祁连山北麓青海云杉高山草甸景观的尺度效应分析

分析了分析尺度对祁连山地区0.61 m分辨率的QuickBird影像目视解译数据提取的影响。景观水平、斑块等级水平和斑块类型水平都反映,随分析尺度增大,斑块数迅速减少,形状趋于规则,景观破碎度降低,使景观结构简单化,主要是小型斑块损失引起。分析尺度对小斑块、中斑块影响大于大斑块和巨斑块。分析尺度较小时尺度效应变化速率大,分析尺度≥1∶8 000后尺度效应变化减缓,尺度依赖性减小。就文中涉及的5个分析尺度而言,可划分为小于1∶4 000,1∶4 000~1∶8 000,大于1∶8 000三个尺度域,1∶4 000和1∶8 000是尺度阈值,1∶4 000是最佳分析尺度。     

Comparison of input data with different spatial resolution in landscape pattern analysis – A case study from northern Latvia

A suitable spatial scale needs to be selected in geographical and landscape ecological research, and this requires great consideration as different scales have profound effect on derived landscape spatial patterns. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of different scales on landscape metrics using simulated patterns, but few have been conducted to compare different data sources with variable scale for regional- and landscape-scale assessments. Possibly this has occurred because researchers have been prone to use the best available source, a well-known standard, and easiest to use. This study was conducted to assess the impact of input data resolution on values of landscape pattern metrics in four landscapes at scales 1:10 000, 1:50 000 and 1:100 000. The aim was to determine the applicability of three data sources for thematic models in landscape pattern analyses in the Eastern Baltic region. We found that the utility of CORINE Land Cover data for comprehensive structural assessment in mosaic-type landscapes was very limited, as the level of cartographic generalization excluded many small and linear landscape structure elements with potentially high importance for landscape functioning, such as habitat continuity. We also found that actual area harvested using clearcuts was considerably higher than shown in CORINE data, due to clearcuts size being much smaller than the minimum mapping unit. In the light of this, we suggest using data with spatial resolution corresponding to a cartographic scale of at least 1:50 000, in cases when spatial patches have size up to 25 ha.     

Special features of landscape structure of the Prikhankaiskaya plain and its mountain surroundings

The contemporary landscape structure of the Prikhankaiskaya plain and its mountain surroundings on the level of stows is considered. The contemporary landscapes are described, based on current and previously obtained research data. A portion of the 1:50 000 landscape map is provided.     

土地利用监测适宜尺度选择方法研究 ——-以塔里木河流域为例

适宜尺度选择是生态学、地理学等学科的重要问题之一。在不同的研究目的下, 尺度选择的方法和标准也随之变化。以塔里木河流域20 世纪50 年代土地利用数据为例, 将面积 作为尺度选择的参数, 统计斑块面积分布直方图, 然后计算9 种比例尺(1:2 000 000, 1:1 000 000, 1:500 000, 1:250 000, 1:100 000, 1:50 000, 1:25 000, 1:10 000 和1:5 000) 下的归一化尺度方差, 最后结合Shannon-Weaver 景观多样性指数、Simpson 多样性指数和分维 数补充归一化尺度方差的结果, 探讨塔里木河流域土地利用的空间分布特征和尺度规律。结果如下: ① 归一化尺度方差值显示塔里木河干流50 年代土地利用监测适宜尺度为1:50 000 比例尺(约20km×20km 网格大小), 除沙地适宜尺度在1:100 000 比例尺外, 有林地、灌木林地和盐碱地的适宜比例尺均在1:50 000 比例尺上; ② Shannon-Weaver 多样性指数、Simpson 多样性指数和分维数结果表明盐碱地的多样性指数的适宜尺度与归一化尺度方差结果相同, 沙地的多样性指数与归一化尺度方差的适宜尺度域相同, 有林地和灌木林地多样性指数最优尺度在1:10 000 比例尺与归一化尺度方差结果不同; ③ 沙地和盐碱地的分维数在1:10 000 比 例尺处有明显的上升, 沙地达到最大值1.35, 而在其他尺度分维数值接近, 有林地和灌木林地则在各个尺度分维数值接近, 且值不超过1.2。     

