Episodic fluid migration in the Fennoscandian Shield recorded by stable isotopes, rare earth elements and fluid inclusions in fracture minerals at Forsmark, Sweden

Drilling through the Palaeoproterozoic bedrock at Forsmark, central Sweden, during the site investigation for a potential geological repository of highly radioactive nuclear waste has provided high quality drill-core material from the upper 1 km of the Fennoscandian Shield. Analyses of stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, δ³⁴S, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr), rare earth elements and fluid inclusions in fracture filling calcite and pyrite from these drill cores have resulted in the discrimination of several episodes of fracture mineralisations. These events represent migration of fluids during a wide range of conditions, ranging from high-temperature hydrothermal to present-day groundwater circulation. Four major events have been distinguished: 1) Precipitation of epidote, chlorite and quartz under hydrothermal conditions (T > 150–200 °C) during the Proterozoic, sometime between 1.8 and 1.1 Ga. 2) Hydrothermal circulation at temperatures close to 200 °C with precipitation of adularia, albite, prehnite, laumontite, calcite and chlorite. Most of these minerals precipitated during a tectonothermal event between 1.1 and 1.0 Ga, possibly in response to far-field effects of the Sveconorwegian orogeny. 3) Precipitation of mainly quartz, calcite, pyrite and asphaltite occurred during the Palaeozoic, at temperatures between 60 and 190 °C (mainly at < 100 °C). Mixing of a fluid emanating from an organic rich overlying sedimentary cover and a deep basinal fluid from the crystalline bedrock is suggested to have caused this precipitation, possibly as a far-field response to the Caledonian orogeny and/or the development of the Caledonian foreland basin. 4) The youngest generation of fracture minerals is associated with formation of clay minerals and calcite with minor occurrences of pyrite and goethite. These minerals have probably precipitated episodically during a long time period (possibly from the Late Palaeozoic to the present) from various fluids at low temperature conditions (< 50 °C). Few calcites in equilibrium with the present groundwater suggest that the ongoing precipitation of calcite is very limited.     

Fracture zone-scale variation of trace elements and stable isotopes in calcite in a crystalline rock setting

With an aim to increase the understanding about the isotopic and chemical heterogeneity of calcites in water-conducting fracture zones with different crystalline wall rock compositions at different depths, we present trace element chemistry, isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and biomarkers of euhedral low-temperature fracture-coating calcite. Paleohydrogeological fluctuations and wall rock influence on the hydrochemistry in the deep groundwater are explored. Samples are from several fracture zone sub-fractures (at −360 to −740 m), retrieved during an extensive core drilling campaign in Sweden.Calcite generally showed fracture zone specific values of δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, which indicates precipitation from relatively homogeneous fluid (similar to the modern groundwater at the site) at the same event in each fracture zone. δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C in the different fracture zones were consistent with precipitation from waters of different salinity and decreasing organic input with depth, respectively. The latter is also supported by biomarkers showing clear indications of SRB-related organic compounds (e.g. iso- and anteiso-C_17:0-branched fatty acids), except in the deepest zone. In contrast to the isotopes, variation in trace elements within the fracture zones was generally up to several orders of magnitude. Manganese and REE, as oppose to the other metals, were higher in the shallow fracture zones (112–1130 and 44–97 ppm, respectively) than in the deeper (28–272 and 5–11 ppm, respectively), in agreement with the groundwater composition. Although the rock types varied between and within the different fracture zones, this had insignificant influence on the trace element chemistry of the calcites. Co-variation was generally relatively large for many trace elements, with isometric logratio correlation generally better than 0.75, which indicates that their variation in the calcites is due to variation of Ca in the fracture water, but other local factors, especially uptake in co-precipitating minerals (clay minerals, barite, pyrite and zeolites), but also microbial activity and metal speciation may have influenced the metal incorporation into calcite. These detailed studies of fracture calcite are of importance for the understanding of variation in fluid chemistry and trace metal uptake in fracture zones, adding together with hydrochemical studies detailed information optimal for site characterisation.     

