祁连圆柏和青海云杉幼苗生理生态特征对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

以青藏高原东北部亚高山生态系统中的两种不同生境优势树种祁连圆柏和青海云杉3 a生实生苗为研究对象, 研究了它们的幼苗在适宜水分(田间持水量的80%)、轻度干旱(60%)、中度干旱(40%)、重度干旱(20%)生理生态特征差异. 结果表明: 随着干旱胁迫的加剧, 青海云杉和祁连圆柏的叶片相对含水量(RWC)、光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度 (G_s)、蒸腾速率(E) 逐渐下降, 叶片碳稳定同位素含量 (δ¹³C)、氮素利用效率(NUE)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE_i)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐增加, 但根冠比(R:S)响应不一致, 青海云杉响应逐渐降低, 而祁连圆柏响应逐渐升高. 二者对干旱胁迫的响应有显著差异, 青海云杉在所测定的生理生态指标中受干旱胁迫影响更大, 说明青海云杉对干旱胁迫更为敏感, 而祁连圆柏具有更强的耐旱性.     

青藏高原不同生境中祁连圆柏叶片δ13C变化及其与环境和树高的关系

以分布于青藏高原东北缘的优势乔木祁连圆柏为研究对象,分析了叶片δ¹³C值变化及其与树高、土壤含水量、降雨量和叶片碳氮含量的关系.研究结果表明:研究区祁连圆柏叶片δ¹³C值的变化范围为-28.58‰~-23.95‰,平均值为-25.66‰,变化幅度为4.63‰,而同一生境不同个体之间的变化幅度为2.69‰和2.93‰,说明祁连圆柏叶片δ¹³C值的变化是植物自身遗传特性与环境因子共同作用的结果.叶片δ¹³C值与树高呈明显的负相关关系(p<0.01),并且这种关系不随采样位点的不同而改变;与叶片C和N含量不相关,而与土壤含水量和年平均降水量显著负相关(p<0.001).     

两种圆柏属植物叶片代谢产物季节变化与抗冻性的关系

以祁连圆柏和圆柏为材料,测定分析了圆柏属两种常绿木本植物叶片代谢产物在冷冻适应过程中的季节变化.结果表明:在生长季节(夏季),祁连圆柏和圆柏叶片总含水量、自由水和自由水/束缚水的比值均较高,而脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量较低;在休眠季节(冬季)刚好相反.在低温胁迫下,圆柏属植物通过叶片渗透调节物质(脯氨酸和可溶性糖)含量的增加和水分含量以及总含水量、自由水和自由水/束缚水的比值的下降,降低组织细胞的渗透势,提高其保水和抗胁迫能力,增强抗冻性.两种圆柏属植物叶片水分和代谢积累物的差异分析表明:祁连圆柏之所以比圆柏更能忍受极端低温冷冻环境,可能与脯氨酸的大量积累有关.因此,脯氨酸的积累可能是在极端环境条件下生长的植物的特征之一.     

外源脱落酸对低温胁迫下圆柏属植物幼苗生理特性的影响

以3 a生圆柏和祁连圆柏幼苗为材料, 采用不同浓度脱落酸(ABA)预处理两种圆柏属幼苗, 测定-4℃低温胁迫处理第9 d叶片相对含水量(RWC)、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性, 分析外源ABA对低温胁迫下圆柏属植物叶片膜脂过氧化和渗透调节物质的影响, 为培育较多品种的抗冷冻常绿植物提供理论依据. 结果表明: 低温胁迫下, 一定浓度的ABA预处理能有效保护幼苗叶片膜系统的稳定性、增加渗透调节物质含量和提高抗氧化酶活性, 其中30 mg·L^-1ABA预处理对提高圆柏抗寒性效果最好, 40 mg·L^-1ABA预处理对提高祁连圆柏抗寒性效果最好, 且在外源ABA预处理下, 祁连圆柏的抗寒性比圆柏的强. 因此, 施用适合浓度的ABA在提高圆柏属植物抗寒性方面具有较好的应用价值.     

两种圆柏属常绿植物叶片稳定碳同位素的季节变化及其指示意义

连续2a测定了祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)和圆柏(Sabina chinensis)叶片δ13C值及叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸和硅(Si)含量的季节性变化,研究了叶δ13C值与环境因素之间的相关性(月总降雨量、月平均气温、月平均土温、月总日照时间、相对湿度、大气压、蒸汽压、风速以及潜在蒸发量).结果表明:叶片δ13C值与大气压成负相关,而与气温、降雨量、蒸汽压、潜在蒸发量、日照时间、风速及土温成正相关;13C值与相对湿度之间无显著关系,说明圆柏属植物叶13C值可以作为这些气象因素有效的指示指标.同时,叶片13C值与脯氨酸和Si含量负相关,与叶片含水量和MDA正相关,并且相对圆柏来说,祁连圆柏有更高的13C值、脯氨酸含量和Si含量,较低的叶片含水量和MDA含量,说明叶片13C值在一定程度上可以作为指证环境胁迫的抗逆指标.     

