光合作用生物膜诱发的放射鲕粒:以江苏徐州贾旺剖面寒武系苗岭统张夏组为例*

几年来针对巴哈马现代文石鲕粒的持续性研究表明,微生物和细胞外聚合物质(EPS)在鲕粒的形成和发育中起着关键而重要的作用,从而产生了一个重要的认识,即: 鲕粒可以看作是“纹层状的有机沉积构造”并遵循着微生物岩体系的一些形成特征。但是,鲕粒30亿年的发育历史、多样化的产出环境、特征性的矿物构成和各种各样的沉积组构,确实赋予了鲕粒生长和形成机理的复杂性和神秘性,因为鲕粒在何处而且如何形成、以及鲕粒究竟记录着何种生物与非生物过程的许多问题还存在剧烈争论。来自于江苏徐州贾旺剖面苗岭统张夏组上部鲕粒滩相灰岩,由较为典型的方解石放射鲕粒所组成,表现出放射状、放射—同心状和泥晶质的沉积组构,而且在鲕粒核心、鲕粒皮层以及在鲕粒间的不规则团块或凝块的暗色泥晶质构成中高密度地保存着精美的葛万菌(Girvanella)化石,进一步表明了这些暗色泥晶构成代表着较为特征的光合作用生物膜,从而提供了一个苗岭世方解石海中放射鲕粒形成较为直接的微生物证据,以及与光合作用生物膜之间复杂的成因联系,因为葛万菌是相对较为肯定地类比于近代钙化织线菌(Plectonema)的丝状蓝细菌化石,尽管还可类比于现代的伪枝菌(Scytonema)。虽然形成放射状鲕粒皮层的放射纤维状方解石的沉淀作用确实不能解释为直接的微生物沉淀作用的结果,但是,这些放射鲕粒确实表现出光合作用生物膜诱发、滋养并促进了放射纤维状方解石皮层增生作用的重要证据,为拓宽“鲕粒谜”的阐释提供了一个较为重要的典型实例,而且还成为寒武纪苗岭世方解石海与后生动物辐射相耦合的蓝细菌繁荣的重要证据。     

太原西山七里沟剖面本溪组铁质鲕粒成因探讨

著名的“山西式”铁矿几乎分布于整个华北地区,其成因曾是一个古老的地质问题。本文在前人研究的基础上,通过野外露头观察,并结合镜下鉴定与能谱分析对太原西山七里沟剖面本溪组铁质层中铁质鲕粒结构及其特征进行了详细研究。研究表明,大部分铁质鲕粒具有放射结构,并能隐约看到同心圈层,同时,在鲕粒内部及其周围发现了大量的似蓝细菌丝状体,以及铁质凝块和球粒,具有明显的微生物成因特征。因此,认为铁质鲕粒的形成与微生物密切相关,微生物参与了铁矿的形成。     

Distribution and tectonic implications of Cretaceous-Quaternary sedimentary facies in Solomon Islands