Climatic change recorded by stable isotopes and trace elements in a British Holocene tufa

Combined stable isotope (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) and trace element (Mg, Sr) geochemistry from bulk tufa calcite and ostracod shell calcite from an early Holocene British tufa reveal clear records of Holocene palaeoclimatic change. Variation in δ¹⁸O is caused principally by change in the isotopic composition of Holocene rainfall (recharge), itself caused mainly by change in air temperature. The δ¹³C variability through much of the deposit reflects increasing influence of soil‐zone CO₂, owing to progressive woodland soil development. Bulk tufa Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca are controlled by their concentrations in the spring water. Importantly, Mg/Ca ratios are not related to δ¹⁸O values and thus show no temperature dependence. First‐order sympathetic relationships between δ¹³C values and Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca are controlled by aquifer processes (residence times, CO₂ degassing and calcite dissolution/reprecipitation) and probably record intensity of palaeorainfall (recharge) effects. Stable isotope records from ostracod shells show evidence of vital effects relative to bulk tufa data. The ostracod isotopic records are markedly ‘spiky’ because the ostracods record ‘snapshots’ of relatively short duration (years), whereas the bulk tufa samples record averages of longer time periods, probably decades. The δ¹⁸O record appears to show early Holocene warming, a thermal maximum at ca. 8900 cal. yr BP and the global 8200 yr BP cold event. Combined δ¹³C, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca data suggest that early Holocene warming was accompanied by decreasing rainfall intensity. The Mg/Ca data suggest that the 8200 yr BP cold event was also dry. Warmer and wetter conditions were re‐established after the 8200 yr BP cold event until the top of the preserved tufa sequence at ca. 7100 cal. yr BP. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

General equations for modeling fluid/rock interaction using trace elements and isotopes

General equations for modeling open and closed system fluid/rock interaction using trace elements and isotopes are presented. Taylor's (1977) open system equation for stable isotopes is extended to account for a change in the Δ value between rock and fluid during interaction. It is shown that hydrothermal systems in which fractionation factors vary during fluid/rock interaction will significantly alter the isotopic ratios of rocks compared to equivalent systems with invariant fractionation factors. The equations for modeling trace element exchange are analogous to the stable isotope equations and permit the calculation of fluid/rock ratios using changes in trace element concentrations in the rock. Similarly to stable isotope exchange, the change of the trace element concentration in a rock during infiltration is a function of the trace element concentration in the fluid, the fluid/rock partition coefficient and the fluid/rock ratio rather than simply the concentration of the trace element in the fluid.     

Climatic variations in MIS 11 recorded by stable isotopes and trace elements in a French tufa (La Celle,Seine Valley)

Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 palaeoclimate has so far been documented in marine and ice sheet isotopic records. However, excepting some lacustrine pollen records, very little is known about palaeoclimatic conditions in continental areas. This study uses geochemical records in calcareous tufa deposits from rivers as a basis for reconstructing temperate palaeoclimatic conditions. Tufa deposits are now proven to record high‐quality palaeoclimatic information in recent to Holocene deposits. Work on older interglacial tufas is just starting and in this paper we present the first comprehensive results from a MIS 11 tufa. The tufa comes from the Seine Valley (La Celle, northern France). Geochemical data in the tufa calcite are interpreted to record primarily air temperature (δ¹⁸O) and humidity (δ¹³C and Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca). The combined data identify a warm and wet climatic optimum followed by two temperature decreases associated with oscillations in humidity. These marked climatic variations recorded through the La Celle profile are strongly coherent with the palaeoenvironmental reconstructions from malacological data. The abrupt climatic and environmental events recorded could be related to short‐term degradation of vegetation cover in Europe, which is itself controlled by global palaeoclimatic events. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内蒙古乌兰拜其铅锌矿床成因探讨:流体包裹体及矿石矿物S-Pb同位素、微量元素证据

