青海东北部地区强震活动特征及强震形势估计

2003年4月17日，德令哈西发生了Ms6．6级地震，通过分析区域强震活动的时空特征，认为该区域强震活动具有相对活跃时段和相对平静时段，在强震的相对活跃时段内，强震的发生具有一定的时空特征。     

成丛强震前调制地震异常分布图像及预测意义

对中国大陆1970年以来发生的1丛Ms≥7地震、7丛Ms≥6地震、2丛Ms5～6地震前的调制地震活动图像进行逐日时空扫描，发现强震丛前4级以上朔望调制地震的图像有一定的规律可寻。强震丛前，不同时段4级以上朔望调制地震会出现2种以上异常图像的相互转化，且强震丛开始前或活动期间，4级以上朔望调制地震和强震的走向有一定的一致性，这对预报地点有一定的指示意义。研究结果还显示，成丛强震前，同一时段在未来丛发地震的周围出现不同形式的4级以上朔望调制地震分布图像，表明同一时段出现不同形式和不同地域的调制地震异常分布图像后，可能会是一组强震的连发。研究结果表明，成丛强震前4级以上朔望调制地震的空间分布具有较好的中、短期前兆意义。     

2002年12月25日乌恰5.8级地震序列分析及地震趋势预测

通过分析2002年12月25日乌恰5．8级地震后主震附近的地震活动特征，认为该震属孤立型地震。在地震类型判定的基础上，进一步做了以下分析工作：①乌恰—喀什区地震活动异常背景分析；②在地震活跃期内新疆境内强震主体活动区域分析；③乌恰—喀什区与阿图什—柯坪区强震活动关联性分析；④区域历史地震类型统计和震源环境分析；⑤乌恰5．8级地震和伽师—巴楚6．8级地震对区域应力场影响分析。综合分析认为，乌恰—喀什地区有明显的地震异常背景，但此次5．8、6．8级地震可能会对乌恰—喀什及周围地区的应力场产生影响，可能在一定程度上缓解该区域的应变积累，其相邻的阿图什—柯坪地区的地震活动有可能会减弱，或延缓乌恰—喀什地区的强震活动。     

青藏高原北部地区强震活动特征与地震大形势

本文研究了青藏高原北部地区强震活动的特征,结果是:地震活跃期为230—250年,平静期为130—150年;喜马拉雅南缘、青藏高原南部地区强震与本区强震明显相关,喜马拉雅南缘与缅甸北部地区发生强震后本区发震的概率分别为87.5%和66.7%;本区7级地震分带交替发生,最先发生的两个6级地震对预测未来7级地震发震地点有一定意义;中强震在8级地震前不活跃,而在7级地震前比较活跃,且青海北部与西部发生6级地震后,甘肃东南部或甘青川交界有5级地震活动。据此判断本区未来10年内存在发生7级强震的危险。     

龙门山地震带地震活动特征的研究

本文剖析和研究了龙门山地震带强震活动的时空状态及中等地震活动特征，取得了一些有益的认识。该带强震频度不高，中等地震相对活跃。强震活动的盛衰变化没有明显规律，其主体活动地段为汶川－茂县－北川段和天全－宝兴段，二者的强震具有交替发生的特点。自然节律显示有规律起伏，可以推测地震的强、弱趋势。本文仔细剖析了中等地震活动情况，提出的若干特征对于监视本带有一定社会影响的４￣５级地震有实际意义。     

金沙江地震带强震动及其与现今弱震活动关系

包括川滇菱块及马边－大关，宣威－弥勒地区在内的金沙江地震带记载（录）了川滇两省发生的绝大部分中、强以上地震，为我国西南一主要地震区。本文重点研究了该范围内强震的重复性及现今弱震密集区的强震危险性问题。金沙江地震带强震具有很高的原地重复性，７级以上强震原地重复率达６５．４％，平均复发时间１５７年；６级地震原地重复率达４１．８％，平均复发时间为２７．２年。川滇地区现今弱震活动密集区在活动期内本身发生６级以上强震的可能性很小。四川地区大多数情况下强震发生在距密集区４０－５０千米处，云南情况较复杂。但在作今后较长时间危险性分析预测时，现今弱震密集区本身仍有发生６级地震的危险，虽然发生７级以上地震可能性不大。     

永胜6.0级地震前地震活动特征

介绍了2001年10月27日永胜6．0级地震前中国大陆西部地震活动背景；分析了西南地区即四川西部至川滇交界地区中强震呈现频发的现象和6级以上强震呈现南迁趋势对永胜的影响，探讨永胜区域地地震时，空活动特征，震区小震月频次增加，间隙脉冲型应变释放的前兆震群的发生，A（b）值的空间扫描反映出的永胜6．0级地震震中及邻区地震活动的增强图像。     

强震发生前中小地震活动特征的初步研究

针对西北地区4次6级强震前一定范围内中小地震活动进行分析，得出在强震发生前中小地震的活动有两个不同的时段：(1)中小地震频次高、分布有序性低的A时段和中小地震频次低、分布有序性高的B时段；(2)中小地震的活动在某些方位上呈现优势分布。对上述现象产生的原因进行了粗浅的讨论。     

2008年青海大柴旦6.3级地震及发震背景研究

2008年11月10日青海省大柴旦地区发生6.3级地震,打破了青海省境内55个月的6级地震平静,该次地震可能是对2008年5月12 日汶川8.0级地震在青藏块体内部应力调整的响应.通过该次地震及其发震断裂周缘地震震源机制解的分析认为,本次地震发震断裂活动性主要以逆冲为主并兼有走滑特性.对本次地震的发震断裂大柴旦-宗务隆山断裂带开挖探槽,探槽剖面揭露该断裂带在晚更新世-全新世早期有过明显活动;断裂带周缘历史地震的分布特征表明断裂带新的活动明显向南迁移;这与野外调查结果断层活动不断向山前迁移相一致.根据对青藏块体内部地震活动性分析认为,青藏高原内部中强震活动有顺时针螺旋迁移的特征,这一活动特征与GPS观测的青藏块体内部应力顺时针调整相一致,这一特征可能代表了青藏块体内部地震活动的一种新规律.基于对这种规律的认识和祁连地震带的大震构造孕育条件,祁连地震带东南部地区应倍受关注.     

我国周边地震活动对中国大陆地震的影响

分析了1900年以来中国大陆及中国周边地震资料，认为周边强震活跃必然导致大陆地震活跃，即中国大陆强震与周边强震活动具有一体性或滞后性；我国台湾和东北地区7级以上强震与华北地震活动有着较好的对应关系；日本8级以上强震的发生表明太平洋板块活动增强，受这一影响东北地区地震也将进一步活跃。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.