Sedimentary rocks of the Solomon Islands-Bougainville Arc are described in terms of nine widespread facies. Four facies associations are recognised by grouping facies which developed in broadly similar sedimentary environments.A marine pelagic association of Early Cretaceous to Miocene rocks comprises three facies. Facies Al: Early Cretaceous siliceous mudstone, found only on Malaita, is interpreted as deep marine siliceous ooze. Facies A2: Early Cretaceous to Eocene limestone with chert, overlies the siliceous mudstone facies, and is widespread in the central and eastern Solomons. It represents lithified calcareous ooze. Facies A3: Oligocene to Miocene calcisiltite with thin tuffaceous beds, overlies Facies A2 in most areas, and also occurs in the western Solomons. This represents similar, but less lithified calcareous ooze, and the deposits of periodic andesitic volcanism.An open marine detrital association of Oligocene to Recent age occurs throughout the Solomons. This comprises two facies. Facies B1 is variably calcareous siltstone, of hemipelagic origin; and Facies B2 consists of volcanogenic clastic deposits, laid down from submarine mass flows.A third association, of shallow marine carbonates, ranges in age from Late Oligocene to Recent. Facies C1 is biohermal limestone, and Facies C2 is biostromal calcarenite.The fourth association comprises areally restricted Pliocene to Recent paralic detrital deposits. Facies D1 includes nearshore clastic sediments, and Facies D2 comprises alluvial sands and gravels.Pre-Oligocene pelagic sediments were deposited contemporaneously with, and subsequent to, the extrusion of oceanic tholeiite. Island arc volcanism commenced along the length of the Solomons during the Oligocene, and greatly influenced sedimentation. Thick volcaniclastic sequences were deposited from submarine mass flows, and shallow marine carbonates accumulated locally. Fine grained graded tuffaceous beds within the marine pelagic association are interpreted as products of this volcanism, suggesting that the Santa Isabel-Malaita-Ulawa area, where these beds are prevalent, was relatively close to the main Solomons chain at this time. A subduction zone may have dipped towards the northeast beneath this volcanic chain. Pliocene to Pleistocene calcalkaline volcanism and tectonism resulted in the emergence of all large islands and led to deposition of clastic and carbonate facies in paralic, shallow and deep marine environments.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711200028X

Most Phanerozoic oolites are marked by ooids with a diameter less than 2 mm.Observations on a Neoproterozoic oolite have resulted in a change of concept.The term "pisolite" that traditionally referred to oolites with a grain size of more than 2 mm,is now restricted to those coated carbonate grains formed by meteoritic freshwater diagenesis;oolites with a grain size of more than 2 mm are now defined as "giant".Particular unusual giant oolites within a set of oolitic-bank limestones with thicknesses of more than 40 m in the top part of the Lower Triassic(Induan) Daye(Ruiping) Formation at the Lichuan section in the western part of Hubei Province in South China,represent an important sedimentological phenomenon in both the specific geological period and the geological setting that is related to the end-Permian biological mass extinction.Like the giant oolites of the Neoproterozoic that represent deposits where oolites formed in a vast low-angle carbonate ramp at that special geological period,the Triassic Daye Formation at the study section are significant because they provide a comparative example to help understand the evolving carbonate world reflected by oolites,the origin of which is still uncertain. and they give insight into the sedimentation pattern of the desolate sea floor,which resulted from the mass extinction at the turn of the Permian into the Tnassic.     

塔北埃迪卡拉系奇格布拉克组多类型共生鲕粒特征及其成因探讨*

碳酸盐岩中的鲕粒是古沉积环境重建的重要载体之一。塔里木盆地北部露头剖面、星火1井区埃迪卡拉系奇格布拉克组潟湖相及浅滩相沉积中发现了多种类型鲕粒及其共生现象。文中通过剖面详勘、岩心观察以及薄铸片、阴极发光、环境扫描电镜等研究方法,阐明了不同类型鲕粒的基本特征及分布,探讨了鲕粒成核、生长的特殊沉积环境和成岩改造等过程。按显微结构、特殊形态、组合以及成岩改造,依次将研究区奇格布拉克组鲕粒划分出12种类型,其中大气淡水、快速拟晶白云岩化、重结晶、交代白云岩化等成岩作用主要发现于中等水动力条件形成的同心(圈)鲕、同心—放射状鲕等。近源风暴引起的底流和涡流产生的撕裂、磨损及搬运作用为泥晶(大)鲕、薄皮鲕、放射状泥晶(正常或大)鲕、脑状鲕以及部分球(或细菌)鲕、复鲕的成核和微生物作用提供了基本条件,而文石—白云石海中低能环境下的黏性软底质中广泛发育的文石—高镁方解石胶结促进鲕粒的形成; 前者发育于潮道或浅滩环境,后者发育于潮坪—潟湖环境,短暂风暴潮或底流是两者共生的可能原因。 微生物参与泥晶成核、一定水动力条件下台阶状生长、差异性成岩改造是前寒武纪多种类型鲕粒发育的主控因素。鲕模孔、粒间(内)溶孔、晶间孔、有机微孔等孔隙具有一定储集意义。对奇格布拉克组鲕粒的研究,有助于深化对前寒武纪古海洋和大气组分、黏性软底质中成核与生长中的水动力及微生物作用、早期成岩改造及孔隙形成与保存机理等的认识。     

