不同结构岩石标本声发射b值和频谱的时间扫描及其物理意义

对几种不同结构的岩石标本在变形过程中声发射b值和频谱随时间的变化特征进行了对比研究 ,其中包括完整花岗岩标本、含有天然愈合节理的花岗岩标本、含有拉张型和挤压型雁列式断层以及平直断层的标本等。研究表明 ,声发射b值和频谱的特征不仅会受标本结构的影响 ,而且在同一标本的不同变形阶段也可能表现出不同的特征 ,其机制与变形方式以破裂为主或以摩擦为主有关。当变形以破裂为主时 ,声发射b值和频谱在失稳前会出现明显的下降 ;当变形以摩擦为主时 ,声发射b值和频谱在失稳前变化相对较小 ,且上升或下降均可能出现。实验结果意味着b值和频谱特征作为失稳前兆 ,在不同的构造环境下可能会有不同的特征 ,而强震孕震区内不同断裂构造的存在会造成前兆时空分布的非均匀性     

声发射信号频谱分析系统

声发射现象不仅在工程上,而且在地质上得到越来越广泛的研究。岩石声发射信号的频谱携带着有关材料特性,破裂机制以及信号传播路径上的构造特征等信息。因此声发射频谱分析成了声发射研究工作中最基本的工作之一。 1.声发射信号的基本特征及频谱分析系统存在的问题 个别的声发射信号是不可重复的单次性瞬态信号。一般认为,声发射信号是一种宽频带信号。它所复     

声发射矩张量反演

地震矩张量反演是获取震源过程的有效方法.岩石变形过程中的声发射与地震类似,均是弹性应变能快速释放.如假设条件得到满足,矩张量反演方法同样可用于了解声发射震源过程.声发射矩张量反演可使用P波位移进行计算.当样品尺寸远大于声发射波长,且声发射由微破裂产生,声发射源的尺度很小时,P波矩张量反演可采用远场近似.本文首先针对声发射的特点,实现根据远场P波反演声发射矩张量的算法,并通过人工声发射实验对算法的正确性和可靠性进行了检验.最后,用声发射矩张量反演方法对花岗岩单轴压缩实验的声发射源特征进行了分析.结果表明：对于纯剪切破裂模式,声发射矩张量反演可得断层面;对于非纯剪切破裂模式,如纵向挤压导致的横向张性劈裂,由于存在多解性不能得到断层面,但可通过矩张量的迹区分破裂模式.     

声电频谱测井方法研究Ⅰ——电缆的影响

声、电频谱测井直接测量声和电探头频谱的实部和虚部.通常情况下,实部信号幅度比较大,与地层参数的关系不密切;虚部的信号比较小,与地层声、电参数关系密切.测量时,换能器在井下,地面(或者井下电路)发射频率可调的正弦波或者方波电压于声、电探头,测量其电压和电流波形,处理其幅度和相位可得到探头的阻抗或导纳的实部和虚部.由于位于井下的探头的辐射声阻抗和电阻抗都与地层参数有关,因此,通过测量换能器的阻抗或导纳随频率的变化关系可获得地层的声电参数.与现有的测井方法测量一个频率(感应测井)或者瞬态声波波形(主频附近)不同,声电频谱测井对频率进行扫描,获得一定频率段的频谱.具体的频率区间根据井眼条件和所测量的地层参数以及探头结构确定.声电频谱测井理论建立井眼条件下频谱的实部和虚部与地层参数之间的关系,测井资料处理则利用这些关系从测量的频谱曲线获得所测量地层的声、电参数.该方法可以在裸眼井和套管井中进行,并且还可以像最早的电极测井那样,直接在地面完成测量,井下只放置探头,不设置电路.这时声电频谱测井通过电缆输入到井下探头的是正弦波或者方波,电缆对测量结果影响比较大.本文首先给出声电频谱测井的现场实验结果,然后讨论电缆的频谱特征以及对测量结果的影响.电缆的频谱峰在探头阻抗发生变化的时候变化比较小,容易从频谱测量结果中区分出来.     

