青藏高原古新世一始新世早期（65-40Ma）火山岩——同碰撞火山作用的产物

印度-亚洲大陆的碰撞开始于65Ma左右,大约在45／40Ma完成,之后转入碰撞后阶段至今。碰撞过程（～65～40Ma）中,已消减的新特提斯大洋板片回转,不仅导致会聚速率提高,还诱使青藏岩石圈之下的对流软流圈上涌,并发生减压熔融,产生碰撞期（或同碰撞）火山作用。西藏中部和南部的古新世一始新世早期（～65～40Ma）火山岩即是此碰撞期（或同碰撞）火山作用的产物。该碰撞期（或同碰撞）火山岩系并非是单一的长英质中酸性火山岩,其成分变化很宽．从玄武质到流纹质均有发育。它们源于成分为ENd（t）≈＋3、87Sr／88Sr（f）≈0．705和La／Nb≈0．8的软流圈源。根据岩石地球化学数据,古新世一始新世早期基性熔岩可以划分为高Ti／Y（HT,Ti／Y≥500）和低Ti／Y（LT,Ti／Y〈500）两个岩浆类型。LT熔岩又可以进一步划分为LT1和LT2等两个亚类。HT和LT1熔岩为未遭受地壳混染的基性熔岩,以具有高Nb／La值（0．88～1．53）和原始地幔标准化分配曲线上缺乏Nb、Ta和Ti负异常为特征;而LT2熔岩却为受到了强烈地壳混染的基性熔岩．其Nb／La值很低（O．20～0．49）,Nb、Ta和Ti明显亏损。西藏中部拉嘎拉玄武岩和邦达错碱性玄武岩的化学演化受控于橄榄石（ol）＋单斜辉石（cpx）结晶分离作用;而西藏南部林子宗火山岩系的化学变异则是经受了辉长质结晶分离作用。元素和同位素数据表明．青藏高原古新世一始新世早期基性熔岩并不是单一母岩浆结晶分离的产物。遭受地壳混染的LT2熔岩的Sr—Nd同位素变化特点与其软流圈源熔体上升过程中所卷入的不同岩石圈组分有关。下地壳组分的卷入导致典中组、帕那组和拉嘎拉玄武岩的LT2熔岩具有低-负εNd（t）值（＋1．3～-3．9）和较低87St／86Sr（f）值（0．7046～-0．7065）;而达孜基性火山岩和年波组的LT2?     

Mineralization,geochronology, and Pb isotope studies of the shoshonitic lava-hosted Nariniya Pb deposit,central Tibet: linking ore formation to post-collisional potassic magmatism

Abstract

A newly discovered, shoshonitic lava-hosted Pb deposit at Nariniya in central Tibet provides an excellent example to help improve our understanding of the linkage between post-collisional potassic magmatism and ore formation in Tibet. The Pb ores exist as veins or veinlets in NWW-striking fracture zones within the potassic lava (trachyte). The veins contain quartz, galena, pyrite, and sericite (muscovite) as well as minor chalcopyrite, sphalerite, calcite, and dolomite with sericitization, pyritization, and minor silicification. The ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau age of the hydrothermal muscovite is 37.95 ± 0.30 Ma, which represents the Pb mineralization age. This obtained age is indistinguishable, within analytical error, from the zircon U–Pb age of 37.88 ± 0.22 Ma for potassic lava. Therefore, the ore formation can be genetically linked to potassic magmatism. Galena has similar Pb isotopic composition to magmatic feldspar from the host lava, suggesting the derivation of Pb from the magmatic system. Previous studies have suggested that S- and ore-forming fluids are of magmatic origin. Published data show that the Nariniya volcanic rocks are acidic, shoshonitic, akakitic, peraluminous, and enriched in Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes. Thus, they are geochemically different from other potassic volcanic rocks (no adakitic affinity) in the North Qiangtang terrane, but similar to the 46–38 Ma high-K calc-alkaline peraluminous adakitic rocks in this terrane and the late Eocene Cu-generating potassic porphyries from the Sanjiang region of eastern Tibet. As such, the Nariniya potassic magma likely originated from melting of subducted continental crust, with or without interaction with the overlying enriched mantle. Such post-collisional potassic rocks in Tibet are thought to be potential targets for prospecting of both Pb–Zn and porphyry Cu ores. Note that other ore styles (in addition to the Nariniya ore style) may exist in the potassic volcanic districts of Tibet.     

