基于台站和MOD16数据的山东省蒸散及潜在蒸散时空变化

蒸散发的时空格局分析对理解气候变化与水资源之间的相互影响具有重要的作用。本文基于Penman-Monteith公式,利用MODIS全球蒸散发产品(MOD16)及气象站点的蒸发皿观测数据,先对数据精度进行评价,再从空间和时间两个尺度上对数据进行统计分析,系统阐释了2000-2014年山东省地表蒸散(ET)及潜在蒸散(PET)的时空分布特征及其与气象因子的相关性。主要结论为：①山东省不同区域蒸散分布差异明显,地表植被对ET的月际变化趋势有重要影响;②山东省ET及PET年际波动不大,全省ET均值为1529 mm,PET均值为2178 mm,年均ET与PET相对较大的差值说明该省整体相对缺水。③ET及PET的时空变化与诸多气象因子相关,其中与降水及温度的关系最为密切。     

Effects of sand grain size and morphological traits on running speed of toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus frontalis

We conducted a manipulative experiment to investigate the influential factors of locomotor ability in steppe toad-headed lizards. By using a video-base method, we measured running speed of the lizards when they run on sands of different grain sizes. We also considered body condition, tail length and sex as fixed factors to analyze their effects on running speed of the lizard. Results showed that running speed of the lizard significantly differed among different trials of sand grain size. Specifically, the peak and the nadir values of the running speed were found on sands of 0.5-1 mm and 0.075-0.25 mm grains, respectively. When lizards ran on sands of different grain size their running speed changed significantly. Body condition and tail length also had significant effects on running speed. The findings indicated that locomotor ability of lizards depended on both body condition and the external environment. We hypothesized that sand grain size is one of the factors that influence the habitat selection in steppe toad-headed lizards. Moreover, this lizard may be used as an indicator of the development of sand dunes.     

Affordance-based categorization of road network data using a grounded theory of channel networks

We propose a grounded ontological theory of channel networks to categorize features, such as junctions, in road network databases. The theory is grounded, because its primitives can be given an unambiguous interpretation into directly observable qualities of physical road networks, such as supported movements and their medium, connectedness of such media, and turnoff restrictions. The theory provides a very general approach to automatically annotate and integrate road network data from heterogeneous sources, because it rests on application-independent observation principles. We suggest that road network categories such as junctions and roads are based on locomotion affordances. Road network databases can be mapped into our channel network theory, so that instances of roads and junctions can be automatically categorized or checked for consistency by what they afford. In this paper, we introduce affordance-based definitions of a road network and a junction, and show that the definition of latter is satisfied by some of the most common junction types.     

Microgeographies of Retailing and Gentrification

It has long been argued that gentrification is a process of consumption as well as production but, in the main, analyses of consumption and gentrification have only tangentially or anecdotally considered the retail spaces of gentrified neighbourhoods. In this paper we investigate the nature of the retail landscapes of gentrification, using empirical evidence from Sydney, Australia. We point to micro retailscapes that differ between gentrified neighbourhoods that suggest a divergence of consumption practices between different groups of gentrifiers. These consumption practices are considered both in terms of their relations to identity (through food and the conception of the body) and to the spaces of the city. The paper concludes by drawing out the implications for future research on the consumption practices of the new middle class and the working class in an international context .     

How useful are Primary Care Service Areas? Evaluating PCSAs as a tool for measuring Primary Care Practitioner access

The appropriate delivery of primary care services, an important policy imperative in many developed nations, is contingent on defining appropriate geographies to which these services are delivered. Primary Care Service Area (PCSA) geographies have been created in some countries to facilitate primary care policy making and have been utilized in a large body of research. In spite of their extensive use across rural and urban settings, the usefulness of PCSAs has not been evaluated. In this study, for the first time we put PCSAs to the test by comparing them to another small area geography - Postal Areas, and by exploring their usefulness in measuring relationships between Primary Care Practitioner supply and use. We find while PCSAs are better than Postal Areas in measuring relationships between General Practitioner supply and visits by patients, this relationship shows some heterogeneity across areas.     