中国南方典型宁乡式铁矿沉积特征与成矿机制分析

宁乡式铁矿是我国南方最具代表性的沉积型铁矿,为了探讨其沉积特征与成矿机制,本文借助偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和TESCAN综合矿物分析仪,选取采自桂东北、鄂西成矿区的若干矿石样品进行岩石学和沉积学研究,深入剖析铁质鲕粒的显微组构和地球化学特征。结果显示宁乡式铁矿为混积岩,具有典型的鲕状结构,可划分为砂岩型、灰岩型和混合型等三种类型,赋存于中泥盆统信都组、上泥盆统黄家磴组和写经寺组地层中,含矿岩系总体为一套砂岩、泥页岩和泥灰岩组合,形成于区域海侵背景下的滨海、滨–浅海转换带;矿石中铁质鲕粒形态多样,粒径多集中于0.2～0.5 mm,少数铁质鲕粒的矿物相和主量元素呈圈层状分布,核心可为石英或生物碎屑充填,外部为赤铁矿、鲕绿泥石及胶磷矿环带互层。研究表明矿石的形成可划分为成矿物质准备期、铁质鲕粒形成期和铁矿沉积期三个阶段,强烈的古陆风化作用提供了成矿物质来源,成矿物质在机械沉积作用、胶体化学沉积作用和生物沉积作用下富集并沉淀,期间经历了复杂的氧化还原过程,最终压实固结为宁乡式铁矿。     

Sulphide ooids from the proterozoic Siyeh Formation of Alberta,Canada

Sulphide ooids from 0.5 to 4 mm in diameter occur over a large area in a thin arenite bed near the base of the Proterozoic Siyeh Formation in southwestern Alberta. Examination by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and electron microprobe, reveals that the ooids are composed of concentric layers, a few micrometers to a few tens of micrometers thick, of pyrite and chalcopyrite. Covellite is also present in several ooids. Copper sulphides are more abundant towards the centre of the ooids than in the outer shells where pyrite is predominant. A slightly eccentric nucleus of chalcopyrite and/or titanium oxide occurs in several ooids. It is speculated that the ooids grew during early diagenesis of the arenite, and that the source of metals were black argillaceous sediments above and below the arenite. The nucleation of sulphides around detrital grains of chalcopyrite and titanium oxide has an important bearing on metallogenetic models of stratiform copper deposits.     

Deltaic sedimentation in the Devonian of Western Libya

Middle and Upper Devonian deposits from the Aouinet Ouenine Formation in the southern Ghadames Basin of western Libya provide a well exposed example of a deltaic complex containing both progradational and transgressive facies. Progradational facies comprise both laterally accreting and incised distributary channels overlying prodelta deposits. Also present is a progradational beach environment showing build-up from an offshore shelf through nearshore shelf to shoreface and foreshore sub-environments. Over-lying these progradational facies are transgressive tidal-flat, washover-fan, foreshore and nearshore deposits.The characteristics and interrelationships of the different facies are explained by two sedimentation models: progradational facies existed contemporaneously during phases of active sediment supply whereas the transgressive facies existed contemporaneously during periods of diminished or absent detrital influx.     