西昆仑-喀喇昆仑地区钾质碱性岩Ar-Ar年龄--以羊湖、昝坎和苦子干岩体为例

位于西藏西北部和新疆西南部中间地带的西昆仑-喀喇昆仑山地区的羊湖、昝坎和苦子干火山岩岩体是哀牢山-金沙江新生代钾质碱性岩浆岩带的西延部分,A r-A r测年结果为18 M a~12 M a,结合该地区岩体的岩石化学成分研究,表明哀牢山-金沙江新生代钾质碱性岩浆岩带的岩浆作用东早西晚,始于始新世中期(41 M a)到更新世(0.3 M a~0.07 M a),岩浆作用时间长达40 M a。这一现象与印度、欧亚两大陆碰撞时间在50 M a~45M a至今是一致的,暗示其成因与印度、欧亚两大陆碰撞有内在的联系。     

Petrochemistry of Volcanic Rocks in the Hishikari Mining Area of Southern Japan, with Implications for the Relative Contribution of Lower Crust and Mantle-derived Basalt

Abstract. This study presents the petrographical, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of Late Pliocene‐Pleistocene volcanic rocks distributed in the Hishikari gold mining area of southern Kyushu, Japan, and discusses their origin and evolution. The Hishikari volcanic rocks (HVR), on the basis of age and chemical compositions, are divided into the Kurosonsan (2.4–1.0 Ma) and Shishimano (1.7–0.5 Ma) Groups, which occur in the northern and southern part of the area, respectively. Each group is composed of three andesites and one rhyodacite. HVR are characterized by high concentrations of incompatible elements compared with other volcanic rocks in southern Kyushu, and have low Sr/Nd and high Th/U, Th/Pb, and U/Pb ratios compared with typical subduction‐related arc volcanic rocks. Modal and whole‐rock compositions of the HVR change systematically with the age of the rocks. Mafic mineral and augite/hypersthene ratios of the andesites decrease with decreasing age in the Kurosonsan Group, whereas in the Shishimano Group, these ratios are higher in the youngest andesite. Similarly, major and trace element compositions of the younger andesites in the former group are enriched in felsic components, whereas in the latter group the youngest andesite is more mafic than older andesites. Moreover, the crystallization temperature of phenocryst minerals decreases with younger age in the former group, whereas the opposite trend is seen in the latter group. Another significant feature is that rhyodacite in the Shishimano Group is enriched in felsic minerals and incompatible elements, and exhibits higher crystallization temperatures of phenocryst minerals than the rhyodacite of the Kurosonsan Group. Geochemical attributes of the HVR and other volcanic rocks in southern Kyushu indicate that a lower subcontinental crust, characterized by so‐called EMI‐type Sr‐Nd and DUPAL anomaly‐like Pb isotopic compositions, is distributed beneath the upper to middle crust of the Shimanto Supergroup. The HVR would be more enriched in felsic materials derived from the lower crust by high‐alumina basaltic magma from the mantle than volcanic rocks in other areas of southern Kyushu. The Kurosonsan Group advanced the degree of the lower crust contribution with decreasing age from 51 %, through 61 and 66 % to 77 %. In the Shishimano Group, the younger rhyodacite and andesite are derived from hotter magmas with smaller amounts of lower crust component (58 and 57 %) than the older two andesites (65 % and 68 %). We suggest that the Shishimano rhyodacite, which is considered to be responsible for gold mineralization, was formed by large degree of fractional crystallization of hot basaltic andesite magma with less lower crustal component.     

Petrochemistry of the south Marmara granitoids, northwest Anatolia, Turkey

Post-collision magmatic rocks are common in the southern portion of the Marmara region (Kap?da?, Karabiga, Gönen, Yenice, Çan areas) and also on the small islands (Marmara, Av?a, Pa?aliman?) in the Sea of Marmara. They are represented mainly by granitic plutons, stocks and sills within Triassic basement rocks. The granitoids have ages between Late Cretaceous and Miocene, but mainly belong to two groups: Eocene in the north and Miocene in the south. The Miocene granitoids have associated volcanic rocks; the Eocene granitoids do not display such associations. They are both granodioritic and granitic in composition, and are metaluminous, calc-alkaline, medium to high-K rocks. Their trace elements patterns are similar to both volcanic-arc and calc-alkaline post-collision intrusions, and the granitoids plot into the volcanic arc granite (VAG) and collision related granite areas (COLG) of discrimination diagrams. The have high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.704–0.707) and low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.5124–0.5128). During their evolution, the magma was affected by crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC). Nd and Sr isotopic compositions support an origin of derivation by combined continental crustal AFC from a basaltic parent magma. A slab breakoff model is consistent with the evolution of South Marmara Sea granitoids.     