Legal Geographies—Controlling Sexually Oriented Businesses: Law,Licensing, and the Geographies of a Controversial Land Use

In this article, we explore both a neglected geography (the location of sexually oriented business) and a neglected instrument of sociospatial control (premises licensing). Arguing the former is increasingly shaped by the latter, we suggest that licensing provides a flexible means by which the state is able to reconcile the growing demand for "adult entertainment" with concerns about community standards, urban aesthetics, public safety, and property prices. We demonstrate this through an examination of the role of UK licensing legislation in controlling the location and visibility of such controversial businesses in London's West End. It is demonstrated that, in this case, licensing has encouraged the "upscaling" of sex-related businesses while reducing their overall number and visibility. We conclude that licensing, as a means of controlling contentious urban land uses, constitutes a "field of governance" whose legal geographies remain to be adequately theorized and explored.     

Ecology and functional roles of biological soil crusts in semi-arid ecosystems of Spain

Biological soil crusts (BSCs), composed of lichens, cyanobacteria, mosses, liverworts and microorganisms, are key biotic components of arid and semi-arid ecosystems worldwide. Despite they are widespread in Spain, these organisms have been historically understudied in this country. This trend is beginning to change as a recent wave of research has been identifying BSCs as a model ecological system. Many studies and research projects carried out in Spain have explored the role of BSCs on water, carbon and nitrogen fluxes, the interactions between BSCs and vascular plants, their dynamics after disturbances, and their response to global change, among other topics. In this article we review the growing body of research on BSCs available from semi-arid areas of Spain, highlighting its importance for increasing our knowledge on this group of organisms. We also discuss how it is breaking new ground in emerging research areas on the ecology of BSCs, and how it can be use to guide management and restoration efforts. Finally, we provide directions for future research on the ecology of BSCs in Spain and abroad.     

传统节庆、身体与展演空间——基于人文地理学视觉量化方法的研究

采用人文地理学视觉量化的研究方法,结合照片评定、眼动分析及定性分析对广东汕头澄海区上社村传统节庆活动（其“拖神”活动具有鲜明的身体表达特征）的空间进行了解译。研究发现,在传统节庆活动中,身体的仪式化实践和体验可对特定的节庆时间—空间进行生产和维持,身体成为传统节庆意义生产的最小空间尺度。身体所能感受和分享的节庆情感作用于地方共同感和认同的建构,而持续的身体参与是传统节庆活动得以不断再生产和保持强盛生命力的关键。在具体研究中,照片评定和眼动仪实验等视觉量化方法的使用,通过对地方居民的空间情感体验进行直观而有效的测度,借助眼动轨迹的热点及瞳孔数据,有力地表明在传统节庆的展演空间内外,现场观众和外界“他者”的“凝视”与身体化的感知存在不同,表现出身体的空间差异性。研究对身体地理学内容的拓展和人文地理学新方法的应用都有一定价值。     

Measuring complexity in OGC web services XML schemas: pragmatic use and solutions

The use of standards in the geospatial domain, such as those defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), for exchanging data has brought a great deal of interoperability upon which systems can be built in a reliable way. Unfortunately, these standards are becoming increasingly complex, making their implementation an arduous task. The use of appropriate software metrics can be very useful to quantify different properties of the standards that ultimately may suggest different solutions to deal with problems related to their complexity. In this regard, we present in this article an attempt to measure the complexity of the schemas associated with the OGC implementation specifications. We use a comprehensive set of metrics to provide a multidimensional view of this complexity. These metrics can be used to evaluate the impact of design decisions, study the evolution of schemas, and so on. We also present and evaluate different solutions that could be applied to overcome some of the problems associated with the complexity of the schemas.     

重大事件游客消费行为及偏好的中外比较研究——以2010上海世博会为例

通过对上海世博会大样本游客调研数据的分析与处理,研究中外游客消费行为特征、偏好差异及其产业影响。研究表明:(1)国内游客住宿以经济型饭店为主,住宿地集中在世博园区周边及城郊区域,入境游客以星级饭店为主,住地集中城市商业中心附近区域。(2)中外游客在世博园区餐饮消费以快餐及地方特色餐饮为主,消费偏好维度中游客最关注的是菜肴维度与服务维度,国内游客更关注菜肴,入境游客更关注服务。(3)国内游客购买世博商品主要留作纪念,入境游客主要用于馈赠,消费偏好维度中国内游客最为关注是商品主题文化属性和设计加工维度,入境游客最为关注商品的商业维度和功能效用维度。(4)国内游客市内游憩空间区域集中程度高于入境游客;中外游客市内交通以公共交通为主,入境游客选择出租车出行较多;国内游客晚间活动以游览世博园为主,入境游客选择其他娱乐活动较多。对世博游客行为特征与消费偏好进行深入比较研究,理论上丰富了重大事件旅游研究内容,实践上对于重大事件旅游市场开发与目的地产业建设具有重要的指导意义。     

