长江口细颗粒沉积物的矿物特征和沉积分异

作者系用双目显微镜、偏光显微镜、电子显微镜、X 衍射仪等方法对长江口细颗粒沉积物中的轻矿物、重矿物、粘土矿物进行了定量估算和分析研究,进而阐述细颗粒沉积物的矿物特征、沉积特征及其粘土矿物的沉积分异作用。     

广东省海岸表层沉积物矿物表面特征与沉积环境关系的初步研究

作者选择了s7个分布于不同海岸相带及近海河流环境表层碎屑沉积物中的错石、电 气石、长石、石英四种矿物，用扫描电境放大300至iooo。倍观察分析其表面结构特征。观察分析发现，不同环境下的矿物表面结构特征有一定区别.这些区别主要由不同环境因素造成。河流环境的矿物表面结构简单，由物理作用造成;海岸环境的不同相带，矿物表面结构特征比较复杂，但程度有所不同。其特征主要取决于物理作用和所迭加的化学溶蚀作用。热带、亚热带海水对矿物的化学溶蚀和改造十分重要。     

湖泊沉积物的矿物组成、成因、环境指示及研究进展

湖泊沉积物是不同地质、气候、水文条件下各类碎屑、黏土、自生/生物成因矿物以及有机物质等的综合体。沉积矿物蕴含着丰富区域和全球环境演变信息,如湖水的化学组成、流域构造、气候、水文以及人类活动的相互作用等。相关信息可以赋存在矿物外部微形貌、内部微结构、化学组成、物理和化学性质、同位素组成、谱学特征、成因以及共生组合等方面。因此,湖泊科学的许多关键课题都离不开矿物学,特别是在利用湖泊沉积物进行区域及过去全球变化研究中,深入的机理研究归根到底都要涉及矿物学,如流域化学风化作用、粒度组成、生物壳体化学组成、测年材料的选择等。然而,由于湖泊沉积物中矿物的多源性、复杂性,如何有效提取和解译其中的环境信息,是一项长期困扰研究者的课题,湖泊沉积矿物学的研究往往被许多研究者所忽视,中国的相关研究也较为薄弱。笔者综述了湖泊沉积物中碎屑、黏土、自生/生物矿物的矿物组合、特征、成因在（古）环境反演中的作用及最新研究进展,提出除了继续加强对湖泊沉积物中矿物来源、成因和古环境示踪的深入研究以外,矿物相间的转变及其对湖水和孔隙水组成的响应、一些非晶质或隐晶质及低丰度矿物相在湖泊化学和动力学中的作用也是很有潜力的研究领域,最后提出了研究中存在的一些问题、面对的挑战以及对研究前景的展望。     

内蒙古盐湖与台湾湖泊沉积物之古气候记录

通过对位于干旱－半干旱区的内蒙古盐湖中沉积物提供的环境和气候条件之相关讯息，能解读出最近２３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．以来详细的气候变化：据今２０～２３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．期间，气候呈温干特征；之后，气候变冷进入末次冰期的极盛期。在１４．５～２０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．期间，降水量大幅度减小，夏季风萎缩，而冬季风更加强劲。自１４．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．开始，全球进入冰消期。约在１１ｋａＢ．Ｐ．左右，出现异常降温的新仙女木（ＹｏｕｎｇｅｒＤｒｙａｓ）突变事件。自２．３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．以来，夏季风乃处于衰退减弱之趋势，其中仍有明显的气候波动。台湾的撤退池和嘉明湖沉积物，则记录着最近数千年来的气候变动，其中的冷暖变化竟也大多与内蒙古盐湖的记录相对应。似能说明２０～２３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．以来较大范围的气候变化。     

湖泊沉积物中保存的过去200年间中欧地区的气温记录:δ18Op-气温相关关系向过去的外推

通过以3～5年的分辨率分析沉积岩心中的介形类甲壳动物的氧同位素值,建立了过去200年间德国南部阿默湖(Lake Ammersee)湖水氧同位素值的详细历史.经验分析及该湖的同位素水文学模拟显示出湖水的氧同位素组成主要由当地沉积物的同位素组成所控制.在过去200年间,该湖的同位素记录与位于湖泊汇水区内的HohenpeiBenberg的气温记录密切相关.这样,已有过去20年资料记录的欧洲中部的沉积物18O与气温之间的关系就可扩展到更长的时间以及更大的温度范围.该结果为将阿默湖沉积物中介形类甲壳动物的δ18O作为年均气温的定量替代值的有效性提供了进一步支持,它大约可延伸到末次冰期.     