Post-collisional adakitic volcanism in the eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, Turkey: evidence for slab and crustal melting

New geochemical and isotopic data for post-collisional Early Eocene and Late Miocene adakitic rocks from the eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, Turkey, indicate that slab and lower crustal melting, respectively, played key roles in the petrogenesis of these rocks. The Early Eocene Yoncal?k dacite (54.4 Ma) exhibits high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, low Y and HREE concentrations, moderate Mg# (44–65), and relatively high εNd and low ISr values, similar to adakites formed by slab melting associated with subduction. Geochemical composition of the Yoncal?k dacite cannot be explained by simple crystal fractionation and/or crustal contamination of andesitic parent magma, but is consistent with the participation of different proportions of melts derived from subducted basalt and sediments. Sr/Y correlates horizontally with Rb/Y, and Pb/Nd correlates vertically with Nd isotopic composition, indicating that Sr and Pb budgets are strongly controlled by melt addition from the subducting slab, whereas positive correlations between Th/Nd and Pb/Nd, and Rb/Y and Nb/Y point to some contribution of sediment melt. In addition to low concentrations of heavy rare earth elements (~2–3 times chondrite), a systematic decrease in their concentrations and Nb/Ta ratios with increasing SiO₂ contents suggests that slab partial melting occurred in the garnet stability field and that these elements were mobilized by fluid flux. These geochemical and isotopic signatures are best explained by slab breakoff and fusion shortly after the initiation of collision. Although the Late Micone Tavda?? rhyolite (8.75 Ma) has some geochemical features identical to adakites, such as high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, low Y and HREE concentrations, other requirements, such as sodic andesite and/or dacite with relatively high MgO and Mg# (>50), relatively high Ni and Cr, low K₂O/Na₂O (<0.4), high Sr (>400 ppm), for slab-derived adakites are not provided. It is sodic in composition and shows no traces of fractionation from dacitic parent magma. Low Nd and high Sr isotope ratios suggest derivation by partial fusion of calc-alkaline, juvenile crust with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios.     

藏北新生代玄武质火山岩起源的深部机制——大陆俯冲和板片断离驱动的地幔对流上涌模式

近年来地震层析成像揭示出可可西里-西昆仑中新世-第四纪钾质火山岩带下方存在一个深达900km的巨型地幔低速体,空间上与新特提斯洋和印度大陆俯冲断离板片沉降形成的冷地幔下降流共存(Replumaz et al.,2010a,b),两者构成统一的地幔对流体系。研究表明,羌塘古近纪(60~34Ma)钠质玄武岩和高钾钙碱性玄武岩均以富含Ti O2、P2O5和大离子亲石元素为特征,主体具有与OIB相近的微量元素组成和弱亏损的Sr、Nd同位素特征,指示岩浆起源于软流圈的上涌熔融,但Nb、Ta的弱亏损表明岩浆源区有岩石圈地幔熔融组分的贡献。羌塘(32~26Ma)碱性钾质玄武岩与可可西里和西昆仑中新世以来喷发的钾质玄武岩的地球化学性质相近,不相容元素比值和Sr、Nd同位素组成指示岩浆起源于古俯冲地幔楔的低程度熔融。这些特征表明藏北软流圈上涌作用始于古近纪,初始上涌中心位于羌塘地体之下。计算表明藏北古近纪火山岩距离当时的印度大陆北缘的最大和最小距离约为1250km和700km,与现今可可西里地幔低速体的南、北边界与印度大陆北缘的距离相近,支持羌塘古近纪地幔上涌作用也是受藏南冷地幔下降流所驱动。青藏高原在南北缩短过程中不仅表现为软流圈自西向东挤出流动,地幔垂向对流也是其重要的运动形式,在地幔上升流形成的藏北热幔区内,地壳的水平缩短增厚与岩石圈地幔的伸展减薄呈脉动式共存。藏南冷地幔下降流和藏北热地幔上升流的持续北移是导致藏北后碰撞火山岩时空迁移的主要控制因素。     