A geographic approach for combining social media and authoritative data towards identifying useful information for disaster management

In recent years, social media emerged as a potential resource to improve the management of crisis situations such as disasters triggered by natural hazards. Although there is a growing research body concerned with the analysis of the usage of social media during disasters, most previous work has concentrated on using social media as a stand-alone information source, whereas its combination with other information sources holds a still underexplored potential. This article presents an approach to enhance the identification of relevant messages from social media that relies upon the relations between georeferenced social media messages as Volunteered Geographic Information and geographic features of flood phenomena as derived from authoritative data (sensor data, hydrological data and digital elevation models). We apply this approach to examine the micro-blogging text messages of the Twitter platform (tweets) produced during the River Elbe Flood of June 2013 in Germany. This is performed by means of a statistical analysis aimed at identifying general spatial patterns in the occurrence of flood-related tweets that may be associated with proximity to and severity of flood events. The results show that messages near (up to 10 km) to severely flooded areas have a much higher probability of being related to floods. In this manner, we conclude that the geographic approach proposed here provides a reliable quantitative indicator of the usefulness of messages from social media by leveraging the existing knowledge about natural hazards such as floods, thus being valuable for disaster management in both crisis response and preventive monitoring.     

Income Inequality across Australian Regions during the Mining Boom: 2001–11

As mining expands throughout the world, a growing body of literature is focusing on the relationship between mining and well-being in locations where resource extraction occurs. Although many topics such as employment and migration have been researched, the impacts of mining on income inequality have received less attention from scholars. Income inequality is a highly debated topic and the Gini coefficient (GC) one of the most popular indicators used to measure and discuss it. In this paper we estimate GCs for all sub-State regions of Australia and analyse their changes during the ‘mining boom decade’ (2001–11) across mining and non-mining regions. Our results show that, on average, income inequality increased by around 4.8 per cent in mining regions, compared to 8.7 per cent in the average non-mining region. However, the results also show important variation in changes of GC across mining regions, suggesting that the industry is likely to affect the distribution of local incomes in different ways. The method we propose to estimate GCs for regional areas and the results obtained across mining and non-mining regions provide important insights for future research and for regional policy makers, especially those concerned with the socio-economic impacts of industries such as mining across regions.     

Feeding strategy and water homeostasis in equids: the role of the hind gut

Ungulates are the most abundant and diverse group of mammals in arid areas. Non-ruminants, or hind gut fermenters, constitute only three extant families (horses, rhinos and tapirs); ruminants are far more dominant and form the remainder.Much of perissodactyl evolution occurred during the Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene eras when arid savannah-type conditions prevailed. Adoption of hind gut fermentation as a digestive strategy early on in their evolution confined equids to feeding on coarse grassland, characterized by high fibre and low protein content. Hind gut fermentation of such vegetation, combined with high rates of voluntary food intake and passage of digesta, gave equids an advantage over ruminants of similar body size in digestive efficiency on high fibre grasses. This digestive strategy explains the present day ecological niche of wild equids. The large volume of water required for microbial fermentation of fibrous vegetation constitutes a fluid reservoir which could act as a potential source of fluid for the remaining body fluid pools during periods of dehydration. Evidence for such a role of the gastrointestinal tract in water homeostasis has recently been reviewed for ruminants. In this review, feeding and digestive strategies of ruminants and hind gut fermenters are compared with respect to body size. Evidence for the existence of a gastrointestinal fluid reservoir in equids is then provided. Finally, an overview of the physiological mechanisms associated with the movement of fluid across the hind gut epithelium in equids is given.     

湖南省高新技术产业集群分析

运用高新技术产业集群的基本理论,分析了湖南省高新技术产业的发展现状,发现湖南省高新技术产业集群具有三个特征：一是产业的空间集聚性和外部经济效应较强,但创新能力较弱;二是产业专业化较为显著,产业集聚优势初现;三是优势产业链初步形成,产业关联性较强。最后,就如何加速实现湖南高新技术产业集群提出了一些建议。     