现代河流沉积物碎屑及矿物组分研究新进展

现代河流沉积物忠实地记录了流域盆地内的母岩、风化、搬运和沉积过程中的化学、物理过程以及人类活动的改造作用,是探索和验证源- 汇系统等理论的重要媒介。本文以全球现代河流砂组分数据库为基础,总结了碎屑组分、重矿物组分在不同大陆的分布特征,探讨了其在物源识别、源区贡献率计算、沉积物产生及搬运过程中气候- 构造等影响因素的评估、对源- 汇系统的研究启示等方面的应用。今后建议加强基于大数据的沉积物组分对气候- 构造- 人类活动的响应、沉积物产生及通量、高时间分辨率的沉积物组分变异性、不同物源定量化方法的差异等方面的研究。     

硝化和反硝化对湖泊有机质沉积成岩前降解作用的研究

贵州红枫湖10月叶绿素a(chla)和NO3^-含量均比7月明显降低。利用氮同位素等数据对此进行了研究，结果表明，含量的降低是由不同的生物地球化学作用引起的。chla含量的降低主要是水体中有机质降解(硝化)所致，而NO3^- 含量的降低则是缺氧季节湖泊沉积物表层反硝化作用的结果。缺氧季节表层水体仍然能发生较强烈的硝化作用。硝化作用和反硝化作用分别发生在热分层湖泊的上层和沉积物表层。反硝化作用不仅消耗大量的NO3^-，而且还造成了一定量的有机质降解(有机碳作为电子受体)。据估算，在红枫湖后五测点和大坝测点，总有机碳在沉积成岩前分别降解了78％和68％。其中由硝化作用引起的总有机质降解量分别为35．8%和25．9％，而反硝化作用则分别为13．4％和9．2％。     

上海市近岸海域表层沉积物类型与元素丰度相关关系特征

通过上海市近岸海域多目标区域地球化学调查,共采集947件表层沉积物样品,分析测试了52种化学元素以及pH值和有机碳等指标。总结了该区域表层沉积物及深层沉积物类型和分布特征,沉积物类型主要为细砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂、粘土质粉砂,其中粘土质粉砂分布最为广泛。元素含量与砂含量呈正相关的元素主要为SiO2、Sr、Na2O等。其它指标大都与粘土含量呈正相关关系。     

青藏高原湖泊沉积物色素与湖泊环境的响应

本文通过对青藏高原湖泊表层沉积物色素、有机碳含量和环境因子的测定和分析,初步探讨了青藏高原湖泊中色素的来源特征和该地区湖泊浮游植物群落组成结构等信息。结果表明,青藏高原湖泊沉积物TOC含量多在4%~6%之间,藻类植物是沉积物色素的重要来源。颤藻科和蓝藻科在青藏高原湖泊浮游植物中生长优势明显,颤藻科在数量上相对蓝藻科有明显优势。青藏高原湖泊溶解氧(DO)、电导率(SC)对湖泊中藻类生长状况影响明显,其中SC的升高对该地区湖泊中藻类生长有抑制作用。     

江汉盆地潜江凹陷古近系盐湖沉积盐韵律及其古气候意义

盐湖沉积具有成盐多期性和长期性、沉积连续性、淡化-咸化周期性等特色,因而成为在恢复古气候环境、进行全球变化研究的重要研究对象之一。本文以我国东部独具特色的古近纪古盐湖盆地--江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组盐韵律为例,通过对王平1等3口井连续取心段的精细研究,在前人划分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级盐韵律的基础上,首次划分出组成含盐层系基础韵律单元--Ⅳ级盐韵律,弄清了其沉积过程基本遵循从盐岩→（含泥）钙芒硝岩→含云泥岩（含泥云岩）→泥岩→白云岩→钙芒硝岩→盐岩的淡化-咸化序列和盐类矿物的析出顺序;解析了Ⅳ级盐韵律及其沉积组合记录与水体古盐度波动和短尺度（0.05ka -1.0ka）古气候干-湿变化之间的对应关系。根据典型暖相盐类矿物原生钙芒硝及其薄层在潜江组中广泛发育,可以推断江汉盆地流域在晚始新世-早渐新世潜江组沉积期间,所出现的干旱古气候背景属于暖旱型而非寒旱型。     