石羊河流域海拔、植被覆盖与景观类型空间关系研究

 以Landsat/TM为数据源,在桌面GIS支持下解译出研究区各景观类型,根据植被的生长周期,结合植被指数[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]作为研究因子,采用目前较为流行的主成分变换法（PCA）,结合景观类型图和数字高程模型(DEM),参考相关地理基础图件,对石羊河流域海拔和植被覆盖进行分级分类。运用叠置分析法研究了不同海拔高度和不同植被覆盖下[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]变化情况;同时分析了各景观类型与海拔和植被覆盖三者之间的空间关系。结果表明：研究区各景观类型大体依海拔呈垂直性分布,各自然要素组成垂直分异性特征亦较为明显。植被覆盖、景观类型与海拔之间呈垂直型分布规律,低海拔区景观类型单一,主要为荒漠系统,且与植被覆盖关系密切,相关度也最高;高海拔区景观类型较为复杂并交错分布,与植被覆盖关系不大,拟合效果不理想。此次研究目的在于对石羊河流域景观格局特征和格局优化研究提供参考思路,对流域生态规划和治理提供依据,对干旱内陆河流域植被及生态环境变化研究具有深远意义。     

The Point Bonitation Method for Evaluating Geodiversity: A Guide with Examples (Polish Lowland)

This paper presents the evaluation of geodiversity by the point bonitation method. Geodiversity is understood here in the broadest sense, i.e. as a variability of all abiotic components: geology, geomorphology, soils, waters and climate. The point bonitation method is described in the form of a coherent instruction along with a discussion of the included examples. Factors that may influence the obtained results are indicated. The geodiversity evaluation method is illustrated in the three test fields situated in the Polish Lowland. The work was performed on detailed scales of 1:25 000 and 1:10 000. This guide should serve as a tool ready to use in environmental management, landscape planning and nature conservation.     

A step towards an objective procedure for land classification and mapping

This paper outlines a method for explicitly classifying landscape using 4 km² grid cells, a set of attributes derived from topographic and geologic maps and an agglomerative numerical taxonomic procedure which can accommodate mixed data. The method was used to classify the landscapes of the Hunter Valley, NSW (22 000 km²) and the landscape classes generated are briefly described. These classes are compared with the land systems of the Hunter which were developed by traditional integrated survey procedure. It is concluded that the method could provide a more satisfactory starting-point for integrated land survey than air photo pattern analysis.     

空间尺度上推方法的精度评价——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟土地利用数据为例

不同的空间尺度上推方法会导致不同程度的信息丢失、信息歪曲等后果;但目前少有研究在较长的尺度序列上、对不同尺度上推方法所得成果开展精度分析。本研究首先提出尺度上推方法精度评价的三个准则,即:保持土地类型构成特征、保持土地面积精度、保持土地空间分布格局和斑块形态;继而使用格点中心值、最大面积斑块、最大聚合面积斑块等3种尺度上推方法,配合100 m～50 km土地利用数据开展尺度转化实验;最后基于上述评价准则和尺度上推实验所得的系列输出结果,分析了不同尺度上推方法的精度。研究表明:(1)格点中心值上推方法能更好地保留区域土地类型构成、土地面积精度等特征;(2)锡林郭勒盟地区土地研究的适宜尺度应小于10 km,最大不应超过30 km;(3)在尺度上推过程中,土地斑块的平均面积、形态以及空间分布格局对尺度上推成果精度有着重要影响。     

青眉山溶洞旅游景观的成因分析

介绍了青眉山溶洞的岩溶景观、文物古迹及其旅游开发价值,重点从地史、岩性、地质构造等方面分析了该洞及其景观的成因。研究认为,景观边际效应是该深洞旅游景观形成的主要原因,至于该洞对于全球变化,古气候重建的研究意义,尚待进一步的考证。     