粒滩相与藻坪相沉积——鲁西地区中寒武统张夏组剖析

鲁西地区中寒武统张夏组岩石的各种沉积特征表明：①华北地区普遍发育的鲕粒沉积在许多地点和层位是受海平面和水流条件变化影响的异地沉积物,而并非原始的“滩”。不同地点的鲕粒沉积具穿时性,一般由东和南向西和北层位逐步抬高,而并非同一时间的产物,即它们属同性相,而非同时相;②在鲕层中不同结构的鲕粒在一起,是由于沉积过程中不同地方的鲕粒相混合造成的,可称“沉积混合”,有的是在沉积稳定后受差异成岩作用的影响而造成的,可称“成岩混合”;③鲕粒沉积之后普遍为一套藻沉积,基本组分是Ｅｉｐｈｙｔｏｎ,,它处于潮坪环境,即藻坪。其中潮渠和干裂较发育。藻沉积的类型有藻斑块,藻丘、叠层石,个别地点发育藻礁;④由于海平面和潮流条件的频繁变化,使藻坪外或藻坪间的鲕粒沉积与藻坪沉积相互交替;⑤张夏组上、下段中鲕粒的形成环境不同,前者主要是较弱扰动条件下的产物,后者主要是较强和中等扰动条件下的产物;⑥综合沉积环境分析归纳出主要沉积相带的基本展布状况,由近陆向外海依次是：潮坪相—受局限水域（或泻湖）相—潮汐坝相—开阔浅海相。     

Petrography and geochemistry of the Shilu Fe–Co–Cu ore district,South China: Implications for the origin of a Neoproterozoic BIF system

The Shilu Fe–Co–Cu ore district is situated in the western Hainan Province of south China. This district consists of the upper Fe-rich layers and the lower Co–Cu ores, which are mainly hosted within the Neoproterozoic Shilu Group, a dominantly submarine siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentary succession that generally has been metamorphosed to greenschist facies. Three facies of metamorphosed BIFs, the oxide, the silicate–oxide and the sulfide–carbonate–silicate, have been identified within the Shilu Group. The oxide banded iron formation (BIF) facies (quartz itabirites or Fe-rich ores) consists of alternating hematite-rich and quartz-rich microbands. The silicate–oxide BIF facies (amphibolitic itabirites or Fe-poor ores) comprises alternating millimeter to tens of meter scale, magnetite–hematite-rich bands with calc-silicate-rich macro- to microbands. The sulfide–carbonate–silicate BIF facies (Co–Cu ores) contain alternating cobaltiferous pyrite, cobaltiferous pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite macrobands to microbands mainly with dolomite–calcite, but also with minor sericite–quartz bands. Blasto-oolitic, pelletoidal, colloidal, psammitic, and cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline textures, and blasto-bedding structures, which likely represent primary sedimentation, are often observed in the Shilu BIF facies.The Shilu BIFs and interbedded host rocks are generally characterized by relatively low but variable ∑ REE concentrations, LREE depletion and/or MREE enrichment relative to HREE, and no Ce, Gd and Eu anomalies to strongly positive Ce, Gd and Eu anomalies in the upward-convex PAAS-normalized REY patterns, except for both the banded or impure dolostones with nil Ce anomaly to negative Ce anomalies and negative La anomalies, and the minor sulfide–carbonate–silicate BIF facies with moderately negative Eu anomalies. They also contain relatively low but variable HFSE abundances as Zr, Nb, Hf, Th and Ti, and relatively high but variable abundances of Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, As, Mn and Ba. The consistently negative ε_Nd(t) values range from − 4.8 to − 8.5, with a T_DM age of ca. 2.0 Ga. In line with the covariations between Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, Fe₂O₃ + FeO and SiO₂, Mn and Fe, Zr and Y/Ho and REE, and Sc and LREE, the geochemical and Sm–Nd isotopic features suggest that the precursors to the Shilu BIFs formed from a source dominated by seafloor-derived, high- to low temperature, acidic and reducing hydrothermal fluids but with variable input of detrital components in a seawater environment. Moreover, the involved detrital materials were sourced dominantly from an unknown, Paleoproterozoic or older crust, with lesser involvement from the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic Baoban Group underlying the Shilu Group.The Shilu BIFs of various facies are interpreted to have formed in a shallow marine, restricted or sheltered basin near the rifted continental margin most likely associated with the break-up of Rodinia as the result of mantle superplume activity in South China. The seafloor-derived, periodically upwelling metalliferous hydrothermal plume/vent fluids under anoxic but sulfidic to anoxic but Fe^2 +-rich conditions were removed from the plume/vent and accumulated in the basin, and then variably mixed with terrigenous detrital components, which finally led to rhythmic deposition of the Shilu BIFs.     

