常用海水热力性质计算综述

海水热力性质是计算海水作为冷源换热设备的热力性能的必要参数。本文通过对海水热力性质相关计算方程梳理,总结给出当前海水热力性质的简化计算方案,方便在工程计算中实现海水热力性质计算,提高工程计算的精度。     

海上钻井平台的外载荷计算方法

本文介绍了海上钻井平台由重力、浮力、风、波浪、潮流及地震力引起的外载荷计算方法,并编制了相应的计算程序。文中给出了计算程序的有关框图,并将计算结果与国外有关计算程序的结果相比较,结果表明由本文介绍的计算方法编制的外载荷计算程序是可靠、有效的。     

STWAVE模型在多岛屿区域波浪要素计算中的应用

我国常用的风推浪计算方法在多岛屿区域波浪要素计算中具有一定局限性。论文通过不同方法计算的波浪要素计算结果的比较,认为STWAVE模型在满足计算精度的前提下,操作简单,方法简便,在多岛屿区域波浪要素计算中具有较大的应用、推广价值。     

我国部分测站台风潮重现期的计算

我国是世界上经常受风暴潮袭击的国家之一,因此,很需要计算每个测站《大增水值的重现期。首先,我们用耿贝尔方法,计算了资料序列长的17个站的最大增水值的重现期。在这些站计算的最大增水值的频率分布与由历史资料计算的重现期吻合得较好。其二,我们还用三种方法计算了海口站最大增水位的重现期并进行了计算结果的比较。最后,我们计算了湛江站的最高潮位的频率分布。其计算值与依据历史资料计算的重现期吻合得相当好。计算结果对做风暴潮预报、海岸工程设计和估计风暴潮造成的损失非常有用。     

谈计算模式的演变及其对海洋地质数据处理的影响

自1946年世界上第1台电子计算机ENIAC成功诞生以来,计算机技术和其提供的计算模式发生了巨大的变化,从计算机技术及其应用的角度可以将计算模式划分为传统主机计算模式、个人普及计算模式和网络分布计算模式。主要讨论了以上几种计算模式的特点和在海洋地质数据处理方面的应用与发展趋势。     

一种铁磁物体固定磁性反演新方法

对铁磁物体固定磁性计算问题进行了研究,提出了一种基于磁场积分法和 TTLS 正则化方法的铁磁物体固定磁性计算的新技术,为铁磁物体固定磁性计算难题的求解提供了一条新的技术途径。 该技术以三维磁场积分法为数值计算方法。 首先由正演模型计算得到了铁磁物体感应磁场分布,其次基于铁磁物体外部空间磁场测量数据和感应磁场计算值,建立了固定磁性反演模型,并利用截断总体最小二乘正则化方法处理反演模型的病态性,以减小测量误差对反演计算结果的影响。 由正反演模型相结合即可实现铁磁物体固定磁性的计算。 钢板固定磁性计算实例表明,该方法具有较好的计算精度,能够有效重建铁磁物体内部固定磁性分布。     

天文变量的计算

根据IUGG第十届全体会议决议，1984年起采用新的天文常数[1]，属于J2000．O系统。现在潮汐计算中仍普遍采用J1900．O系统的公式计算天文变量。本文依据2个系统的公式计算了天文变量。计算表明，依据新旧2个系统计算的天文变量对潮汐的计算造成的差异很小，J1900．O系统的计算公式仍可继续使用到2099年。尽管如此，本文认为目前在潮汐计算中应该根据IUGG第十届全体会议决议的要求采用J2000．O系统的公式计算天文变量。     

Civil 3D在港区工程量计算中的应用

港区陆域形成的填挖方量对工程经济性影响非常大,寻找精确地计算港区陆域工程量使纵向设计最优化的方法是港区工程全寿命周期各个环节的关键。基于传统方法的计算原理与应用现状分析了现有方法在港区土方计算中存在的问题,借鉴建筑信息模型BIM(Building Information Modeling)思想,对Civil3D的土方计算原理与操作流程进行研究,最后以某港区石化仓储库区场平方案为例,参考传统计算软件HTCAD的计算结果,验证了Civil3D在港区工程量计算中的便捷性与可靠性。结果显示:Civil3D的计算精度比HTCAD高7%~20%,计算速度是HTCAD的数十倍,在修改过程中计算速度达数百倍。研究成果为采用Civil3D进行港区陆域土方计算提供理论和技术依据。     

非常规管节点疲劳寿命分析与计算

对非常规管节点的疲劳寿命进行了分析研究，用SESAM计算疲劳载荷，应用精细有限元分析计算热点应力，用规范的S—N曲线计算管节点的疲劳寿命。通过实例计算表明，这些处理对非常规管节点疲劳寿命分析与计算是很有效的。     

任意形状大尺度固定式近海建筑物波浪荷载的数值计算——三维表面布源法

任意形状大尺度固定式近海建筑物上波浪荷载的计算是这类建筑物设计时所必须解决的问题。三维表面布源法是解决这个问题的一个有效方法。本文将三维表面布源法用于工程中最常见的具有竖直对称平面的物体上波浪荷载的计算,使得计算量和计算所需的计算机内存大大减少。利用文中所讨论的方法可以方便地在微型计算机上计算具有竖直对称平面、形状较复杂的建筑物在不对称入射波作用下的波浪荷载。如用此方法在大型计算机上计算,可节省大量机时和内存。根据上述方法,用FORTRAN-77计算机语言编写的计算程序WFLG具有表面单元自动剖分功能。本程序的计算结果与弧立圆柱理论解和实际平台结构的三维有限元的计算结果符合很好。WFLG程序已被用于我国第一座钢筋混凝土平台的设计计算。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.