乌兰拜其铅锌矿床是近年来在大兴安岭中南段地区新发现的一处中型铅锌多金属矿床,目前已探明铅锌储量约27万吨,其中Ⅰ号矿段为主要的组成矿段。本文以乌兰拜其矿床Ⅰ号矿段作为研究对象,试图讨论乌兰拜其铅锌矿床成矿流体性质、成矿物质来源、成矿地质背景及成因类型。乌兰拜其矿床Ⅰ号矿段矿体主要呈似层状赋存于白音高老组地层中酸性火山碎屑岩中。根据矿物的组构和穿插关系,初步将I号矿段成矿作用划分为：毒砂-黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段和绢云母-绿泥石阶段等三个主要成矿阶段。其中矿床中主成矿阶段的石英、闪锌矿中的流体包裹体可分为气液两相包裹体(Ⅰ型)和含子晶多相包裹体(Ⅱ型)两类。石英中气液两相包裹体的均一温度范围为125~481℃,盐度为2.74%~7.02% NaCleqv;闪锌矿中的流体包裹体均一温度范围为110~327℃,盐度为2.90%~7.02% NaCleqv。分析计算得出的包裹体形成时的成矿压力为8.27~37.43MPa,平均压力为21.26MPa;成矿深度为0.28~1.25km,平均深度为0.71km。这表明乌兰拜其铅锌矿床的成矿流体具有中低温、低密度、低盐度的特征,其形成于压力较低,深度较浅的环境下。矿床主成矿阶段的多金属硫化物具有较小的δ³⁴S值变化范围(-6.73‰~0.17‰,均值为-4.10‰),指示硫来源于深源岩浆。闪锌矿、黄铜矿Pb同位素(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为18.130~18.267,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.488~15.545,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为37.920~38.104)组成较为稳定。其μ值为9.27~9.28,ω值为33.46~34.02,暗示乌兰拜其矿床铅具有壳幔混合来源特征。乌兰拜其硫铅同位素组成与大兴安岭地区成矿物质为岩浆来源的金属矿床特征相似,与早白垩世火山岩浆活动关系密切,是深部岩浆热液逐步演化的产物。结合矿区与成矿关系密切的燕山晚期花岗岩,本次研究初步认为乌兰拜其铅锌多金属矿床是受燕山晚期中酸性火山岩-次火山岩和断裂控制的,与岩浆活动有关的中低温热液铅锌多金属矿床。

     

Fluid inclusions,stable isotopes and gold deposition at Björkdal,northern Sweden

The Björkdal gold deposit is located in the eastern part of the Early Proterozoic Skellefte district in northern Sweden. The ore zone is hosted by a granitoid which intrudes a 1.9 Ga old supracrustal sequence and consists of a network of quartz veins between two shear zones. The ore mineralogy, alteration assemblages, ore fluid characteristics and general setting of the Björkdal deposit reveal many similarities with mesothermal Archean systems. Three types of fluids are represented by fluid inclusions observed in quartz, scheelite and calcite. The first type consists of a CO₂-rich fluid which is syngenetic with the formation of the quartz veins. These inclusions occur in quartz and scheelite. Isotopic equilibrium temperatures derived from quartz-scheelite pairs reflect depositional temperatures around 375 °C. Molar volumes of the carbonic fluid inclusions, ranging down to 55 cm³mole, indicate a maximum lithostatic trapping pressure of 1.8 kbar. These fluids were generated at depth in conjunction with early orogenic magma-forming processes. The gold was introduced to the vein system by the carbonic fluid but the gold was deposited after reactions between this fluid and the wall-rock, producing a slightly alkaline, more CH₄-rich aqueous type 2 fluid. Fluid inclusions of this chemically modified fluid indicate that the precipitation of the gold, together with pyrrhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite, occurred under heterogenous conditions at a temperature of 220 °C and a hydrostatic pressure of 0.5 kbar. The gold deposition occurred from fluids with a δ ¹⁸O signature of around +8‰ and δD values close to zero per mil. Any metamorphic influence on the stable isotopic signatures is regarded as minimal. The isotope data suggest rather that a surface-derived fluid component had access to the vein system during this process. At a post-vein forming stage (metamorphic stage ?) a secondary episode of gold mobilization occurred as suggested by the aqueous type 3 inclusions trapped in cross-cutting microfractures in quartz and randomly in calcite, and with homogenization temperatures between 145–220 °C and a salinity up to 11eq. wt.% NaCl. The Skellefte district is a major ore province, which forms a 200 by 50 km area in northern Sweden (Fig. 1), comprising numerous stratabound massive sulfide ore deposits. During the last decade epigenetic gold deposits have received increasing interest from a prospecting point of view. The Björkdal deposit is one of several epigenetic gold discoveries made recently in the Skellefte district. In 1985 a geochemical survey, designed on a grid-pattern basis, revealed a gold anomaly about 12 km north-east of the Boliden community and three years later the Björkdal gold mine was in operation. The annual production is about 960 000 metric tons of ore (1992) and the total reserves are estimated at a minimum of 7 Mton of ore with a gold grade of 2.9 ppm. This paper reports on the geological features of the Björkdal deposit and discusses the genesis of the deposit on basis of fluid inclusions and distribution of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes.     