粒滩相与藻坪相沉积--鲁西地区中寒武统张夏组剖析

鲁西地区中寒武统张夏组岩石的各种沉积特征表明:①华北地区普遍发育的鲕粒沉积在许多地点和层位是受海平面和水流条件变化影响的异地沉积物,而并非原始的“滩”。不同地点的鲕粒沉积具穿时性,一般由东和南向西和北层位逐步抬高,而并非同一时间的产物,即它们属同性相,而非同时相;②在鲕层中不同结构的鲕粒在一起,是由于沉积过程中不同地方的鲕粒相混合造成的,可称“沉积混合”,有的是在沉积稳定后受差异成岩作用的影响而造成的,可称“成岩混合”;③鲕粒沉积之后普遍为一套藻沉积,基本组分是Eiphyton,它处于潮坪环境,即藻坪。其中潮渠和干裂较发育。藻沉积的类型有藻斑块,藻丘、叠层石,个别地点发育藻礁;④由于海平面和潮流条件的频繁变化,使藻坪外或藻坪间的鲕粒沉积与藻坪沉积相互交替;⑤张夏组上、下段中鲕粒的形成环境不同,前者主要是较弱扰动条件下的产物,后者主要是较强和中等扰动条件下的产物;⑥综合沉积环境分析归纳出主要沉积相带的基本展布状况,由近陆向外海依次是:潮坪相-受局限水域（或泻湖）相-潮汐坝相-开阔浅海相。     

中国北方地区石炭纪岩相古地理

中国北方地区包括西北地区、华北地区和东北地区。该地区石炭系划分为上、下统,在西北地区、东北地区石炭系发育完整,华北地区普遍缺失下石炭统。87个标准剖面和529个辅助剖面的岩相古地理研究表明：早石炭世中国北方地区主要存在佳木斯古陆、额尔古纳古陆、中朝古陆、东塔里木─敦煌─中祁连─阿拉善古陆、陇西古陆、准噶尔─吐哈古陆、阿勒泰古陆等;从东至西主要发育松辽海盆、辽东海湾、北山海盆、祁连海、柴达木台地、宗务隆山海槽、塔里木台地、西昆仑海盆、南天山海盆、北天山─准噶尔海盆等海相沉积。晚石炭世海侵范围扩大,佳木斯古陆、额尔古纳古陆仍然存在,中朝古陆已明显缩小至其北部地区,东塔里木-敦煌-阿拉善古陆范围缩小,陇西古陆向西延伸扩大,北准噶尔─阿勒泰连为一体形成古陆;发育松辽海盆、华北海、祁连海、柴达木台地、宗务隆山海槽、塔里木海盆、南准噶尔-博格达山海盆等海相沉积。     

Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation on a Miocene fault-block,Gulf of Suez,Egypt

The Miocene sediments at Abu Shaar (Red Sea, Egypt) include both carbonates and detrital silicates whose distribution is closely related to a pre-Miocene basement fault-block. As such, they demonstrate the relationships between local distensional tectonics and sedimentation. Because of the vertical bathymetric relief of the basement block, the carbonates include both a spectacular talus and massive platform facies. In spite of the presence of scattered corals, sedimentation is not truly reefal as deposits consist essentially of muddy bioclastic and silicate sands. The most typical ecological elements are numerous spectacular stromatolites. Rigidity of the sedimentary mass was mainly induced by early marine cementation. Carbonate-siliciclastic transitions on and around the Abu Shaar platform were determined mainly by basement morphology and related pre-Miocene tectonics.     