Subduction of Indian continent beneath southern Tibet in the latest Eocene (~ 35 Ma): Insights from the Quguosha gabbros in southern Lhasa block

Geophysical data illustrate that the Indian continental lithosphere has northward subducted beneath the Tibet Plateau, reaching the Bangong–Nujiang suture in central Tibet. However, when the Indian continental lithosphere started to subduct, and whether the Indian continental crust has injected into the mantle beneath southern Lhasa block, are not clear. Here we report new results from the Quguosha gabbros of southern Lhasa block, southern Tibet. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating of two samples gives a ca. 35 Ma formation age (i.e., the latest Eocene) for the Quguosha gabbros. The Quguosha gabbro samples are geochemically characterized by variable SiO₂ and MgO contents, strongly negative Nb–Ta–Ti and slightly negative Eu anomalies, and uniform initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7056–0.7058) and ε_Nd(t) (− 2.2 to − 3.6). They exhibit Sr–Nd isotopic compositions different from those of the Jurassic–Eocene magmatic rocks with depleted Sr–Nd isotopic characteristics, but somewhat similar to those of Oligocene–Miocene K-rich magmatic rocks with enriched Sr–Nd isotopic characteristics. We therefore propose that an enriched Indian crustal component was added into the lithospheric mantle beneath southern Lhasa by continental subduction at least prior to the latest Eocene (ca. 35 Ma). We interpret the Quguosha mafic magmas to have been generated by partial melting of lithospheric mantle metasomatized by subducted continental sediments, which entered continental subduction channel(s) and then probably accreted or underplated into the overlying mantle during the northward subduction of the Indian continent. Continental subduction likely played a key role in the formation of the Tibetan plateau at an earlier date than previously thought.     

藏南拉萨地块东段米拉山地区中新世中酸性火山岩地球化学特征及成因研究

藏南拉萨地块内广泛发育中新世中酸性岩浆岩,为探讨其岩浆源区和岩石成因,进一步了解藏南后碰撞深部过程,本文对拉萨地块东部米拉山地区的中新世火山岩进行了岩石学、年代学和地球化学研究。结果表明,岩石类型主要为英安岩,形成于中新世(16~18 Ma);地球化学组成上表现出高硅、高钾、富铝;高Sr、低Y、高Sr/Y值,富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土,Eu正异常;具有高的⁸⁷Sri/⁸⁶Sri值(0.706038~0.707154)和低的ε_Nd(t)值(-1.37~-2.75),表现出一定埃达克质岩特征。结合前人研究成果认为,米拉山地区中新世中酸性火山岩不属于林子宗群,可能是岩石圈拆沉引起幔源物质上涌,导致后碰撞环境下增厚的拉萨地块新生下地壳部分熔融而形成。     

辽东五龙地区燕山期侵入岩类同源岩浆演化微量元素、同位素证据与金矿成矿

辽东五龙地区中生代燕山期侵入岩类在时空上与金矿关系密切。该类侵入岩具有接近的微量元素Th／U、Zr／Hf、Nb／Ta值。随着不同岩石类型中的SiO2、MgO的含量的变化，(^87Sr／^66Sr)i和(^143Nd／^144Nd)i值保持不变，说明岩浆在侵位过程中没有明显受到围岩物质混染，且该类侵入岩有着相同的岩浆源区。Sr、Nd同位素组成表明成岩物质以下地壳为主。三股流花岗岩和矿石有相似的Pb同位家组成，结合含金石英脉(矿体)切穿已固结三股流花岗岩的地质事实，暗示了三股流花岗岩不太可能是直接的矿质提供者，推测成矿物质与成岩物质主体来自深部的同一岩浆源区，金矿成矿是同一岩浆源区岩浆演化不同阶段的产物。     

念青唐古拉中基性侵入岩年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

念青唐古拉早始新世中基性侵入岩由角闪辉长岩及二长闪长岩组成,其中角闪辉长岩锆石LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为(49.92±0.24)Ma。中基性侵入岩属于高钾钙碱系列至钾玄岩系列;稀土总量较高且轻稀土富集;富集大离子亲石元素(Rb,Th,K),亏损高场强元素(Nb,Ta,Ti),具有弧岩浆岩的微量元素特征。中基性侵入岩具有较高的初始锶((87Sr/86Sr)i为0.708 77～0.713 71)、低的εNd值(-6.9～-6.1)、古老的亏损地幔模式年龄(TDM为1 329～1 995Ma),以及εNd、Nb/La与MgO无明显相关性,表明其源区为受古老地壳交代的富集地幔。稀土元素模拟表明中基性侵入岩的成岩过程受地幔中轻程度部分熔融作用所控制。动力学背景分析表明其与新特提斯洋板片的断离及软流圈物质的上涌密切相关。     

