Radon变换多次波压制方法及应用研究

多次波在地震资料中是普遍存在的。Radon变换是现行商业地震资料多次波压制处理软件应用最多的模块之一。这里在详细阐述Radon变换基本原理和离散采样计算的基础上,给出了理论模拟地震数据的多次波压制算法和计算结果。进而将Radon变换多次波压制方法应用于松辽盆地地震资料处理中,在对实际的CRP道集合理设计滤波切除函数后,应用本文的Radon变换算法,得到多次波压制的地震剖面。对比多次波压制前、后的叠前时间偏移地震剖面,压制多次波后地震剖面的信噪比很高,地质构造特征清晰,可应用于后续的地质构造解释,地震属性提取和油气储层预测。该方法的计算效率较高,算法易于实现。理论和实际地震数据的多次波压制结果表明,该算法具有高精度和实用性强的特点。     

基于稀疏反演算法的高分辨率Radon变换及其在多次波压制中的应用

针对目前双曲Radon变换Radon域能量团能量泄漏的问题,提出一种基于稀疏约束反演算法的高分辨率Radon变换进行多次波的压制. 该方法在常规双曲Radon变换的基础上加入稀疏约束条件,应用共轭导向梯度( CGG)反演算法进行求解,能有效地提高Radon域速度谱的聚焦效果,有利于分离一次波和多次波. 模型和实际资料试算证明了该方法的有效性和实用性.     

基于Radon域阈值迭代的同时震源波场分离

由于同时震源数据包含串扰很难直接成像,因此需要对混叠的炮记录进行分离,为了将混叠的波场进行分离,笔者建立了基于稀疏域反演的阈值迭代模型,将混合采集数据的共检波点道集转换到Radon域进行稀疏表示,利用阈值算子进行约束,通过迭代反演得到分离结果。实验算例表明通过较少的迭代即可获得信噪比较高的分离结果,验证了反演方法的有效性,并且该算法对随机噪声有很强的压制效果。     

压制噪声的高分辨率Radon变换法

Radon变换在地震处理中有诸多应用,在地震同相轴识别和估计方面有良好效果。对最小平方意义下反演和基于贝叶斯原理的稀疏约束反演的Radon变换域结果进行了对比,后者的变换效果更好,收敛能量的分辨率高,即压制了离散运算中的截断效应。又通过加噪模型数据,对比了高分辨率Radon变换方法和Radon域内的二维蒙版滤波方法,两者压制规则干扰和随机噪声的效果较好并且结果相似,但后者计算效率较高。在实际数据处理中,比较了FK滤波、高分辨率线性和抛物线Radon变换,以及二维蒙版滤波方法的去噪效果和计算效率,选择二维蒙版滤波方法最优。     

混合Radon变换地震噪声压制的应用

如何有效地从地震资料中剔除相干噪声一直是地震勘探十分关心的问题,尤其是多次波的压制和消除。笔者采用相似函数压制端点效应和截断效应的混合Radon变换从地震剖面中一次性分离面波等线性噪声,再应用自适应滤波技术在Radon域识别并剔除多次波,并使用双曲Radon反变换计算获得有效反射地震信号。理论模型及实测资料试算结果表明,该方法对多次波压制效果良好,同时,应用混合Radon变换可简化数据中噪声压制处理流程。     

Curvelet变换及其在地震波场分离中的应用

小波多尺度分析可以有效处理一维信号的点奇异特征,但对于二维信号的线奇异特征,小波变换显得无能为力。Curvelet多尺度变换可以对时空信号进行最稀疏表达,能够获得最优的非线性逼近。通过分析地震信号在Curvelet域三维空间的特征,认为时空信号的不同波组成分在Curvelet域存在明显的差异,可以从频率、角度和空间位置实现有效反射波和干扰波的分离。理论模型与实际单炮记录处理结果表明,Curvelet域方法在分离干扰波、突出反射波的同时,可以较好地保持有效波信息,保真度好。     

一种加权抛物Radon变换地震波场重建方法

基于带限正反抛物Radon变换的基本原理和计算方法,笔者给出了一种加权抛物Radon变换(PRT)算法,该方法可应用于叠前地震波场恢复和重建,如缺失偏移距地震数据的插值外推和反假频重采样,其权系数完全由数据域来确定,也就是说在迭代计算过程中,该权系数也在变化.对于均匀采样的地震数据,笔者给出了近偏移距外推和波场的反假频重采样的计算结果,试算表明笔者给出的加权PRT方法可有效地应用于地震波场重建中,并具有算法稳健、计算精度高和效率高的特点.     