北京西郊下苇甸剖面寒武系崮山组叠层石生物丘的沉积组构

北京西郊下苇甸剖面的崮山组,属于寒武系第三统顶部,自下而上从陆棚相泥灰岩向上变浅至鲕粒滩相灰岩,组成一个淹没不整合型三级沉积层序。在该组上部的一层块状鲕粒滩相颗粒灰岩中,发育串珠状分布的、可以归为叠层石生物丘的穹窿状构造。这些叠层石生物丘,典型的地势隆起和突变的边界代表了明显的早期石化作用特征。叠层石生物丘中的柱状叠层石,为典型的泥晶相叠层石,其内部除了黏结较多的三叶虫生物碎屑外,还不均匀地分布着放射-纤维状方解石(或文石？)组成的底栖鲕粒。这些底栖鲕粒,以其较小的粒径、多样的类型、平滑但不连续的鲕粒圈层以及外部边缘的泥晶套等特征,明显区别于宿主岩石中的颗粒滩相悬浮鲕粒,而且表现出较为明显的与微生物活动相关的微组构。鉴于叠层石是典型的微生物席建造物,该叠层石生物丘特别的宏观和微观沉积组构还可以进一步将其归为较为典型的"微生物礁",从而成为研究中奥陶生物大辐射事件之前贫乏骨骼的浅海环境的沉积作用样式、以及更加深入理解这一特殊时期的微生物造礁作用特征提供了一个较为典型的实例。     

大庆油田肇35区块葡萄花油层沉积微相分布演化规律及有利相带预测

肇35区块是大庆宋芳屯油田新开发的区块,葡萄花油层为主力勘探层位。综合各类地质数据及沉积相分析,认为研究区主要发育三角洲前缘和浅湖两种沉积相类型,进一步划分为水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂、水下分流间湾和浅湖泥岩等微相类型,建立了相应的测井相模板。垂向上,河口坝在葡上段较发育,砂岩分选较好,PI2小层为主要含油层位;水下分流河道在葡下段发育良好,PI51、PI52和PI7小层为主要含油层位。平面上,研究区主要以西北部和北部物源为主,砂体呈现西北厚、东南薄的分布特点。水下分流河道呈树枝状交叉合并,规模较大,沿河道延伸方向连续性好;河道末端及两侧发育片状、席状砂,厚度较薄,连续性好;河口坝砂体主要分布在河道末端,呈透镜状展布,规模较小。结合各沉积微相含油性、物性特征分析,在研究区预测了3类有利相带,其中水下分流河道砂体为Ⅰ类有利相带区,在研究区分布面积较大;河口坝砂体为Ⅱ类有利相带区,在研究区分布面积较小且分散;席状砂为Ⅲ类有利相带区,仅在研究区南部发育。     

The impact of meteoric water on the diagenetic alterations in deep-water, marine siliciclastic turbidites

Meteoric-water flux and formation of kaolinite owing to the dissolution of detrital silicates are common features of continental and paralic sandstones. In deep-water marine sandstones, meteoric-water flux is commonly considered unlikely to occur. However, the study of deep-water, marine sandstones of the Shetland–Faroes Basin on the British continental shelf revealed widespread and extensive dissolution and kaolinitization of mica and feldspar grains, which are attributed to meteoric-water flux during a sea-level lowstand. We suggest that this apparently enigmatic meteoric-water flux mechanism is likely to have occurred by hyperpycnal flow. Hyperpycnal flow occurs when river effluent directly transfers into sediment gravity flow, and enters seawater as a mixture of sediment and fresh water. The likelihood for hyperpycnal flows increases at times when rivers and distributary channels reach the shelf edge, and their flows are delivered directly onto the deepwater slope.     