1:40万《腾格里沙漠地貌图》的编制

腾格里沙漠虽经过多次小规模专题考察,始终未见有沙漠专题地图编制出版,多数只作为专著中的插图加以表现。为此,编制《腾格里沙漠地貌图》显得十分重要,不仅能反映出腾格里沙漠的全貌,还能体现沙漠发展规律、演变特点、分布特征等。依据腾格里沙漠的图幅范围、地貌类型以及印刷纸张规格的要求,将《腾格里沙漠地貌图》的比例尺定为1∶40万。选用1∶25万地形图作为地理基础底图,采用1∶10万地形图作为沙丘符号编绘过渡性的工作底图,专题内容编绘以Google Earth影像资料为主。《腾格里沙漠地貌图》的地貌类型包括风积地貌、风蚀地貌以及其他地貌,其中风积地貌是重点展示的内容。根据腾格里沙漠地貌类型,在编图过程中共设计了16种形态结构类型符号,采用分层设色表示沙丘相对高度,用箭头符号表示沙丘移动方向。     

文化景观研究回顾与展望

文化景观已被列为第4种世界遗产类型,虽然文化景观的研究取得了丰硕成果,但景观、文化景观和景观文化的基本概念仍未达成一致,阻碍了文化景观研究的深入。对文化景观的起源与变迁、感知与解释、构成与类型、保护与利用4方面的理论方法进行综述,认为国内外文化景观研究仍处于初步阶段,国内的研究不仅落后于自然景观,而且与国际研究水平有较大差距。建议从文化景观基础研究、方法研究、内容研究、研究氛围和注重对实际问题的解决5方面推动文化景观研究的深入。     

长三角地区地名通名文化景观空间格局及影响因素北大核心CSCDCSSCI

地名通名是不同地方地名具有共性特点的通用部分,表征人类社会对自然环境和行政区划变迁的认知。梳理多学科视域研究进展诠释地名通名文化景观解析逻辑,基于EOF模型、地理探测器等方法构建地名通名文化景观解析模型,探究长三角地区地名通名文化景观格局及成因。研究发现:①长三角地名通名文化景观用字比例受河网水系影响最大,地名通名文化景观用字类型丰富度在41个单元中总体呈现内陆到沿海且沿东北-西南方向递减趋势。②长三角地名通名文化景观分布异质性显著,呈现典型非均衡集聚,空间上形成皖中、苏南、浙北和上海等东西条带状的一级中心位于长三角中部,两个团块状次级中心分列南北;长三角地名通名文化景观分布呈显著空间正相关,空间集聚特征较为明显,热点区为双中心格局且分布于安徽西部和浙江南部等地,冷点区为单中心格局且分布在东部沿海呈纵向连续带状分布。③长三角地名通名文化景观分布受自然环境和社会经济综合影响明显,主要分布在海拔0~200 m、地形起伏度小于20 m、坡度小于5°的平原地带,人口集聚、经济发展水平和交通便捷性对地名通名传承影响深远。地名通名文化景观解析模型研究有助于提升地名命名科学性和规划管理协调度,为推动地名文化遗产保护提供有益参考。     