兰坪金顶铅锌矿方解石微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学特征研究

金顶铅锌矿矿床成因一直受到广泛关注,但至今没有达成共识,其重要原因之一是对矿床成矿流体性质和来源认识的局限。本文以金顶铅锌矿床成矿早期脉状方解石和晚期结核状方解石为研究对象,系统开展了微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学研究,在此基础上探讨了该矿床成矿流体的性质和可能的来源。研究发现,虽然2种产状方解石都以轻稀土富集、轻重稀土显著分异、配分模式向右陡倾为特征,并且具有相似的Mg、Fe和Mn含量,但它们在微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学特征上亦存在显著差异。脉状方解石相对于结核状方解石稀土元素总量较高,富集Co、Ni、(W)、Mo、Bi;脉状方解石流体包裹体显示相对高温高盐度的特征(T_h>250℃,S>8.0% NaCleqv),而结核状方解石流体包裹体相对低温低盐度(T_h<200℃,S<8.0% NaCleqv); 脉状方解石的碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_PDB=-22.95‰~-2.56‰)较分散,具有多源性,而结核状方解石碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_PDB=-7.02‰~-6.18‰)相对集中,二者的氧同位素组成(δ¹⁸O_SMOW=20.16‰~23.49‰)与沉积岩类似。综合分析认为,金顶铅锌矿成矿期脉状和结核状方解石虽然均属热液成因,但它们分别代表了2类不同性质的热液体系,早期成矿流体为多源的混合流体,成矿过程中可能有深源组分的加入,而晚期成矿流体以大气降水为主。     

全球不同构造环境蛇纹岩全岩和矿物微量元素组成及非传统稳定同位素(Fe-Zn-Cu同位素)特征

蛇纹岩对地球深部和浅部的元素循环以及氧化还原状态调节具有非常重要的作用。蛇纹岩中的流体活动性元素(fluid-mobile element, FME)是揭示地幔岩石水化、脱水以及元素循环的关键。本文系统收集和分析了前人报道的不同构造环境的蛇纹岩矿物化学、全岩微量元素和非传统稳定同位素(Fe、Zn、Cu)的组成特征,试图从多个角度总结蛇纹岩脱水过程的元素迁移规律及流体性质。蛇纹岩主要矿物蛇纹石微量元素含量具有以下主要特征：(1)不同变质程度的蛇纹岩中的蛇纹石既包含轻稀土元素(light rare earth element, LREE)富集,又包含LREE亏损的特征;(2)纤蛇纹石的REE和微量元素分布在利蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石的范围内,利蛇纹石重稀土元素(heavy rare earth element, HREE)整体上略高于叶蛇纹石且更加富集FME;(3)通过中度不相容元素与REE含量相结合,能够较好地区分橄榄石和辉石蛇纹石化所形成的蛇纹石,即辉石形成的蛇纹石富集相容元素(如Sc、Zn、Cr、Y和Ti等)并具有较高的HREE,而橄榄石形成的蛇纹石则表现为平坦且整体较低的REE分布型式。在...     

江苏仑山金矿床流体包裹体、稳定同位素和成矿年代学研究

仑山金矿床位于宁镇矿集区东端。成矿期分为沉积成矿期和热液成矿期,后者可进一步划分为热液Ⅰ阶段和热液Ⅱ阶段。流体包裹体研究表明,热液Ⅰ阶段石英中的气液两相流体包裹体均一温度多集中在330~366℃之间,盐度w(Na Cl_(eq))变化于4.96%~6.74%之间,热液Ⅰ阶段方解石中气液两相流体包裹体均一温度多集中在150~240℃之间,w(Na Cl_(eq))变化于0.71%~9.80%之间,成矿流体为中高温低盐度流体;热液Ⅱ阶段石英、方解石和萤石的流体包裹体均一温度变化于124~260℃,盐度w(Na Cl_(eq))变化于1%~8%之间,成矿流体为中温低盐度流体。氢、氧同位素研究表明,热液Ⅰ阶段成矿流体为岩浆流体,热液Ⅱ阶段成矿流体以大气降水占主导,但仍有少量岩浆流体。硫同位素研究表明,仑山金矿床沉积成矿期硫除来源于三叠系青龙群膏盐层外,有机质也参与了沉积成矿期中金矿的形成。热液Ⅰ阶段硫来源于沉积成岩阶段黄铁矿的活化迁移和富集,岩浆硫也提供了成矿物质。萤石Sm-Nd测年分析表明,仑山金矿床热液Ⅱ阶段成矿年龄为(93.7±3.1)Ma,推断主成矿阶段形成于晚白垩世。仑山金矿床的形成代表着长江中下游成矿带最晚期的成矿作用。     