云南早泥盆世植物稳定碳同位素特征及其古气候意义*

受到植物化石材料局限性与时代久远性的限制,目前用古生代植物化石δ¹³C值来反演古环境的研究程度较低。文中通过对云南省曲靖市下泥盆统徐家冲组和文山州下泥盆统坡松冲组的部分植物化石进行稳定碳同位素测试,分析了早泥盆世植物的光合作用途径以及古环境。结果表明: 徐家冲组镰蕨属(Drepanophycus)δ¹³C值为-29.0‰~-22.8‰,平均值为-24.5‰,其中镰蕨属茎轴的δ¹³C值高于叶片0.1‰~0.3‰;坡松冲组工蕨属(Zosterophyllum)和始叶蕨属(Eophyllophyton)δ¹³C值分别为-24.8‰~-22.1‰和-23.0‰~-22.6‰,平均值分别为-23.2‰和-22.7‰;三者的δ¹³C值分布范围都与现代C3植物一致。自徐家冲组第57至第79沉积旋回,δ¹³C值总体呈上升趋势,达到2‰左右,推测可能与早泥盆世大气CO₂浓度下降和气候变冷相关。镰蕨属和工蕨属的C_i/C_a值较为稳定,说明这2种植物可能对大气CO₂浓度变化较为敏感,曲靖市古气候可能为当今的热带疏林草原气候或热带季风气候。     

不同立地条件下胡杨叶片稳定碳同位素组成及水分利用效率的变化

研究了黑河流域下游额济纳荒漠河岸不同立地条件下胡杨(Populus euphratica Olivier)叶片稳定碳同位素组成及水分利用效率的变化特征. 结果表明: 5个典型样地中, 胡杨叶片δ¹³C值在(-25.80～±0.05)‰～(-29.19～±0.05)‰间变化, 均值为(-27.70～±0.13)‰; 就生长季胡杨叶片δ¹³C均值而言, 沙丘样地具有最高的δ¹³C值, 其次为戈壁样地, 最低值出现在河岸低地. 样地间δ¹³C值的差异主要是由样地间土壤含水量和地下水埋深的不同导致的; 整个生长季胡杨叶片δ¹³C值在样地间表现为2种变化趋势. 5个典型样地生长季胡杨水分利用效率在(60.41±0.47)～(95.46±0.47) μmolCO₂·(mmolH₂O)^-1间波动变化, 其平均值为(75.69±1.37) μmolCO₂·(mmol H₂O)^-1, 从水分利用效率波动范围和平均值可以看出, 胡杨是个具有高水分利用效率的物种. 从河岸低地到河岸沙堆再到戈壁、沙丘, 随着土壤含水量逐渐下降, 地下水埋深逐渐加深, 胡杨逐渐提高了其水分利用效率.     

NO在两种圆柏属植物叶片抗冻过程中的信号功能研究

通过测定自然降温过程中抗氧化系统、膜脂过氧化、NO释放量、NO合成酶(NOS)和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的季节变化,研究植物内源NO在圆柏属植物祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)和圆柏(Sabina chinensis)叶抗冻过程中的信号功能.结果表明:随温度降低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、脯氨酸(Pro)、类胡罗卜素(Car)含量增加并在冬季达最大值,NO释放率、NOS和NR活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量也显著增加并在9月和2月出现两峰值;两树种叶中的抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量都与平均温度和MDA含量负相关,而且NO的产生总是发生在抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量增加之前,表明抗氧化系统在清除氧自由基抑制膜脂过氧化提高抗冻性方面具有重要作用,NO作为信号分子可能激活了抗氧化系统诱导植物抗冻性.在抗冻过程中,祁连圆柏叶的NO释放率、NOS和NR活性、抗氧化酶活性以及抗氧化剂含量都高于圆柏,表明祁连圆柏具有较强的适应性策略.     

高砷地下水中溶解性有机碳和无机碳稳定同位素特征

随着稳定同位素分析技术的逐步完善,碳稳定同位素被广泛应用于地球化学领域。高砷地下水砷的生物地球化学循环是目前环境化学研究热点之一。分析概括了碳稳定同位素应用于地下水领域的研究现状,介绍了地下水中有机碳和无机碳稳定同位素的前处理方法以及测试技术。在此基础上,选取了内蒙古河套平原具有代表性的高砷地下水进行氧化还原敏感组分、碳稳定同位素的测定与分析。结果表明,As分布极不均匀,其含量为1.24~387 μg/L。地下水溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量相对较高,与溶解性无机碳(DIC)浓度基本呈正相关。δ¹³C_DIC相对δ¹³C_DOC较富集¹³C;δ¹³C_DIC-δ¹³C_DOC与δ¹³C_DIC之间具有显著的正相关关系;表明δ¹³C_DIC值越贫化,δ¹³C_DIC-δ¹³C_DOC越小,地下水中来源于有机物氧化分解的无机碳越多,进一步说明有机碳的氧化分解在无机碳稳定同位素贫化过程中起主要作用。此外,δ¹³C_DIC-δ¹³C_DOC与As浓度呈一定的负相关关系;表明有机物的微生物降解对砷的富集具有明显的促进作用。微生物可利用的碳源增加,促进异养微生物的代谢,并消耗氧气,最终形成有利于地下水As富集的还原环境。     