基于低频约束的高分辨率Radon变换多次波压制方法研究

抛物线Radon变换是地震资料处理中常用的一种多次波压制方法,常规Radon变换由于采用最小二乘算法的原因,对不同的曲率值采用相同的加权值进行求解,分辨率较低。为提高Radon域数据的分辨率,应采用对不同曲率值应用不同的加权值的方法。一般的思路是利用前一次迭代的结果得到加权矩阵,该算法需要迭代进行,运算量较大。这里拟采用低频约束的方式提高Radon变换的分辨率,即利用前一个频率的运算结果对下一个频率的计算进行约束,该算法分辨率高,计算速度快。模拟数据和实际数据的测试表明,本文方法在多次波压制处理中,可以快速有效地完成多次波去除。     

基于Qt的VSP波场分离系统的设计与实现

VSP技术是近几年发展比较迅速的一种重要地震观测方法,如何有效地分离上、下行波,是应用VSP资料所要解决的首要问题。介绍了几种常用的VSP波场分离方法原理及其实现步骤,利用跨平台的C＋＋图形用户界面库Qt,开发了VSP波场分离系统。系统操作界面友好、功能强大,已在实际资料处理中得到很好的应用。     

面波压制的TT变换法

在地震勘探中,面波的频率比其他有效地震波的频率低,往往被视作干扰波而需要压制,以突出有效波。TT(time-time)变换具有很好的频率聚集能力,它将高频信号聚集在TT变换域的对角线位置,通过提取TT变换域的对角线附近的元素,就可以压制低频面波,突出反射波。对物理模型和实际数据进行处理,并与传统的高通滤波方法进行对比,结果表明:TT变换实际上是S变换的延伸,与S变换有着密切的联系,有无损可逆性,而且具有很好的频率聚集能力。TT变换在压制面波方面有较好的效果,但在提取高频、压制低频的同时,漏掉了一些低频的有效信号,同时也保留了部分高频干扰,这是TT变换在信号分析中的不足之处。因此,在实际应用中应将TT变换和S变换结合起来,避免一些解释上的假象。     

Trace变换的基本理论及其在地震勘探中的应用

Trace变换是一种新的图象重建工具,在图象重建方面已取得很好的效果。推导了Trace变换公式中的一个公式:∫(ε(t))rdtq的反变换公式,并结合τ-p变换中坐标系的转换关系,讨论了它在地震勘探中应用的可能性。对80道单一理论水平合成记录作了正、反变换的分析。从原记录和反变换记录中分别取道分析,分析结果表明对80道理论水平记录能很好的恢复。     

旅行时分解法初至折射波静校正及其应用

在煤田地震勘探中,当第四系地层厚度较薄时,从野外观测到资料处理都较难得到来自第四系地层底界的反射波,因此无法解释第四系地层厚度问题,而这一问题又常常是要解决的地质任务之一。并且第四系地层厚度的变化也直接影响了深层反射波的叠加效果和构造形态。就此,文章介绍一种初至折射波静校正方法──旅行时分解法,及其在资料处理与解释中的应用。     

小波变换与F-K联合滤波在面波分离中的应用

作为一种时频分解方法,小波变换有着广泛的用途,而且与传统Fourier变换相比,它能刻画出具有相同频率的有效波与面波在时间—空间域的分布,但是仅靠小波变换分离面波,效果十分有限,可使用小波变换与F-K滤波方法联合对面波进行分离,具体做法是：用小波变换对地震波场进行多分辨率分析,对面波产生的区域进行F-K滤波,从中提取有效信号,再与其他信号一起进行重构,即可得到分离面波后的地震波场。通过实际资料的处理结果表明：该法在在分离面波方面具有良好的效果。     

基于多模态分离的面波谱分析方法

面波频谱分析法(SASW) 作为一种横向分辨率较高的瑞雷面波勘探方法, 由于计算得到的基阶面波频散曲线存在较大误差以及无法获得高阶模式频散曲线而在应用中受到限制.通过应用Fourier变换方法(FT法) 分离提取面波各模态数据, 进而对分离后的各模态数据利用SASW法计算频散曲线.通过模型实例分析得出: (1) 利用SASW计算基阶面波频散曲线时必须分离得到基阶面波数据, 然后计算才能得到正确的结果; (2) 基于多模态分离的SASW法可以计算得到面波高阶模式的频散曲线.      