岩石在不同应力条件下的声发射

本文比较了岩石在不同应力条件下的声发射,发现岩石受引张或张剪应力作用与岩石受压剪应力作用相比,出现声发射时的作用应力与破裂强度的比值不同。在引张或张剪应力作用下,直至作用应力达到破坏应力的百分之九十时,才有声发射出现。在压剪应力作用下,不管采用何种应力途径,只要有应力变化,就有声发射出现。如果认为声发射幅度仅由应力条件和破坏尺度决定,上述不同应力条件下的声发射特点,可能对应着不同类型的地震。引张或张剪应力条件下的大震。可能完全没有微震前兆。     

岩石微破裂震源过程的声发射研究进展

从岩石微破裂的破裂模式和震源机制、声发现事件波形的振幅频谱特征、介质特征等方面,对地震研究领域岩石微破裂声发射近期的一些研究结果进行了简单综述。     

岩石摩擦滑动中声发射的多普勒效应

在双剪摩擦滑动实验中可观测到声发射的多普勒效应。对于单个声发射事件，顺断裂扩展方向上的探头可记录到较短周期的初动波半周期，而在断裂扩展反方向上的探头记录则反之，在扩展过程中，声发射前续波由初始破裂引起的前激波、声源破裂扩展的扩展相和停止相组成，显示出声源破裂有一由静到动的加速过程。而在时间序列上，声发射事件存在着３个阶段：较强声发射事件发生初期，前激波时间超前较长，停止相不明显，声发射源的破裂速度较慢；第二阶段停止相突出，扩展速度加快，前激波到时超前量减小；最后，在原初始半周期处叠加了较大振幅的高频波     

岩石构造对声发射统计特征的影响

利用一套最新型的全波形、宽动态声发射观测系统,对两种不同构造的花岗岩在三轴压缩变形实验中的声发射活动进行了对比研究。二者在声发射空间分布,声发射与体积扩容的对应关系,声发射频谱特征及频度能级统计参数等方面均有明显差异。这表明,岩石构造对声发射的基本统计特征有显著的控制作用。其原因在于岩石构造的差异造成变形方式和变形过程的不同     

声发射矩张量自动反演

岩石实验中常通过声发射定位了解岩石内部微破裂发生的时间和位置.如果将地震学中震源机制反演算法引入声发射研究,就可获得微破裂机制,对分析力学过程很有帮助.然而岩石样品中的声发射与野外地震不同,有一些难点:①声发射采集系统的采集通道一般较少,根据少数一些点的初动方向,无法精确勾勒出节面的空间分布;②岩石在围压不高时破裂不一定是纯剪位错,也就是说不一定符合双力偶模型,初动方向有可能不是四象限分布;③构造物理实验中常观测到成千上万个声发射事件,到时识别、初动方向识别很难依靠肉眼识别完成.     

标本非均匀性对岩石变形声发射时空分布的影响及其地震学意义

基于一组实验结果,讨论了岩石标本的非均匀性（预存微裂纹和宏观裂纹）对声发射 时空分布的影响. 对比分析表明,预存微裂纹的存在使得破裂成核前声发射率快速增加、 b值表现出一种短期异常现象,即在下降背景上出现起伏,从而增加了破裂时间的可预报 性. 宏观结构（节理、层面等）的存在对声发射率和b值的影响与微裂纹相同,而且宏 观结构对声发射的空间分布具有控制作用,声发射丛集的宏观构造通常控制着未来的主破裂 . 这意味着宏观构造的存在使得主破裂的时间和位置预报成为可能.      

Impact of textural patterns on modeled rock weathering rates and size distribution of weathered grains

Rock texture has a critical influence on the way rocks weather. The most important textural factors affecting weathering are grain size and the presence of cracks and stylolites. These discontinuities operate as planes of mechanical weakness at which chemical weathering is enhanced. However, it is unclear how different rock textures impact weathering rates and the size of weathered grains. Here, we use a numerical model to simulate weathering of rocks possessing grain boundaries, cracks, and stylolites. We ran simulations with either synthetic or natural patterns of discontinuities. We found that for all patterns, weathering rates increase with discontinuity density. When the density was <~25%, the weathering rate of synthetic patterns followed the order: grid > honeycomb > Voronoi > brick wall. For higher values, all weathering rates were similar. We also found that weathering rates decreased as the tortuosity of the pattern increased. Moreover, we show that textural patterns strongly impact the size distributions of detached grains. Rocks with an initial monomodal grain size distribution produce weathered fragments that are normally distributed. In contrast, rocks with an initial log-normal size distribution produce weathered grains that are log-normally distributed. For the natural patterns, weathering produced lower modality distributions.     