官司河流域防护林结构调整及景观格局变化

利用2005年度的IKONOS4卫片解译数据、1:1万林相图、2007年度森林资源二类小班调查资料,结合样地调查数据以及四川省林业科学研究院森林生态效益定位站(四川绵阳新桥)径流场的有关数据,对绵阳官司河流域的防护林结构进行了调整,并对调整前后的生态经济效益和景观格局的变化进行了对比分析.结果表明:目前本区的林地面积分配不合理.针阔混交林面积偏小,仅占整个有林地面积的14.97%,而针针混交林的面积却占了27.37%,针叶纯林的面积更是占了42.48%.从物种多样性、均匀度以及生态优势度综合来看,均表现出混交林优于纯林.经调整后各类防护林面积比例为针阔混交林28.05%、灌木林17.28%、经济林13.27%、阔叶纯林13.13%、针针混交林11.04%、针叶纯林10.89%、草地6.34%.针阔混交林面积明显增加,从原来的124.39 hm2增加到现在的233.13 hm2,增加了87.42%.经济林的面积有所增加,从原来的96.67 hm2增加到调整后的110.30 hm2.本区防护林土地利用的生态效益指数由调整前的2 053.93点上升到调整后的2 327.39点,净增了13.31%,经济效益指数则从调整前的2 300.40点上升到调整后的2 493.63点,净增了8.40%.景观多样性指数(H)和景观均匀度指数(E)分别由调整前的1.826 1和0.523 8增加到调整后的2.192 3和0.768 3,分别增加了20.05%和46.68%.景观优势度和蔓延度指数由调整前的0.734 8和0.732 7减少到调整后的0.381 6和0.692 8.说明景观的异质性提高,向着多样化和均匀化方向发展.调整后各景观要素的边缘密度和斑块密度减少,其斑块向小型化发展,景观破碎度增加.调整后各要素的散布与分列指数IJI都有明显的增加,说明其空间关系趋于复杂化.聚集度指数AI增大,其斑块越来越聚集,斑块的结合底在增大.各景观要素的LSI都有不同程度的减少,而分维数都有不同程度的增加,说明其斑块复杂程度减少,稳定性增加.     

Characteristics of the manifestation of landscape-forming processes in the Kuril and Hawaiian Islands

A comparative analysis is made of the landscape-forming factors, and their role in the formation of the spatial structure of landscapes in the Kuril and Hawaiian Islands is determined. The research has been done on the basis of landscape mapping at a scale of 1:200 000. A correlative study was made of the different genetic varieties of geosystems: classical landscapes, catenary and nuclear. In spite of the dissimilar character of manifestation of landscape-forming processes, there occur largely identical formation principles for the spatial structure of landscapes.     

基于景观格局定量分析的流域治理--以文峪河流域为例

以航片、森林资源调查资料和林相图为基础资料,在地理信息系统软件及数据库管理系统的支持下,应用景观多样性指数、景观要素优势度指数、类斑形状指数、景观要素斑块分数维等景观格局分析指标,对流域景观空间总体分布、景观组成结构、景观要素斑块形状特征进行分析,揭示了山西文峪河流域植被景观的总体格局。基于分析成果,针对目前文峪河流域植被景观格局存在的问题,建议在今后的流域管理和建设中应开展的工作,即上游及中高海拔带重点进行寒温性针叶林保护;中下游山地积极增加阔叶林,营造混交林;河谷重点开展河岸植被和河岸林规划设计和建设。     

Last glacial aggradation and postglacial sediment production from the non-glacial Waipaoa and Waimata catchments, Hikurangi Margin, North Island, New Zealand