Learning from the South: common challenges and solutions for small-scale farming

Small-scale farmers all over the world face a number of common biophysical and socio-economic challenges. In this paper we draw on data from a workshop held in the UK in 2005, to assess whether experiences in addressing these challenges, as gained in the global South, may be used to inform solutions to similar challenges in the UK. In doing so, we contribute to a growing body of literature that seeks to challenge predominantly North–South flows of knowledge and resources. We first identify specific common challenges faced by small-scale farmers in the global North and South. We then compare the different solutions used to address these problems, drawing on the first-hand experiences of the academics, small-scale farmers, NGO staff and policymakers who participated in the workshop. Next, we examine the transferability of solutions between locations, elucidating the conditions that support and hinder such transfers. Finally, we evaluate the potential for a workshop approach to act as a 'learning space', in which the sharing of experiences can foster learning for participants and lead to new, creative ways of thinking about the process-based challenges faced by small-scale farmers     

The Agulhas Plateau: structure and evolution of a Large Igneous Province

Large Igneous Provinces (LIP) are of great interest due to their role in crustal generation, magmatic processes and environmental impact. The Agulhas Plateau in the southwest Indian Ocean off South Africa has played a controversial role in this discussion due to unclear evidence for its continental or oceanic crustal affinity. With new geophysical data from seismic refraction and reflection profiling, we are able to present improved evidence for its crustal structure and composition. The velocity–depth model reveals a mean crustal thickness of 20 km with a maximum of 24 km, where three major units can be identified in the crust. In our seismic reflection records, evidence for volcanic flows on the Agulhas Plateau can be observed. The middle crust is thickened by magmatic intrusions. The up to 10 km thick lower crustal body is characterized by high seismic velocities of 7.0–7.6 km s⁻¹. The velocity–depth distribution suggests that the plateau consists of overthickened oceanic crust similar to other oceanic LIPs such as the Ontong-Java Plateau or the northern Kerguelen Plateau. The total volume of the Agulhas Plateau was estimated to be 4 × 10⁶ km³ of which about 10 per cent consists of extruded igneous material. We use this information to obtain a first estimate on carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide emission caused by degassing from this material. The Agulhas Plateau was formed as part of a larger LIP consisting of the Agulhas Plateau itself, Northeast Georgia Rise and Maud Rise. The formation time of this LIP can be estimated between 100 and 94 (± 5) Ma.     

A parallel GPU-based approach for reporting flock patterns

Data analysis and knowledge discovery in trajectory databases is an emerging field with a growing number of applications such as managing traffic, planning tourism infrastructures or better understanding wildlife. In this paper, we study the problem of finding flock patterns in trajectory databases. A flock refers to a large enough subset of entities that move close to each other for, at least, a given time interval. We present parallel algorithms, to be run on a Graphics Processing Unit, for reporting three different variants of the flock pattern: (1) all maximal flocks, (2) the largest flock and (3) the longest flock. We also provide their complexity analysis together with experimental results showing the efficiency and scalability of our approach.     

Placing the “Analyst” in Discourse Analysis: Iteration,Emergence and Dialogicality as Situated Process

Discourse analysis is a powerful and versatile methodological tool, informing a diverse body of critical geographic scholarship. Too often, however, discourse analysis remains unexplored, operating as a “black box,” underelaborated and hence undertheorized as to just what it offers. In this article, we articulate discourse analysis as inherently processual, by which we mean both that it should be understood as a process and that it can play an integral role throughout the research process. This article is derived from a meta-analysis of an exercise that invited early-career geographers to conduct discourse analysis on commentary centered on the 2013 U.S. federal government shutdown. The reflexive research process highlights the iterative, emergent, and dialogic properties of a processual engagement with a text. We suggest that recognizing these qualities enriches the role of both the analysis and the analyst(s) and expands the valence of discourse analysis as a productive and versatile component of critical human geography.     

Distinguishing extensive and intensive properties for meaningful geocomputation and mapping

A most fundamental and far-reaching trait of geographic information is the distinction between extensive and intensive properties. In common understanding, originating in Physics and Chemistry, extensive properties increase with the size of their supporting objects, while intensive properties are independent of this size. It has long been recognized that the decision whether analytical and cartographic measures can be meaningfully applied depends on whether an attribute is considered intensive or extensive. For example, the choice of a map type as well as the application of basic geocomputational operations, such as spatial intersections, aggregations or algebraic operations such as sums and weighted averages, strongly depend on this semantic distinction. So far, however, the distinction can only be drawn in the head of an analyst. We still lack practical ways of automation for composing GIS workflows and to scale up mapping and geocomputation over many data sources, e.g. in statistical portals. In this article, we test a machine-learning model that is capable of labeling extensive/intensive region attributes with high accuracy based on simple characteristics extractable from geodata files. Furthermore, we propose an ontology pattern that captures central applicability constraints for automating data conversion and mapping using Semantic Web technology.