The effect of discontinuity frequency on ground vibrations produced from bench blasting: A case study

A good number of empirical formulae and methods dealing with the analysis of the effects of blast-induced ground vibrations have been developed. The most common approach suggested for estimating the attenuation of particle velocity on the ground is to scale the distance (scaled distance, SD). This approach makes it possible to estimate the peak particle velocity when the amount of explosive charge or the distance or both are altered.Many parameters known to have an influence on particle velocity have been used for particle velocity prediction equations. Some of these parameters are maximum charge per delay, the distance between the station and shot location, burden, inelastic attenuation factor and site factors. However, the impacts of the discontinuities existing on the benches where blasts are detonated on the propagation velocity of seismic waves have not been taken into consideration in these equations.This study aims to examine the impacts of the discontinuity frequency parameter derived through geological measurements carried out on the blasting benches or nearby in a quarry mine (Supren, Eskisehir) in Turkey on the propagation of blast-induced ground vibrations. Developed based on the geological observations carried out on the benches, the model was formed by adding discontinuity frequency parameter to the particle velocity prediction model suggested by Nicholls et al. [Nicholls HR, Johnson CF, Duvall WI. Blasting vibrations and their effects on structures. Bulletin no. 656. Washington, DC: US Bureau of Mines; 1971]. In order to research the effect of the discontinuity frequency in the bench on the blast-induced ground vibrations, the relationship between the recorded peak particle velocity, scaled distance and discontinuity frequency was statistically evaluated for the site. The established relationship and the results of the study are presented.     

Deliniation of Weathering in the Çatalca Granite Quarry with the Very Low Frequency (VLF) Electromagnetic Method

Faulting and weathering can endanger quarry operations by decreasing the total reserve, quarry’s useful life and production value. We investigated weathering and faulting problems in the Çatalca granite quarry at Istanbul in Turkey, using the Very Low Frequency (VLF) method. VLF method is an electromagnetic method which is very successful in locating vertical discontinuities such as faults and fracture zones. This method measures the apparent resistivity of the rocks in the region, besides the electromagnetic parameters such as tilt angle and ellipcity. Apparent resistivity is a very sensitive parameter to water presence inside the pores and fractures of the rocks. This feature enables the VLF method to map the boundaries between the fresh and cracked granite and altered zones in the quarry. In this work we mapped the faults and weathered zones within the granite in Çatalca quarry and found a high resistivity zone at the central part of the survey area which may be suitable for production. This study also shows the efficiency of the VLF method in understanding the structural and textural features of a quarry and estimating zones with high quality rocks for production planning.     

Electrodynamic geophones beyond the limit of capacity

Low-frequency deconvolution of precise digital records of seismic and industrial vibrations allows significant expansion of the frequency range of electrodynamic geophones, limited only by the deconvolution noise, which is represented by increased instrumental noise. A dependence of deconvolution noise on the decrease rate of a sensor’s natural frequency and the level of initial instrumental noise is assessed theoretically. A method and a simple stand for the experimental evaluation of deconvolution quality are proposed and an example of a hundredfold virtual decrease in natural frequency of the sensor used in the real record is presented.     

Determining the amplitude and timing of streamflow discontinuities: A cross wavelet analysis approach

Records of natural processes, such as gradual streamflow fluctuations, are commonly interrupted by long or short disruptions from natural non‐linear responses to gradual changes, such as from river‐ice break‐ups, freezing as a result of annual solar cycles, or human causes, such as flow blocking by dams and other means, instrument calibrations and failure. The resulting abrupt or gradual shifts and missing data are considered to be discontinuities with respect to the normal signal. They differ from random noise as they do not follow any fixed distribution over time and, hence, cannot be eliminated by filtering. The multi‐scale resolution features of continuous wavelet analysis and cross wavelet analysis were used in this study to determine the amplitude and timing of such streamflow discontinuities for specific wavebands. The cross wavelet based method was able to detect the strength and timing of abrupt shifts to new streamflow levels, gaps in data records longer than the waveband of interest and a sinusoidal discontinuity curve following an underlying modeled annual signal at ±0.5 year uncertainty. Parameter testing of the time‐frequency resolution demonstrated that high temporal resolution using narrow analysis windows is favorable to high‐frequency resolution for detection of waveband‐related discontinuities. Discontinuity analysis on observed daily streamflow records from Canadian rivers showed the following: (i) that there is at least one discontinuity/year related to the annual spring flood in each record studied, and (ii) neighboring streamflows have similar discontinuity patterns. In addition, the discontinuity density of the Canadian streamflows studied in this paper exhibit 11‐year cycles that are inversely correlated with the solar intensity cycle. This suggests that more streamflow discontinuities, such as through fast freezing, snowmelt, or ice break‐up, may occur during years with slightly lowered solar insolation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Finite element analysis of structure-borne vibration from high-speed train

Finite element analyses were used to investigate the behavior of the building vibration induced by high-speed trains moving on bridges. The model includes the bridge, nearby building, soil and train. Finite element results indicate that trainload frequencies are more important than the natural frequencies of bridges and trains for building vibrations. If the building natural frequencies approach to the trainload frequencies, which equal an integer times the train speed over the compartment length, the resonance occurs and the building vibration will be large. Moreover, the vibration shape is similar to the mode shape of the resonance building frequency. To isolate the building vibration induced by moving trains, this paper investigates three common types of foundations, which include the extension of retaining walls, pile foundation and soil improvement around the building. Soil improvement around the building is the best way to reduce the building vibration both in horizontal and vertical directions.     