辽西彰武大四家子地区中生代火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学特征

通过对辽西彰武县以东大四家子乡高城窝堡村义县组标准剖面中生代火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明, 其火山岩年龄为122.4±0.4Ma, 属早白垩世.对该区域23件典型火山岩样品的地球化学研究表明, 除3件流纹岩样品外, 其余样品具有高镁埃达克岩地球化学特征(SiO₂=56.46%~65.14%、Al₂O₃=14.60%~17.19%、Mg#=50~59、Sr=501~700μg/g、Yb=1.04~1.54μg/g、Y=12.0~17.5μg/g、Eu/Eu*=0.85~0.97、Sr/Y=29~46、La_N/Yb_N=13~28), 同位素上具有高的初始87Sr/86Sr(0.705464~0.705812)比值, 低的ε_Nd(122Ma)(-6.12~-12.80)值特征, 同时样品中存在具有反环带的辉石斑晶, 辉石中稀土元素含量分布存在着从核部到边部逐渐降低的趋势, 且存在负铕异常(Eu/Eu*=0.64~0.76).结合前人对彰武义县组下部火山岩的研究, 笔者倾向认为该套火山岩的成因是拆沉作用与岩浆混合作用共同作用的结果, 即拆沉作用导致软流圈地幔物质上涌加热下地壳形成的长英质岩浆, 与来自地幔由拆沉作用形成的埃达克质高镁安山岩浆混合形成.      

西藏仲巴地块加达钾质火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

新生代青藏高原钾质火山岩发育,主要集中于藏北地区和拉萨地块内,仲巴地块中鲜见报道。对仲巴地块中发现的加达钾质火山岩进行研究,其岩石类型以粗面质为主,岩浆以溢流相-喷发相不间断喷发。样品普遍显示高钾高铝,低碱,偏酸性,富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具弱负Eu异常,贫Y和Yb,Sr含量较高,类似于典型的埃达克质岩的地球化学特征。粗面玄武安山岩样品LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为17.03±0.32Ma,形成时代为中新世。加达钾质火山岩浆来源于挤压增厚的下地壳部分熔融,其产出的构造背景是后碰撞伸展环境。     

Sr,Nd,Pb Isotope Geochemistry and Magma Evolution of the Potassic Volcanic Rocks,Wudalianchi,Northeast China

Wudalianchi volcanic rocks are the most typical Cenozoic potassic volcanic rocks in easten China.Compositional comparisons between whole rocks and glasses of various occurrences indicate that the magma tends to become rich in silica and alkalis as a result of crystal differentiation in the course of evolu-tion.They are unique in isotopic composition with more radiogenic Sr but less radiogenic Pb.^87Sr/^86Sr is higher and ^143Nd/^144Nd is lower than the undifferentiated global values.In comparison to continental pot-ash volcanic rocks,Pb isotopes are apparently lower.These various threads of evidence indicate that the rocks were derived from a primary enriched mantle which had not been subjected to reworking and shows no sign of incorporation of crustal material.The correlation between Pb and Sr suggests the regional heterogeneity in the upper mantle in terms of chemical composition.     

Island-arc and Active Continental Margin Adakites from the Sabzevar Zone,Iran

Cretaceous to Eocene plutonic and volcanic rocks of the Sabzevar zone have an adakite characteristic with high Sr/Y ratio, depleted HFSE and enriched LILE features. Most of the Sabzevar adakites are high silica adakites with low Ni, Cr and Co contents. LREE/HREE ratio is high, while K₂O content is low to intermediate. Adakites in the Sabzevar zone are exposed in two areas, which are named southern and northern adakites here. The combination of Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic data with major and trace elements indicates that the adakitic rocks are formed by partial melting of the Sabzevar oceanic slab. Nb/Ta content of the samples indicates that the adakitic magmas were generated at different depth in the subduction system. Dy/Yb ratios of adakitic samples indicate positive, negative and roughly flat patterns for different samples, suggesting garnet and amphibole as residual phases during slab-derived adakitic magma formation. Sabzevar adakites emplaced during late to post-kinematic events. Sabzevar oceanic basin demised during a northward subduction by central Iranian micro-continents (CIM) and Eurasia plate convergence.     

