近30年乌鲁木齐地区自然植被净第一性生产力变化分析

利用周广胜、张新时提出的自然植被净第一性生产力模型，估算分析了乌鲁木齐地区近30年自然植被净第一性生产力（NPP）的时空变化。结果表明，除后峡地区的NPP呈递减趋势外，其它各地的NPP总体上呈递增趋势；中山带的NPP最高，亚高山、高寒、低山和山前荒漠地带依次降低；气候变暖除对高寒地带的自然植被的NPP有一定的正效应外，对其它地区的NPP均产生较明显的负效应；年降水量的增加对提高自然植被净第一性生产力具有积极作用。     

基于遥感沿海湿地植被生产力估算研究

植被净第一性生产力是评价地表植被状况的重要指标之一,对分析和评价全球以及区域生态环境、碳循环等变化具有重要作用.植被净第一生产力的研究方法很多,本文主要运用TM影像近红外和红光通道组成的标准化差植被指数（NDVI）,借助CASA模型机理以及气象学方法,建立盐城区域净第一性生产力（NPP）遥感估算模型,并以核心区-丹顶鹤自然保护区湿地为应用案例,分析了核心区2005年间8月份净第一性生产力的变化.分析结果表明,研究区8月份的湿地各种植被NPP分别为：人工芦苇和盐蒿为1184.863266 g/m2,芦苇为1083.435262g/m2,米草为822.766878g/m2.若以NPP为衡量标准,人工芦苇和盐蒿的净第一性生产力最高.     

两种生产力模型在内蒙古的应用分析

两种生产力模型在内蒙古地区应用结果表明:①近10年内蒙古地区生产力下降明显,尤其在呼伦贝尔市西部、通辽市和赤峰市部分地区。②两种生产力模型在寒冷区和干旱区的主要影响因子是低温和干旱,主要限制因子地区差异明显。结合下垫面植被状况来看两种生产力模型在内蒙古东北部应用效果较差,西部区无明显差异。③同期30年内蒙古温度呈显著增加趋势,降水下降趋势属正常气候波动。④近30年植物气候生产力与净第一性生产力平均偏高1.58 t·hm-2·a-1,前者年际波动较大,稳定性不如净第一性生产力。综合来看,两种生产力模型主要考虑了年平均温度和降水,对雨热同期的东北地区评估性较差,如果生产力模型采用地区生长季气象条件代替年度平均,就能更好体现地区植被实际生产潜力,这也是当前生产力评估模型进一步改进的关键所在。     

我国气候对植被分布和净初级生产力影响的数值模拟

基于0.5°×0.5°经纬网格分辨率的一个全球植被动态模式,利用全国676个雨量站点1961～2000年日资料在0.5°×0.5°网格上插值得到的降水和气温资料作为模式气候强迫,模拟研究了中国区域近40年来的植被动态变化,估算了当前中国区域陆地植被净初级生产力,并分析气候与植被净初级生产力的相关性。结果表明:模拟的植被分布时空格局与实际观测的对应关系良好,模拟与观测的叶面积指数总体上比较一致;植被初级生产力空间分布及总量(约为4.64×1015g.a-1(C))的模拟比较理想。对模拟结果分析显示降水是影响净初级生产力的主要气候因子,而在干旱、半干旱地区温度与植被净初级生产力存在显著负相关关系。研究表明该模式能够比较合理地模拟气候对植被年际动态和生产力变化的影响,对于进一步深入研究气候与植被相互作用是有意义的。     

粮食作物产量估算方法研究

文章分析了我国自然植被净第一生产力的分布状况和粮食作物生物量的时空变化，以及自然植被净第一生产力与粮食作物生物量的关系，并在此基础上，提出一种我为粮食作物产量的估算的方法。     

全球植被与大气之间碳通量的模式估计(英文)