Relationship of diagenetic chlorite rims to depositional facies in Lower Cretaceous reservoir sandstones of the Scotian Basin

The relationship between diagenetic chlorite rims and depositional facies in deltaic strata of the Lower Cretaceous Missisauga Formation was investigated using a combination of electron microprobe, bulk geochemistry and X‐ray diffraction data. The succession studied comprises several stacked parasequences. The delta progradational facies association includes: (i) fluvial or distributary channel sandstones (some with tidal influence); (ii) thick‐bedded delta‐front graded beds of sandstone interpreted as resulting from fluvial hyperpycnal flow during floods and storms; and (iii) more distal muddier delta‐front and prodeltaic facies. The transgressive facies association includes lag conglomerate, siderite‐cemented muddy sandstone and mudstone, and bioclastic sandy limestone. Chlorite rims are absent in the fluvial facies and best developed in thick sandstones lacking mudstone baffles. Good quality chlorite rims are well correlated with Ti in bulk geochemistry. Ti is a proxy for Fe availability, principally from the breakdown of abundant detrital ilmenite (FeTiO₃). Under conditions of sea floor diagenesis, the abrupt decrease in sedimentation rate at transgressive surfaces caused progressive shallowing of the sulphate‐depletion level and of the overlying Eh‐controlled diagenetic zones, resulting in conditions suitable for diagenetic formation of berthierine to migrate upwards through the packet of reservoir sandstones. This early diagenetic berthierine suppressed silica cementation and later recrystallized to chlorite. Thick euhedral outer chlorite rims were precipitated from formation water in sandstone lacking muddy baffles on this chlorite substrate and inhibited late carbonate cementation. This study thus shows that the preservation of porosity by chlorite rims is a two‐stage process. Rapidly deposited delta‐front turbidite facies create early diagenetic conditions that eventually lead to the formation of chlorite rims, but the best quality chlorite rims are restricted to sandstones with high permeability during burial diagenesis.     

Geochemistry and origin of the Neoproterozoic Dahongliutan banded iron formation (BIF) in the Western Kunlun orogenic belt,Xinjiang (NW China)

The Neoproterozoic (593–532 Ma) Dahongliutan banded iron formation (BIF), located in the Tianshuihai terrane (Western Kunlun orogenic belt), is hosted in the Tianshuihai Group, a dominantly submarine siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentary succession that generally has been metamorphosed to greenschist facies. Iron oxide (hematite), carbonate (siderite, ankerite, dolomite and calcite) and silicate (muscovite) facies are all present within the iron-rich layers. There are three distinctive sedimentary facies BIFs, the oxide, silicate–carbonate–oxide and carbonate (being subdivided into ankerite and siderite facies BIFs) in the Dahongliutan BIF. They demonstrate lateral and vertical zonation from south to north and from bottom to top: the carbonate facies BIF through a majority of the oxide facies BIF into the silicate–carbonate–oxide facies BIF and a small proportion of the oxide facies BIF.The positive correlations between Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, Sc, V, Cr, Rb, Cs, Th and ∑REE (total rare earth element) for various facies of BIFs indicate these chemical sediments incorporate terrigenous detrital components. Low contents of Al₂O₃ (<3 wt%), TiO₂ (<0.15 wt%), ∑REE (5.06–39.6 ppm) and incompatible HFSEs (high field strength elements, e.g., Zr, Hf, Th and Sc) (<10 ppm), and high Fe/Ti ratios (254–4115) for a majority of the oxide and carbonate facies BIFs suggest a small clastic input (<20% clastic materials) admixtured with their original chemical precipitates. The higher abundances of Al₂O₃ (>3 wt%), TiO₂, Zr, Th, Cs, Sc, Cr and ∑REE (31.2–62.9 ppm), and low Fe/Ti ratios (95.2–236) of the silicate–carbonate–oxide facies BIF are consistent with incorporation of higher amounts of clastic components (20%–40% clastic materials). The HREE (heavy rare earth element) enrichment pattern in PAAS-normalized REE diagrams exhibited by a majority of the oxide and carbonate facies BIFs shows a modern seawater REE signature overprinted by high-T (temperature) hydrothermal fluids marked by strong positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu¹_PAAS = 2.37–5.23). The low Eu/Sm ratios, small positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu¹_PAAS = 1.10–1.58) and slightly MREE (middle rare earth element) enrichment relative to HREE in the silicate–carbonate–oxide facies BIF and some oxide and carbonate facies BIFs indicate higher contributions from low-T hydrothermal sources. The absence of negative Ce anomalies and the high Fe³⁺/(Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺) ratios (0.98–1.00) for the oxide and silicate–carbonate–oxide BIFs do not support ocean anoxia. The δ¹³C_V-PDB (−4.0‰ to −6.6‰) and δ¹⁸O_V-PDB (−14.0‰ to −11.5‰) values for siderite and ankerite in the carbonate facies BIF are, on average, ∼6‰ and ∼5‰ lower than those (δ¹³C_V-PDB = −0.8‰ to + 3.1‰ and δ¹⁸O_V-PDB = −8.2‰ to −6.3‰) of Ca–Mg carbonates from the silicate–carbonate–oxide facies BIF. This feature, coupled with the negative correlations between FeO, Eu/Eu¹_PAAS and δ¹³C_V-PDB, imply that a water column stratified with regard to the isotopic omposition of total dissolved CO₂, with the deeper water, from which the carbonate facies BIF formed, depleted in δ¹³C that may have been derive from hydrothermal activity.Integration of petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic data indicates that the silicate–carbonate–oxide facies BIF and part of the oxide facies BIF precipitated in a near-shore, oxic and shallow water environment, whereas a majority of the oxide and carbonate facies BIFs deposited in anoxic but Fe²⁺-rich deeper waters, closer to submarine hydrothermal vents. High-T hydrothermal solutions, with infusions of some low-T hydrothermal fluids, brought Fe and Si onto a shallow marine, variably mixed with detrital components from seawaters and fresh waters carrying continental landmass and finally led to the alternating deposition of the Dahongliutan BIF during regression–transgression cycles.The Dahongliutan BIF is more akin to Superior-type rather than Algoma-type and Rapitan-type BIF, and constitutes an additional line of evidence for the widespread return of BIFs in the Cryogenian and Ediacaran reflecting the recurrence of anoxic ferruginous deep sea and anoxia/reoxygenation cycles in the Neoproterozoic. In combination with previous studies on other Fe deposits in the Tianshuihai terrane, we propose that a Fe²⁺-rich anoxic basin or deep sea probably existed from the Neoproterozoic to the Early Cambrian in this area.     