越南西北部莱州地区新生代煌斑岩地球化学特征及其成因

越南西北部菜州地区出露的新生代煌斑岩岩脉对理解特提斯造山带东段的深部岩石圈特征和演化具有重要的地质意义.本文报道莱州地区煌斑岩的元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成特征,探讨其岩石成因.该地区煌斑岩属于钙碱性,钾质-超钾质煌斑岩特征.地球化学特征对比表明,菜州地区煌斑岩与哀牢山断裂带碱性岩具有相似的地球化学特征,但与海南和越南南部火山岩存在明显差异.分析结果表明,煌斑岩具有高的87Sr/86Sr比值、低143Nd/144Nd比值和高放射性成因Pb同位素组成特征.岩石的微量元素组成特征指示,形成煌斑岩的地幔源区可能经历过流体交代作用或沉积物组分的加入.低208Pb*/206Pb*比值暗示地幔源区富集事件是近期发生的,可能与晚古生代-早中生代印支地块向扬子地块俯冲事件有关.     

Cumulate and Cumulative Granites and Associated Rocks

Abstract. Processes that move crystals relative to melt, that is crystal fractionation, are of major importance in producing variations that are observed within cogenetic suites of granites. In low‐temperature granite suites, crystal fractionation initially involves the progressive separation of crystals residual from partial melting from that partial melt. Once separation of those crystals, or restite, has been completed, further fractionation may occur through the separation of crystals that had precipitated from the melt, the process known as fractional crystallization. High‐temperature granite magmas are largely or completely molten and elements such as Ca, Mg and Fe, and their associated minor elements, are in that case dissolved in the melt. Such magmas, particularly those that are more potassic and hence contain a higher fraction of low temperature melt, may evolve compositionally through fractional crystallization. Cumulate rocks result, comprising a framework of cumulus minerals with interstitial melt. In this process some of the melt is also displaced to form more felsic rocks. Such cumulate rocks may have distinctive chemical compositions, but that is often not the case. Distinctive features include SiC>2 contents near or below 50 % in rocks that are transitional in the field to more felsic granites, very high Cr and Ni, very low K, P, Ba, Rb and Zr, and anomalous abundances of the anorthite components Ca and Al. These rocks may also have positive Eu anomalies. Cumulate rocks do not necessarily have distinctive textures, at least as such features are understood at this time. Fractional crystallization can also involve the movement of precipitated crystals relative to melt. We refer to rocks as cumulative when formed from the fractions in which the abundance of crystals has increased. The production of cumulative granites typically occurs at more felsic melt compositions than is the case for cumulate granites, and this process may have its greatest significance in the fractional crystallization of the felsic haplogranites. Relative to felsic granites of broadly similar compositions lying on a liquid line of descent, cumulative granites contain more Ca, reflecting the addition from elsewhere of plagioclase crystals with solidus compositions. The abundances of Sr and Ba may be high to very high, and sometimes there are positive Eu anomalies. Cumulative I‐type granites may have low abundances of Y and the heavy REE, while the S‐type granites can be very distinctive with anomalously high abundances of Th and the heavy REE resulting from the concentrating of monazite. Generally, but not always, those who propose fractional crystallization as a mechanism for producing compositional variation within a suite of granites do not state whether the rocks in that particular case are thought to lie on a liquid line of descent or are cumulates/cumulative, although it is generally presumed that they were melts. Our experiences in eastern Australia have shown that the mechanism of fractional crystallization was quantitatively not as important during granite evolution as many workers would expect. However, there are some excellent examples of that process, most notably the Boggy Plain Supersuite. Overall in eastern Australia, varying degrees of separation of restite is a much more common mode of crystal fractionation, and that may also be seen to be the case for some other granite provinces if they are examined with that possibility in mind.     