晚第四纪柴达木盆地盐湖成盐期与冰期对比方案的再认识

文章以柴达木盆地察汗斯拉图、昆特依和一里坪盐湖共计6个中更新统—全新统含盐地层剖面为研究对象,通过铀系测年和光释光测年测定其成盐年代,利用X射线衍射分析测定其盐类矿物种类.察汗斯拉图D19剖面芒硝和石盐层的铀系年代为(231.5±19.5)～(239.5±40.4)ka BP,对应于深海氧同位素阶段(MIS)7早期;昆...     

Infilling of the Younger Kathmandu–Banepa intermontane lake basin during the Late Quaternary (Lesser Himalaya,Nepal): a sedimentological study

The Kathmandu and Banepa Basins, Central Nepal, are located in a large syncline of the Lesser Himalayas. The Older Kathmandu Lake evolved during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene; the Younger Kathmandu Lake, which is the focus of this study, is infilled with late Quaternary sediments. Three formations, arranged in stratigraphical order, the Kalimati, Gokarna and Thoka Formations formed during the infilling stage of this lacustrine basin. Structural and textural sedimentological analyses, a chemical survey across the basin and mineralogical investigations of fine‐grained sediments form the basis of this palaeogeographical study. The basin under investigation was covered by a perennial freshwater lake before 30 000 yr BP. The lake was infilled with alluvial and fluvial sediments delivered mainly from the mountains north of the basin. A fairly low gradient was favourable for the formation of diatomaceous earths, carbonaceous mudstones and siltstones, which were laid down in the centre of the lake and in small ponds. Towards the basin edge, lacustrine sediments gave way to deltaic deposits spread across the delta plain. Crevasse splays and anastomosing rivers mainly delivered suspended load for the widespread siltstones and mudstones. The proximal parts of the alluvial–fluvial sedimentary wedge contain debris flows that interfinger with fine‐grained floodplain deposits. Three highstands of the water‐level (>30 000 yr BP, 28 000–19 000 yr BP, 11 000–4000 yr BP (?)) have been recognised in the sedimentary record of the younger Kathmandu Lake in the Late Quaternary. Second‐order water‐level fluctuations are assumed to be triggered by local processes (damming by tectonically induced landslides). First‐order water‐level fluctuations are the result of climatic changes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lateglacial and Holocene variation in aeolian sediment flux over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau recorded by laminated sediments of a saline meromictic lake

Predominantly laminated lake sediments from a saline closed‐basin lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau were investigated using a multi‐proxy approach (¹⁴C‐accelerator mass spectrometry dating, smear‐slide analysis, loss on ignition, grain size, X‐ray diffraction, elemental concentration, ostracod assemblages, stable isotopes of ostracod shells) to trace the regional environmental and climatic history in the Lateglacial and Holocene. Before about 15 cal. ka BP, small saline water bodies probably filled the basin under unstable cold and harsh environmental conditions. Soon after about 14.9 cal. ka BP, a relatively deep saline lake was established, probably as a result of runoff from melting snow, ice and frozen ground in the lake's catchment. Large changes in flux of aeolian material to the lake were recorded during this initial period of formation of Lake Kuhai. Highest lake levels, a low sediment accumulation rate and less saline conditions were maintained between about 12.8 and 7.1 cal. ka BP when the aeolian influx diminished significantly. After about 7.1 cal. ka BP, the aeolian influx remained at a moderate level apart from a strongly increased dust delivery to the lake between about 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP and a minor short‐lived period of slightly enhanced aeolian influx at about 2.7 cal. ka BP. The strongly enhanced dust input to the lake between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP represented the largest influx of aeolian material to Lake Kuhai during the entire Holocene. However, evidence for climatic deterioration during this period is not seen at most other palaeoclimate sites on the Tibetan Plateau, but instead a significant increase in aridity has been recorded at numerous sites in the northern foreland of the Tibetan Plateau and on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The large dust input to Lake Kuhai between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP probably did not result from a severe climate deterioration on the Tibetan Plateau itself, but from the pronounced aridity in its northern and eastern foreland. In contrast, the increase in dust influx about 2.7 cal. ka BP seems to correspond to a brief warming spell recorded at other sites on the Tibetan Plateau too. A slight increase in lake level and decrease in salinity after about 0.6 cal. ka BP suggests a slightly higher effective moisture during the final lake stage, accompanied by a somewhat larger dust influx. This apparent contradiction possibly results from enhanced human activities on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last 600 years. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bacterial and algal hydrocarbons in sediments from a saline Antarctic lake, Ace Lake

Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (C-GC-MS) and Iatroscan thin layer chromatography-flame ionisation detection (TLC-FID) were used to study hydrocarbon distributions in a sediment core from Ace Lake, a saline, meromictic lake in the Vestfold Hills of Antarctica. Hydrocarbons were abundant in most core sections (up to 125/μg/g dry wt), particularly in near-surface samples, and the distributions were very complex. Major constituents were identified as phytane, 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethyleicosane, tetrahydrosqualene, a mixture of phytenes, cholesta-3,5-diene and fern-7-ene. Smaller amounts of sterenes and hopenes were also present. The predominance of the first 3 acyclic isoprenoids in sediments buried less than 30 cm is consistent with high populations of methanogenic bacteria known to be present.Phytenes were abundant in all core sections, and there was no relationship between their abundance and that of phytane which suggests that they were not derived from methanogenic bacteria. Phytadienes were minor constituents at all depths studied. An unusual feature of some distributions was the high concentrations of fern-7-ene which was the major hydrocarbon in the 20–25 cm core section. This alkene was only abundant in sediments which contained high concentrations of methanogen markers suggesting that it may also be indicative of anoxic depositional environments. A possible source might be from purple non-sulphur bacteria. High concentrations of straight-chain C₂₉ and C₃₄ alkenes were also found in these sediments but their origin has not been determined. Major changes in the hydrocarbon distributions with depth indicate that the depositional environment in the lake has altered dramatically since the lake was formed less than 8000 years ago. The present condition of permanent anoxic bottom waters probably developed only in the last 1000 years.     

Late glacial and holocene lake level fluctuations in Lake Biel,western Switzerland

Cores and outcrops from the southern shore of Lake Biel were studied to reconstruct the nearshore environment of the lake between ca. 12000 and 5000 yr BP. Core correlations were established by lithostratigraphical and pollen analytical correlations. From the Allerød to the Preboreal time quiet hydrodynamic conditions favoured the deposition of lake marl in the littoral zone and peat on the shore. Between the Preboreal(?) and the Atlantic the littoral zone shows a higher hydrodynamic environment with allochthonous material, whereas peat and clay layers are recorded from the shore. During the Older Atlantic severe erosional episodes caused the erosion of Boreal, Preboreal and Younger Atlantic layers. The previously described long hiatus between the Allerød and the Boreal time can now be connected with these erosional episodes. From Younger Atlantic to Subboreal time the littoral zone displays quiet conditions again with sedimentation of lake marl. On the basis of these results a lake level curve for Lake Biel is proposed: high lake level stands can be traced during the Allerød, Boreal, Older Atlantic and Younger Atlantic biozones; low lake level stands are found during the Allerød, Younger Dryas, Preboreal and Older Atlantic biozones.     