马家山—小涧子油田砂岩成岩作用及其对储层的影响

为了揭示鄂尔多斯盆地马家山—小涧子油田砂岩成岩作用对储层的控制作用,综合采用了薄片鉴定、铸体薄片、压汞、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射和包裹体分析等多种方法。研究认为:该区延长组长61、长4 5段砂岩成岩作用进入了中成岩阶段的A期;成岩相的平面分布具有明显的规律性,由水下分流河道砂体及河口砂坝中心向边缘,直至水下分流间湾,依次发育溶蚀孔隙相、绿泥石胶结相、碳酸盐胶结相及压实杂基相4种成岩相类型;储层物性依次变差;有利的储集相带为水下分流河道砂体和河口砂坝中心的溶蚀孔隙相和绿泥石胶结相。     

可可西里西段羊湖盆地沉积、构造特征及其动力学意义

对可可西里西段新生代盆地缺乏了解是导致该区新生代地质演化存在争议的重要原因.本文以沉积学和构造变形分析为主要手段,对可可西里西段羊湖盆地时代、充填序列、物源区和变形特征进行了分析,结果表明,羊湖盆地新生界沉积厚度大于1302m,主要由下部雅西错组冲积扇相碎屑岩和上部五道梁群湖泊相碳酸盐岩组成,其岩石组合和充填序列与可可西里东段具有一致性,同时古流向和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学分析显示盆地物源来南部的羌塘地块,盆地形成演化受南部褶皱冲断带制约,盆地构造变形强烈,沿褶皱冲断带和羊湖盆地地壳分别发生51％和41％的缩短.沉积充填结构和变形特征表明,羊湖盆地与东段可可西里盆地具有相同的演化历史和性质,预示青藏高原中部在渐新世-中新世在存在一个大的、统一的可可西里盆地.