The sediment flux generated by postglacial channel incision has been calculated for the 2150 km², non-glacial, Waipaoa catchment located on the tectonically active Hikurangi Margin, eastern North Island, New Zealand. Sediment production both at a sub-catchment scale and for the Waipaoa catchment as a whole was calculated by first using the tensioned spline method within ARC MAP to create an approximation of the aggradational Waipaoa-1 surface (contemporaneous with the Last Glacial Maximum), and second using grid calculator functions in the GIS to subtract the modern day surface from the Waipaoa-1 surface. The Waipaoa-1 surface was mapped using stereo aerial photography, and global positioning technology fixed the position of individual terrace remnants in the landscape. The recent discovery of Kawakawa Tephra within Waipaoa-1 aggradation gravels in this catchment demonstrates that aggradation was coincidental with or began before the deposition of this 22 600 ¹⁴C-year-old tephra and, using the stratigraphic relationship of Rerewhakaaitu Tephra, the end of aggradation is dated at ca 15 000 ¹⁴C years (ca 18 000 cal. years BP). The construction of the Waipaoa-1 terrace is considered to be synchronous and broadly correlated with aggradation elsewhere in the North Island and northern South Island, indicating that aggradation ended at the same time over a wide area. Subsequent downcutting, a manifestation of base-level lowering following a switch to postglacial incision at the end of glacial-age aggradation, points to a significant Southern Hemisphere climatic warming occurring soon after ca 15 000 ¹⁴C years (ca 18 000 cal. years BP) during the Older Dryas interval. Elevation differences between the Waipaoa-1 (c.15 ka) terrace and the level of maximum channel incision (i.e. before aggradation since the turn of the 20th century) suggest about 50% of the topographic relief within headwater reaches of the Waipaoa catchment has been formed in postglacial times. The postglacial sediment flux generated by channel incision from Waipaoa catchment is of the order of 9.5 km³, of which ~ 6.6 km³ is stored within the confines of the Poverty Bay floodplain. Thus, although the postglacial period represented a time of high terrigenous sediment generation and delivery, only ~ 30% of the sediment generated by channel incision from Waipaoa catchment probably reached the marine shelf and slope of the Hikurangi Margin during this time. The smaller adjacent Waimata catchment probably contributed an additional 2.6 km³ to the same depocentre to give a total postglacial sediment contribution to the shelf and beyond of ~ 5.5 km³. Sediment generated by postglacial channel incision represents only ~ 25% of the total sediment yield from this landscape with ~ 75% of the estimated volume of the postglacial storage offshore probably derived from hillslope erosion processes following base-level fall at times when sediment yield from these catchments exceeded storage.     

基于景观孤岛化分析的传统地域文化景观保护模式简

在城镇化、现代化和商业化快速发展的今天,传统文化景观的破碎化已成为传统地域文化景观的重要空间特征和现象,破碎化直接催生了传统文化景观空间的孤岛化现象,直接影响着传统地域文化景观的整体性,成为传统文化景观整体性保护的重要障碍。本文以苏州市甪直镇为例,在分析区域特征及对当地居民进行问卷调查的基础上,通过构造孤岛化评价指数,评价甪直古镇传统文化景观的格局的综合特征和景观孤岛化现象、特征及形成过程。在传统文化景观孤岛化评价的基础上,通过确定保护圈层、构建文化景观遗产廊道和景观生态网络格局,实现传统文化景观空间的拓展、连接和传统文化景观与缓冲空间的有机复合,成为传统地域文化景观区域性整体保护的空间模式。     

The landscape-assessment map for the Asian part of Russia: the principles and methodological aspects of charting

We examine some aspects related to the generation of the general-purpose landscape-assessment regional-typological 1:2 500 000 map for the Asian part of Russia that was initiated by the V. B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS and is based on the methodological achievements of the theory of geosystems and landscape science in general as well as on results from regional comprehensive investigations. Presented are the fundamental principles of compiling the landscape-assessment map: the regional-typological approach, and reflection of the present state of invariant units of structure and ecologically functional significance for nature management.     

哀牢山区梯田景观多功能的综合评价

景观多功能的概念、研究内容和评价是景观生态学的研究热点之一。以哀牢山区梯田景观为例,从景观的生产价值、生态价值、文化价值与美学价值等4个方面提出其多功能价值综合评价的体系和标准,并分析和评价了梯田景观的多功能价值。结果表明：（1）梯田景观美学价值的6个指标均处于比较高的水平,美学价值高;（2）梯田景观生产价值的7个指标说明其生产功能低下;（3）梯田景观生态功能的7个指标说明其生态功能良好;（4）梯田景观文化价值的6个指标说明其文化社会功能很高;（5）梯田景观四种价值的顺序是文化价值〉美学价值〉生态价值〉生产价值,而从景观价值的总体水平看,其价值仅为良好状态,可见高层的综合评价结果是其下一级水平的平均状态。