云南大坪大型金多金属矿床叠加成矿作用地质、流体包裹体和稳定同位素证据

对云南元阳县大坪大型金多金属矿床矿脉地质特征、流体包裹体和稳定同位素的研究表明,矿区内大量的矿脉是叠加成矿的产物,空间上具有并置、侧列（现）、再现等复杂关系,成矿可分石英．黄铁矿（主要形成金矿化）和石英．方铅矿（主要形成铜铅银矿化,并叠加有金矿化）两个阶段共7个亚阶段。石英-黄铁矿阶段流体包裹体以个体小,数量多。杂乱分布为特征,以二相气液包裹体为主,均一温度变化区间为165℃～393℃,平均258℃;流体密度为0．648—0．7984g／cm^3,盐度变化为13,72％～18．96％NaCleqv,平均17．13％NaCleqv,捕获压力为64MPa左右。流体为含CO2的NaCl-H2O体系,在成分上相对富集Na^＋、Cl^-、CH4和N2、NO3^-等组分,从早到晚,具有Na^＋、Ca^2＋、SO4^2-略有升高,而K^＋有所降低的趋势。石英方铅矿阶段流体包裹体大小混杂,杂乱分布或呈线性排列,以CO2包裹体为主,并有二相气液和少量单相包裹体。均一温度177℃～372℃,平均284℃,流体密度为0,7413～O．9518g／cm^3,盐度变化为10．86％～21．26％NaCleqv,平均14．16％NaCleqv,捕获压力为60MPa左右。流体属为NaCl-H2O-CO2体系,在成分上以相对富集Na^＋、K^＋、SO4^2-为特征,部分脉体的流体包裹体中还含有一定量的Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等离子。矿区不同（亚）阶段矿石氧同位组成总体变化较小（2.65‰～6.0‰）,氢同位素组成变化较大（-120％～-40‰）,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段H、O同位素组成变化均较小,以岩浆源为主,而石英．方铅矿阶段氢同位素组成变化较大,表明有新的流体加入,但也以深源流体为主;石英-方铅矿阶段一个铁白云石的δ^13C值为-4．81％o,而石英．黄铁矿阶段晚期方解石碳同位素组成变化为-2．79‰～-4.34‰,平均-3．75‰。不同矿脉黄铁矿、方铅矿的硫同位素组成变化范围为0．3‰-4.4‰,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段为0.3‰～4．4‰,石英-方铅矿阶段为0.5～4.3‰,总体上与深源（地幔）碳、硫同位素组成基本一致。综合对比研究认为,大坪金多金属矿床为源于深部的多源成矿热液在同一容矿空间充填的结果,叠加成矿作用与区内长期的岩浆活动密切相关。矿床为中-高温热液硫化物．石英薄脉型金多金属矿床。     

Genesis of the Sb-W-Au deposits at Ixtahuacan,Guatemala: evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