Rock slope instability assessment using spatially distributed structural orientation data in Darjeeling Himalaya (India)

We discuss a geographic information system (GIS)‐based methodology for rock slope instability assessment based on geometrical relationships between topographic slopes and structural discontinuities in rocks. The methodology involves (a) regionalization of point observations of orientations (azimuth and dip) of structural discontinuities in rocks in order to generate a digital structural model (DStM), (b) testing the kinematical possibility of specific modes of rock slope failures by integrating DStMs and digital elevation model (DEM)‐derived slope and aspect data and (c) computation of stability scenarios with respect to identified rock slope failure modes. We tested the methodology in an area of 90 km² in Darjeeling Himalaya (India) and in a small portion (9 km²) within this area with higher density of field structural orientation data. The results of the study show better classification of rock slope instability in the smaller area with respect to known occurrences of deep‐seated rockslides than with respect to shallow translational rockslides, implying that structural control is more important for deep‐seated rockslides than for shallow translational rockslides. Results of scenario‐based analysis show that, in rock slopes classified to be unstable, stress‐induced rock slope instability tends to increase with increasing level of water saturation. The study demonstrates the usefulness of spatially distributed data of orientations of structural discontinuities in rocks for medium‐ to small‐scale classification of rock slope instability in mountainous terrains. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Local amplification of deep mining induced vibrations part.2: Simulation of ground motion in a coal basin

This work investigates the impact of deep coal mining induced vibrations on surface constructions using numerical tools. An experimental study of the geological site amplification and of its influence on mining induced vibrations has already been published in the previous paper (Part 1: Experimental evidence for site effects in a coal basin). Measurements have shown the existence of an amplification area in the southern part of the basin where drilling data have shown the presence of particularly fractured and soft stratigraphic units. The present study, using the boundary element method (BEM) in the frequency domain, first investigates canonical geological structures in order to get general results for various sites. The amplification level at the surface is given as a function of the shape of the basin and of the velocity contrast with the bedrock. Next, the particular coal basin previously studied experimentally (Driad-Lebeau et al. [1]) is modeled numerically by BEM. The amplification phenomena characterized numerically for the induced vibrations are found to be compatible with the experimental findings such as: amplification level, frequency range and location. Finally, the whole work was necessary to fully assess the propagation and amplification of mine induced vibrations. The numerical results quantifying amplification can also be used to study other coal basins or various types of alluvial sites.     

Near-surface geophysics: Complex investigations of the lithosphere-atmosphere interactions

The key trends and problems in the study of interactions between the geospheres in the near-surface areas of the continental crust of the Earth which are of most interest for the formation of living environment are formulated. The main periodicities in the variations of geophysical fields determining the natural environmental rhythms are determined. The interactions and transformations of geophysical fields (electric field in the ground and in the atmosphere, radon emanation field, and the field of microseismic vibrations) are considered. It is noted that the tectonic discontinuities and weak disturbances in the solid Earth such as lunar-solar tides and variations in the atmospheric pressure play an important role in the formation of the regimes of geophysical fields at the boundary of the Earth’s crust and the atmosphere. The synchronous instrumental observations reveal a mutual influence and significant correlation between the amplitude variations of geophysical fields of different nature.     

岩石声波差异衰减特征及工程应用前景探讨

声波在岩石材料中传播时会发生差异衰减现象.由于岩石强度、完整性不同，造成其频率响应不同，声波通过不同强度的岩石时，对不同频率的声波信号滤除状况也就有所不同.通过力学强度高的岩石时，声波基本能够保持其原有频率成分，相反，当通过低强度岩石时，高频分量会迅速衰减而缺失，主要保留低频分量.通过实例研究，分析了声谱衰减特征与岩样矿物组成、密度及结构完整性的关系，验证了声谱衰减特征与岩体强度具有很好相关性的结论.通过分析研究声波信号在不同岩体中传播的衰减变化，指出声波衰减在一定程度上能够反映出岩体的风化程度、破碎状态、强度及各向异性等特征.可以发展成为岩体工程地质勘测、试验和施工中的常规实验方法.