新疆准噶尔北缘北塔山组火山岩年龄及岩石成因

对准噶尔北缘北塔山组辉石玄武岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 年龄测定, 获得了玄武岩的喷发年龄380.5±2.2Ma,表明北塔山组火山岩形成于中泥盆世。该地层火山岩中辉石玄武岩和无斑玄武岩的SiO₂含量为47.55%~52.97%、Al₂O₃的含量为8.44%~20.00%、TiO₂为0.5%~1.2%,MgO含量为2.8%~15.35%、CaO为3.98%~14.83%、FeO^T为9.46%~19.23%,具有亚碱性拉斑玄武岩的特征。其微量元素显示富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,Eu异常不明显。它们具有极低的初始⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr同位素比值(0.703835~0.704337)和高的ε_Nd(381Ma)值(+6.84~+12.3,t=381Ma)的亏损地幔源区特征。结合区域地质背景,北塔山组火山岩形成于与俯冲作用相关的构造环境,是准噶尔古洋盆于泥盆世时发生的俯冲-消减所引发的岛弧岩浆作用的地质记录。岩浆源区为被流体或沉积物熔体交代改造的地幔楔和软流圈地幔,不同类型的岩石系不同成分的原始岩浆经不同演化过程的产物。     

拉萨地块南部冈底斯~50 Ma负ε_(Nd)(t)花岗质侵入岩的发现及其地质意义

拉萨地块南部冈底斯岩浆带主要形成于中生代–早新生代(205~40 Ma),正的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)和全岩ε_(Nd)(t)显示了新生地壳组分的特征,其形成普遍被认为与新特提斯洋俯冲或印度–欧亚大陆碰撞后的板片断离有关。作者近期的研究工作显示,冈底斯岩浆带中部的早始新世挡顶拉和先弄错纳花岗质侵入岩具有明显的负ε_(Nd)(t)值。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄表明,上述侵入岩形成于~50 Ma,与冈底斯早新生代岩浆大爆发时期(~50 Ma)一致。挡顶拉和先弄错纳侵入岩具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损以及中等的负Eu异常特征,但先弄错纳岩体具有低的稀土元素总量和更明显的轻、重稀土元素分异。挡顶拉和先弄错纳侵入岩具有明显富集的Sr-Nd同位素组成:(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i=0.7096~0.7121,εNd(t)=-7.3~-8.0。这些侵入岩主要可能来自古老地壳的重熔,且其源区组成矿物可能为黑云母+角闪石+石英+斜长石,岩浆在上升过程中经历了结晶分异。尽管目前的研究资料还无法解释这种富集的同位素特征是与拉萨古老地壳的部分熔融有关,还是与俯冲的印度古老大陆地壳物质熔融有关,但是明显负ε_(Nd)(t)值的花岗质岩石在拉萨地块南部冈底斯岩基中部的出现,有可能为新特提斯洋俯冲及印度–欧亚大陆碰撞过程提供新的启示。     

Extent of underthrusting of the Indian plate beneath Tibet controlled the distribution of Miocene porphyry Cu–Mo ± Au deposits

Miocene igneous rocks in the 1,600 km-long E–W Gangdese belt of southern Tibet form two groups separated at longitude ～89° E. The eastern group is characterized by mainly intermediate–felsic calc-alkaline plutons with relatively high Sr/Y ratios (23 to 342), low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios (0.705 to 0.708), and high εNd_i values (+5.5 to ?6.1). In contrast, the western group is characterized by mainly potassic to ultrapotassic volcanic rocks with relatively high Th and K₂O contents, low Sr/Y ratios (11 to 163), high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios (0.707 to 0.740), and low εNd_i values (?4.1 to ?17.5). The eastern plutonic group is associated with several large porphyry Cu–Mo ± Au deposits, whereas the western group is largely barren. We propose that the sharp longitudinal distinction between magmatism and metallogenic potential in the Miocene Gangdese belt reflects the breakoff of the Greater India slab and the extent of underthrusting by the Indian continental lithosphere at that time. Magmas to the east of ～89° E were derived by partial melting of subduction-modified Tibetan lithosphere (mostly lower crust) triggered by heating of hot asthenospheric melt following slab breakoff. These magmas remobilized metals and volatile residual in the crustal roots from prior arc magmatism and generated porphyry Cu–Mo ± Au deposits upon emplacement in the upper crust. In contrast, magmas to the west of ～89° E were formed by smaller volume partial melting of Tibetan lithospheric mantle metasomatized by fluids and melts released from the underthrust Indian plate. They are less hydrous and oxidized and did not have the capacity to transport significant amounts of metals into the upper crust.