The Ixtahuacan Sb-W deposits are hosted by upper Pennsylvanian to Permian metasedimentary rocks of the central Cordillera of Guatemala. The deposits consist of gold-bearing arsenopyrite, stibnite and scheelite. Arsenopyrite and scheelite are early in the paragenesis, occurring as disseminations in pyritiferous black shale/sandstone and in argillaceous limestone, respectively. Some stibnite is disseminated, but the bulk of the stibnite occurs as massive stratabound lenses in black shales and in quartz-ankerite veins and breccias, locally containing scheelite.Microthermometric measurements on fluid inclusions in quartz and scheelite point to a low temperature (160–190°C) and low to moderate salinity (5–15 wt% NaCl eq.) aqueous ore fluid. Abundant vapour-rich inclusions suggest that the fluid boiled. Carbon dioxide was produced locally as a result of interaction of the aqueous fluid with the argillaceous limestone. Bulk leaching experiments and SEM-EDS analyses of decrepitated fluid inclusion residues indicate that the ore-bearing solution was NaCl-dominated. The ¹⁸O values of quartz, ankerite and scheelite from mineralized veins range from 19.7 to 20.5, 18.1 to 20.0 and 7.0 to 8.4 respectively. The average temperature calculated from quartz-scheelite oxygen isotopic fractionation is 170°C. The oxygen isotopic composition of the fluid, interpreted to have been in equilibrium with these minerals, ranged from 5.7 to 7.6, and is considered to represent an evolved meteoric water. Diagenetic or syngenetic pyrite has a sulphur isotopic composition of 0.5±0.3 which is consistent with bacterial reduction of sulphate. The ³⁴S values of arsenopyrite and stibnite range from –2.8 to 2.0 and –2.7 to –2.3 respectively, and are though to reflect sulphur derived from pyrite.The Ixtahuacan deposits are interpreted to have formed at low temperature (<200°C) and a depth of a few hundred metres from a low fO₂ (10^–49–10^–57), high pH (7–8) fluid. Arsenic was probably transported as arsenious acid, antimony and gold as thio-complexes and tungsten as the complex HWO ₄ ^– .A model is proposed in which a meteoric fluid, heated by a felsic intrusion at depth, was focused to shallow levels along faults. The interaction of the fluid with pyritiferous beds caused the deposition of arsenopyrite as a result of sulphidation and/or decreasing fO₂; gold probably co-precipitated with As or was adsorbed onto the arsenopyrite. The precipitation of stibnite was caused by boiling. Scheelite deposited in response to the increase in Ca²⁺ activity which accompanied interaction of the ore fluid with the argillaceous limestones.     

Diagenesis of Ordovician carbonates from the north-east Michigan Basin, Manitoulin Island area, Ontario: evidence from petrography, stable isotopes and fluid inclusions

Middle to Late Ordovician subtidal carbonates in the Manitoulin Island area of Ontario are predominantly limestone in composition, but non-ferroan and ferroan dolomite is a common cement as well as a selective or locally pervasive replacement phase. Integration of field, petrographic, geochemical (δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O) and fluid inclusion data indicates that lithification of these carbonates occurred during burial diagenesis, with much of the alteration controlled by regional fracturing and hydrothermal influences. Aqueous (type 1) fluid inclusions in early calcite (pre-dolomite) and dolomite are saline (> 29 wt% NaCl eq.) solutions with Ca and/or Mg in excess of Na and display homogenization temperatures with modes of 95 and 101°C, respectively. These temperatures can be explained by significantly more burial than can be accounted for either by the available stratigraphic information or by an unusually high palaeogeothermal gradient, which also is not well supported. The fluid inclusion temperatures are interpreted to have resulted from hydrothermal fluids which circulated during the burial diagenesis of these strata. Type 1 inclusions in late (post-dolomite) calcite are less saline (<19 wt% NaCl eq.) and have a bimodal distribution of homogenization temperatures with a relatively well defined low temperature peak similar to those in early calcite and dolomite and a broad higher temperature grouping with a mode at 183°C. A small proportion of methane and light hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions (type 2) are present in all stages of carbonate. Dolomitizing fluids were derived from burial compaction of argillaceous sediments in the more central parts of the Michigan Basin and the updip migration of these brines along fractures to the basin margin where the carbonates of the Manitoulin Island area were dolomitized. Alternatively, migration of dolomitizing brines downward from the overlying pervasively dolomitized Silurian sequence into fractures in the Ordovician carbonates may have occurred. Integration of the aqueous fluid inclusion data into the diagenetic history of these carbonates remains equivocal because most of the inclusions are secondary or indeterminate in origin. Nevertheless, high salinities resulting from interaction with evaporitic strata and hydrothermal effects are clearly implicated although the origin of the latter remains unclear. The alteration styles of the Ordovician carbonates in the Manitoulin area are similar to those of Ordovician hydrocarbon reservoirs described from other parts of the Michigan Basin. They indicate that fracture-related diagenesis occurred on a basin-wide scale and that hydrothermal effects were important.     