西藏羌北高原多格错仁盐湖中更新世晚期以来的环境演化记录

通过对西藏藏北高原多格错仁盐湖湖岸3101cm高度剖面进行地形地貌、地层沉积特征、矿物学特征及粒度、频率磁化率等气候环境变化指标的分析研究发现,整个剖面反映出大致6个较大的气候变化过程：233. 3kaBP～223. 5kaBP气候波动较大,总体趋势气候趋于干冷,期间出现过两次较温暖气候,之后气候逐渐变冷;在223. 5kaBP～213. 6kaBP总体变化为气温大幅度上升,但在期间有一次较大的相对冷干过程;213. 6kaBP～170kaBP之间总体变化气候趋于变冷,中间有2次明显的气候变暖湿过程及两次冷干过程;170kaBP～117. 1kaBP气候转为明显湿热;117. 1kaBP～75. 6kaBP气候变化趋势明显降低;75. 6kaBP～56. 7kaBP气候又明显上升达到湿热状态。以上气候波动规律与极地冰芯记录及深海氧同位素记录的古气候波动规律有很好的一致性,同时本盐湖区与柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖区的CH0310钻孔及青海湖南岸二郎剑阶地的 QH 86钻孔所揭示的中更新世晚期以来的气候变化的分析对比,发现西藏羌北的多格错仁盐湖区与青海的察尔汗盐湖区及青海湖湖区在更新世中晚期以来的气候环境变迁存在极好的可比性,说明青藏高原的气候演化在中晚更新世以来基本具有一致性,在时间上的微小超前与滞后具有区域上的细微变化,说明气候变迁在不同的区域又具有各自的独特性。     

Recent environmental changes in Laguna Mar Chiquita (central Argentina): a sedimentary model for a highly variable saline lake

Abstract Laguna Mar Chiquita, a highly variable closed saline lake located in the Pampean plains of central Argentina, is presently the largest saline lake in South America (≈ 6000 km²). Recent variations in its hydrological budget have produced dry and wet intervals that resulted in distinctive lake level fluctuations. Results of a multiproxy study of a set of sedimentary cores indicate that the system has clearly recorded these hydrological variations from the end of the Little Ice Age (≈ ad 1770) to the present. Sedimentological and geochemical data combined with a robust chronology based on ²¹⁰Pb profiles and historical data provide the framework for a sedimentary model of a lacustrine basin with highly variable water depth and salinity. Lake level drops and concurrent increases in salinity promoted the development of gypsum–calcite–halite layers and a marked decrease in primary productivity. The deposits of these dry stages are evaporite‐bearing sediments with a low organic matter content. Conversely, highstands are recorded as diatomaceous organic matter‐rich muds. Average bulk sediment accumulation rose from 0·22 g cm^?2 year^?1 in lowstands to 0·32 g cm^?2 year^?1 during highstands. These results show that Laguna Mar Chiquita is a good sensor of high‐ and low‐frequency changes in the recent hydrological budget and, therefore, document climatic changes at middle latitudes in south‐eastern South America. Dry conditions were mostly dominant until the last quarter of the twentieth century, when a humid interval without precedent during the last 240 years of the lake's recorded history started. Thus, it is an ideal system to model sedimentary and geochemical response to environmental changes in a saline lacustrine basin.     

Magnetic properties of lake sediments from Lake Chalco,central Mexico,and their palaeoenvironmental implications

Lake Chalco (99.0°W, 19.5°N) in the Basin of Mexico, was formed during the Pleistocene after the emplacement of the Chichinautzin volcanic field that closed the former drainage system. The lake sediment record has been influenced by a number of factors, including glacial–interglacial cycles, local volcanism, erosion of soils and anthropogenic disturbances. The magnetic properties of the lake sediments and the associated tephra layers of the last 16500 yr have been studied. It is found that the magnetic properties of the Lake Chalco sediments are very distinctive. Magnetic concentration varies by a factor of 1000 and magnetic stability also varies over an extremely wide range. The predominant magnetic mineral is titanomagnetite in addition to an imperfect antiferromagnetic phase, possibly goethite. An unusually large range of coercivities is found in certain of the tephras. Down‐core variations in magnetic properties closely follow climatic/environmental changes previously established by other proxy methods. The late Pleistocene and late Holocene lake sediments display a higher concentration of magnetic minerals than the early–middle Holocene sediments. In the non‐volcanic sediments, fluctuations in the magnetic concentration reflect changes in both the intensity of erosion, as represented by ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic minerals, and by the maturing of soils, as represented by geothite. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.