用大气植被相互作用模式（AVIM）模拟了全球陆地植被的净初级生产力（NPP）。AVIM由相互耦合的两部分组成：物理过程，包括陆地表面水分和能量在土壤、植被与大气之间的传输；以及生理生态过程，如：光合、呼吸、干物质分配、凋落和物候等。全球的植被分为13类，土壤按质地分为6类。用EMDI提供的全球1637个包括不同植被类型的NPP观测点数据对模型进行了检验。NPP模拟的结果表明：全球陆地植被的平均NPP为405.13gCm-2yr-1，不同植被类型的平均 NPP变化范围在99.58 g Cm-2yr-1（苔原）到996.2 g Cm-2yr-1（热带雨林）之间。全球年总NPP为60.72GtCyr-1，其中最大的部分为热带雨林，15.84GtCyr-1，占全球的26.09％。最大的碳汇是在北半球的温带。模式模拟的NPP在全球的空间和季节分布是合理的。     

全球植被与大气之间碳通量的模式估计

用大气植被相互作用模式(AⅥM)模拟了全球陆地植被的净初级生产力(NPP)。AⅥM由相互耦合的两部分组成：物理过程，包括陆地表面水分和能量在土壤、植被与大气之间的传输；以及生理生态过程，如：光合、呼吸、干物质分配、凋落和物候等。全球的植被分为13类，土壤按质地分为6类。用EMDI提供的全球1637个包括不同植被类型的NPP观测点数据对模型进行了检验。NPP模拟的结果表明：全球陆地植被的平均NPP为405.13 g C m-2yr-1，不同植被类型的平均NPP变化范围在99.58 g C m-2yr-l(苔原)到996.2 g C m-2yr-l(热带雨林)之间。全球年总NPP为60.72 Gt C yr-l，其中最大的部分为热带雨林，15.84 Gt C yr-1，占全球的26.09％。最大的碳汇是在北半球的温带。模式模拟的NPP在全球的空间和季节分布是合理的。     

辽宁省人口承载力研究

随着人口的不断增加,资源、环境、人口与发展之间的矛盾日益突出,土地资源能否生产足够的食物供养未来人口的问题受到普遍关注。基于1997—2006年辽宁省10 km×10 km分辨率的气象资料,通过自然植被净第一性生产力模型和农业生产力模型计算了农田、草地和湿地的生产力及其动态。结果表明：近10 a来辽宁省年平均气温呈略下降趋势,年降水量呈增加趋势。1997—2006年辽宁省植被年平均总净第一性生产力为（农田、草地和湿地）3.63×107 t•yr-1,其中农田、草地和湿地分别为2.18×107 t•yr-1、0.99×107 t•yr-1和0.46×107 t•yr-1。应用人口承载力模型计算出在宽裕型、小康型和富裕型3种消费水平下1997—2006年辽宁省的年平均总人口承载力,分别为2226.9万人、2035.3万人和2015.1万人。     

青藏高原大气—植被相互作用的模拟试验Ⅱ.植被叶面积指数和净初级生产力

利用大气－植被相互作用模式AVIM对青藏高原上30个站点进行模拟计算，给出了青藏高原上植被叶面积指数和净初级生产力的分布特征。模拟结果表明，高原上叶面积指数、净初级生产力由东南向西北减少，模拟和观测的分布相一致。分析指出，青藏高原净初级生产力的分布决定于水热条件的共同作用，降水充沛、温度适宜的青藏高原东南部净初级生产力较高，而青藏高原西北部由于降水过少或温度过低，初级生产力很低。     

基于5种气候生产力模型的乌鲁木齐地区NPP计算分析

根据大西沟、小渠子、乌鲁木齐和达坂城等4个台站1961-2007年的气候资料,分别采用Miami模型、Thornthwaite Memorial模型、Chikugo模型、朱志辉模型和周广胜模型对乌鲁木齐地区各类草场自然植被净第一性生产力进行了计算,并以周广胜模型计算结果为标准,分析了其它模型估算不同类型天然草场NPP的误差。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.