胶东蓬莱大柳行金矿田燕山金矿床流体包裹体特征和氢-氧同位素研究

燕山金矿床分布在胶东栖霞-蓬莱成矿带上的大柳行金矿田内,它是一座典型的石英脉型金矿床,矿体呈脉状或透镜状产于中生代花岗岩内部的断裂体系中。该矿床成矿热液过程至少可划分为4个成矿阶段,从早到晚分别是钾长石-黑云母-石英阶段、石英-黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段及石英-碳酸盐阶段,其中2、3阶段为主成矿阶段。成矿阶段的流体包裹体有5种类型,分别是气液两相包裹体(Ⅰ型)、纯液相包裹体(Ⅱ型)、含CO₂三相包裹体(Ⅲ型)、纯气相包裹体(Ⅳ型)及含子矿物三相包裹体(Ⅴ型);激光拉曼探针分析显示成矿流体气相成分主要为CO₂,另含少量CH₄、N₂、H₂S及有机质等,总体属于CO₂-H₂O-NaCl体系。通过显微测温获得主成矿阶段成矿流体完全均一的温度在167～393℃之间,盐度为2.04%～11.51%NaCleq,密度为0.54～0.91g/cm³,整体呈现中低温、低盐度、低密度特点;对应的δ¹⁸O     

云南麻栗坡南秧田白钨矿床流体包裹体、稳定同位素特征及其成矿意义

对南秧田层状矽卡岩型白钨矿石中石榴石及电气石石英脉型白钨矿石中石英流体包裹体岩相学特征研究表明,与成矿有关的包裹体主要有富液相、富气相和含子晶的流体包裹体3种类型。矽卡岩型矿石中石榴石及共生石英的包裹体均一温度为128~250℃,盐度w(NaCl)=0.7%~8.1%;电气石石英脉型白钨矿石中石英的流体包裹体均一温度范围为181~325℃,盐度w(NaCl)=1.57%~15.76%。两种类型矿石成矿溶液密度为0.75~0.95g/cm³,表明形成这两种类型矿石的成矿流体均属于中温、中-低盐度、低密度的流体。氢氧同位素结果显示其主要来源于地层水(变质水),后期受到了岩浆水的叠加改造作用。硫同位素落入沉积岩、变质岩及蒸发硫酸盐的硫同位素组成范围内。     

碳酸盐矿物的阴极发光性与微量元素的关系

碳酸盐矿物的阴极发光特征与其成分有关。笔者用阴极发光与电子探针微区分析法对砂岩中碳酸盐矿物进行测试分析,其结果表明碳酸盐矿物的阴极发光与微量元素含量有如下规律:①碳酸盐矿物在铁含量高于猝灭下限或锰含量低于激活下限时,不具有阴极发光性;②铁的猝灭下限约为0.04 mol,锰的激活下限为小于7×10^-5mol;③铁/锰比值越高,越不利于碳酸盐矿物阴极发光;但是铁/锰比值小于1的碳酸盐一定具有阴极发光;④铁或锰二者之一含量很少时不利于碳酸盐矿物的阴极发光。     

Tellurides,selenides and associated minerals in the Tunaberg copper deposits,SE Bergslagen,Central Sweden

Summary The Tunaberg copper deposits, SE Bergslagen, Central Sweden, locally contain tellurium and selenium minerals not previously reported from this locality. Hessite, tellurobismutite, tellurium, tetradymite, kawazulite, clausthalite and selenian galena are found as inclusions in bornite and chalcopyrite in a skarn sulphide ore with Cd-rich sphalerite, cobaltite and cobalt pentlandite (assemblage A), and in a skarn iron ore with magnetite (assemblage B). Accessory minerals included in bornite and chalcopyrite are auriferous silver, electrum, carrollite, stannoidite, mawsonite, parkerite, aikinite, emplectite, wittichenite and two unidentified Cu-Ag-Bi sulphosalts.The tellurides, selenides and associated minerals in assemblage A occur, in part, as early crystallites and, in part, as segregations from a high-temperature bornite solid solution, which presumably crystallized from metamorphogenic skarn-forming ore solutions, about contemporaneous with the formation of diopside above 475°C and of retrogressive tremolite above 420°C. Minerals of Bi-Te-Se-Pb-Ag in assemblage B presumably crystallized at lower aS₂ and higher aCu⁺ from residual hydrothermal solutions of similar metamorphogenic origin.