Vertical velocity of mantle flow of East Asia and adjacent areas

Based on the high-resolution body wave tomographic image and relevant geophysical data, we calculated the form and the vertical and tangential velocities of mantle flow. We obtained the pattern of mantle convection for East Asia and the West Pacific. Some important results and understandings are gained from the images of the vertical velocity of mantle flow for East Asia and the West Pacific. There is an upwelling plume beneath East Asia and West Pacific, which is the earth’s deep origin for the huge rift valley there. We have especially outlined the tectonic features of the South China Sea, which is of the “工” type in the upper mantle shield type in the middle and divergent in the lower; the Siberian clod downwelling dives from the surface to near Core and mantle bounary (CMB), which is convergent in the upper mantle and divergent in the lower mantle; the Tethyan subduction region, centered in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, is visible from 300 to 2 000 km, which is also convergent in the upper mantle and divergent in the lower mantle. The three regions of mantle convection beneath East Asia and the West Pacific are in accordance with the West Pacific, Ancient Asia and the Tethyan structure regions. The mantle upwelling originates from the core-mantle boundary and mostly occurs in the middle mantle and the lower part of the upper mantle. The velocities of the vertical mantle flow are about 1–4 cm per year and the tangential velocities are 1–10 cm per year. The mantle flow has an effect on controlling the movement of plates and the distributions of ocean ridges, subduction zones and collision zones. The mantle upwelling regions are clearly related with the locations of hotspots on the earth’s surface. Translated from Geology in China, 2006, 33(4): 896–905 [译自: 中国地质]     

Joint Inversion of the 3D P Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle under the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Using Regional Earthquake and Teleseismic Data

The special seismic tectonic environment and frequent seismicity in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau show that this area is an ideal location to study the present tectonic movement and background of strong earthquakes in mainland China and to predict future strong earthquake risk zones. Studies of the structural environment and physical characteristics of the deep structure in this area are helpful to explore deep dynamic effects and deformation field characteristics, to strengthen our understanding of the roles of anisotropy and tectonic deformation and to study the deep tectonic background of the seismic origin of the block's interior. In this paper, the three-dimensional(3D) P-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle under the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is obtained via observational data from 224 permanent seismic stations in the regional digital seismic network of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces and from 356 mobile China seismic arrays in the southern section of the north–south seismic belt using a joint inversion method of the regional earthquake and teleseismic data. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the P-wave velocity anomalies in the shallow upper crust is closely related to the surface geological structure, terrain and lithology. Baoxing and Kangding, with their basic volcanic rocks and volcanic clastic rocks, present obvious high-velocity anomalies. The Chengdu Basin shows low-velocity anomalies associated with the Quaternary sediments. The Xichang Mesozoic Basin and the Butuo Basin are characterised by lowvelocity anomalies related to very thick sedimentary layers. The upper and middle crust beneath the Chuan–Dian and Songpan–Ganzi Blocks has apparent lateral heterogeneities, including low-velocity zones of different sizes. There is a large range of low-velocity layers in the Songpan–Ganzi Block and the sub–block northwest of Sichuan Province, showing that the middle and lower crust is relatively weak. The Sichuan Basin, which is located in the western margin of the Yangtze platform, shows high-velocity characteristics. The results also reveal that there are continuous low-velocity layer distributions in the middle and lower crust of the Daliangshan Block and that the distribution direction of the low-velocity anomaly is nearly SN, which is consistent with the trend of the Daliangshan fault. The existence of the low-velocity layer in the crust also provides a deep source for the deep dynamic deformation and seismic activity of the Daliangshan Block and its boundary faults. The results of the 3D P-wave velocity structure show that an anomalous distribution of high-density, strong-magnetic and high-wave velocity exists inside the crust in the Panxi region. This is likely related to late Paleozoic mantle plume activity that led to a large number of mafic and ultra-mafic intrusions into the crust. In the crustal doming process, the massive intrusion of mantle-derived material enhanced the mechanical strength of the crustal medium. The P-wave velocity structure also revealed that the upper mantle contains a low-velocity layer at a depth of 80–120 km in the Panxi region. The existence of deep faults in the Panxi region, which provide conditions for transporting mantle thermal material into the crust, is the deep tectonic background forthe area's strong earthquake activity.