得352bp碱基序列,31尾个体定义了22种单倍型.中性检验Fu's Fs值为-0.14881(P＜0.01).分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果显示:遗传分化指数Fst=0.7398(P＜0.01),73.98％的变异来自群体间,26.02％的变异来自群体内.根据不同个体间的遗传距离构建了NJ和MP系统树,两种方法获得了相似的进化树.其中青岛群体与旅顺群体的一部分个体单独成支,其它群体聚为1支.研究结果表明,大泷六线鱼群体遗传多样性较为丰富,群体间发生了较大的遗传分化,证明线粒体DNA控制区基因可用于大泷六线鱼群体内及群体间遗传多样性的分析.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.