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Telluride, Selenide und assoziierte Minerale in der Tunaberg Kupfer-Lagerstätte, SE Bergslagen, Zentralschweden

Zusammenfassung Die Kupferlagerstätten von Tunaberg, SE Bergslagen, Zentral-Schweden enthalten stellenweise Tellur-und Selen-Minerale, die hier bisher nicht bekannt waren. Hessit, Tellurobismutit, gediegen Tellur, Tetradymit, Kawazulit, Clausthalit und selen führender Bleiglanz kommen als Einschlüsse in Bornit und Kupferkies in einem Skarn-Sulphiderz mit cadmiumreichem Sphalerit, Cobaltit und Cobalt-Pentlantit (Paragenese A), und in einem Eisenskarnerz mit Magnetit (Paragenese B) vor. Akzessorische Minerale in Bornit und Calcopyrit sind goldführendes Silber, Electrum, Carrollit, Stannoidit, Mawsonit, Parkerit, Aikinit, Emplektit, Wittichenit und zwei noch nicht identifizierte Cu-Ag-Bi Sulphosalze.Die Telluride, Selenide, und assoziierte Minerale in der Paragenee A kommen teils als frühe Kristalliten und teils als Segregationen aus einer Hoch-Temperatur Bornit-solid solution vor, die auf metamorphogene skarnbildende Erzlösungen zurückgehen. dürfe. Diese Vorgänge fallen zeitlich mit der Bildung von Diopsid oberhalb von 475°C und von retrogradem Tremolit oberhalb von 420°C zusammen. Bi-Te-Se-Pb-Ag-Minerale der Paragenese B kristallisierten bei niedrigerem aS₂ und höherem aCu⁺ aus residualen hydrothermalen Lösungen metamorphen Ursprunges.

     

河南栾川百炉沟铅锌矿床地质、流体包裹体和稳定同位素地球化学

百炉沟矿床是近年来在盛产斑岩_矽卡岩型钼矿床的河南栾川地区新发现的一处铅锌矿床,位于豫西南牛心剁穹状背斜之西侧,与栾川地区的南泥湖、三道庄、上房沟、马圈等斑岩型及斑岩_矽卡岩型钼矿床相毗邻。矿体呈脉状、板状产在中元古界变质碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩层中,受NWW向层间断裂构造控制。矿石由闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、石英、方解石等矿物组成。矿石中石英和闪锌矿所捕获的原生流体包裹体有富液体气液两相包裹体、富气体气液两相包裹体、纯气体包裹体、含子矿物三相包裹体等4种类型,邻近分布,其均一温度相近,表明成矿过程中可能存在流体沸腾作用。气液两相包裹体的均一温度为180～327℃,以中温（250～260℃）为主;盐度 w (NaCl_eq)为4.0%～14.0%,以5.0%～9.0%为主;依据均一温度峰值所对应的压力（38.94～44.87 MPa）,求得成矿深度为1.44～1.66 km。表明该矿床明显具有浅成、中温、低盐度热液成矿的特征。单个流体包裹体的气相成分至少有纯H₂O蒸汽、N₂+CO₂+CH₄、N₂+CO₂和N₂+CH₄等4种组合。矿石中石英和方解石内包裹体水的δD_V-SMOW为-76‰～-90‰,方解石的δ¹³C_V-PDB为-0.44‰～1.80‰,选取所对应的流体包裹体均一温度,计算得到包裹体水的δ¹⁸O_水为2.51‰～10.96‰,反映出成矿流体的主体为岩浆热液。矿石中硫化物的δ³⁴S_V-CDT为-1.2‰～10.9‰,其峰值（1‰～2‰）与该地区斑岩型钼矿床中的硫化物相近,指示其具有岩浆来源硫的特征。矿石中硫化物²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17.552～18.426,²⁰⁷Pb/^{204Pb=15.451～15.5794,208Pb/204Pb=38.264～39.637,反映出成矿金属主要来自于岩浆,有少量地层岩石铅的加入。百炉沟铅锌矿床应属受层间构造控制的中温岩浆热液充填-交代矿床。}