不同生境下祁连圆柏叶片色素和稳定碳同位素组成的变化

测定了祁连山大火烧(相对干旱环境)和吐鲁沟(相对湿润环境)中祁连圆柏(Sabina przewal-skii)幼树和老树叶片5种色素含量以及稳定碳同位素组成和脯氨酸含量等指标.结果显示:在相对干旱的环境下,幼树和老树的叶黄素循环转换率(Z+A)/(V+A+Z)、类胡萝卜素含量、脯氨酸含量及稳定碳同位素值都较高,而PsⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)及叶绿素含量都较低,且花青素和紫松果黄素含量也较低;在两种不同生境下,除Fv/Fm及叶绿素外,老树的其它指标都显著高于幼树.结果说明色素在干旱胁迫下起重要的光保护作用,其变化是祁连圆柏在长期与环境交互作用过程中形成的一种适应策略.     

五台山高山带植被对气候变化的响应

根据五台山高山带草本群落特征种的生长、分布和高山林线树种的年轮分析,揭示了近20年来气候变暖对高山植被的影响。高山草甸和林线过渡带的某些植物种向上爬升的趋势与同期区域气温升高密切相关。草本群落及其特征种沿垂直梯度的爬升与五台山高山带近年来的增温趋势相符合,进一步说明了高山带植被对气候变暖的响应较为敏感,可作为气候变化的指示体。树木年轮宽度序列分析和响应函数表明夏季降水对五台山的高山带木本植物生长有较大影响。由于夏季温度较高,冻土融化,提高了降水的利用效率,促进了树木生长。根据树轮宽度指数与7月份降水量的相关关系,重建了20世纪五台山地区7月份的降水量,基本反映了其间降水量变化的规律。结果表明:五台山20世纪20年代、30年代中期至40年代是相对比较干旱的时期,30年代初期和50年代是相对湿润期,近年来,降水量有下降趋势。     

The relation of seasonal pattern in stable carbon compositions to meteorological variables in the leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sabina</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">przewalskii</Emphasis> Kom. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sabina chinensis</Emphasis> (Lin.) Ant.

The seasonal variation of foliar δ¹³C values in Sabina przewalskii Kom. and Sabina chinensis (Lin.) Ant. was measured. The relationships between foliar δ¹³C values and branch δ¹³C values as well as environmental factors (monthly total precipitation, monthly average air temperature, monthly average soil temperature, monthly total solar duration, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, vapor pressure, wind speed and potential evaporation) were investigated. The results showed that the foliar δ¹³C values were negatively correlated with air pressure, and positively correlated with air temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure, potential evaporation, solar duration, wind speed and soil temperature. No significant relationship between δ¹³C values and relative humidity was detected. This demonstrates that the foliar δ¹³C of Sabina is a successful empirical indictor of these meteorological factors within the usual range of C₃ whole-leaf δ¹³C values. Furthermore, the δ¹³C signature of leaf tissue is similar to that of wood tissue and the responses of δ¹³C values in S. przewalskii Kom. to environmental factors are also relatively stronger than that of S. chinensis (Lin.) Ant. These results provided strong evidence that it is feasible to extract climatic information from tree-ring δ¹³C series and S. przewalskii Kom. is a dendroclimatologically promising tree species.     

The spatial variation of alpine timberlines and their biogeographical characteristics in the northern Tianshan Mountains of China

Alpine timberline is a proper indicator of climate change and has received much attention in ecological research during the past decades. In this study, variations of alpine timberlines and their biogeographic characteristics were investigated by a combination of field surveys, climate indices, and soil nutrient analyses in the northern Tianshan Mountains (NTM) of northwest China. The timberline altitudes were probed to range from 2,530 to 2,800 m a.s.l. in the NTM, gradually descending from west to east along the V-shaped Ili valley (from Zhaosu to Xinyuan), and ascending from west to east across the northernmost range of the study area (from Bole to Balikun). The vertical widths between the upper and lower limits of the timberlines were widest in the middle NTM (Kuytun to Changji) and the Ili valley (Zhaosu to Xinyuan). Interactions between the terrain and air currents resulted in variant climates within the NTM, which contributed to significant timberline distribution differences. Although vertical width was positively correlated to soil nutrient (especially organic matter, r = 0.78), and timberline altitudes were positively related to the soil pH values, the temperature during the growing season primarily determines both altitude and vertical width. In conclusion, timberline altitudes were dominated by the combined effects of local topography, soil nutrient properties, water, and thermal conditions. Identifying the dominating influencing factors of NTM timberlines provided potential insights to better understand the effects of climate change on the alpine ecosystem over central Asia.     

祁连山中部祁连圆柏林线树木生长与积雪响应关系研究

对青海省东北部祁连县周边的冰沟、青羊沟和扎麻什林线地区的祁连圆柏进行了树芯采集, 建立了祁连山中部3个样点林线处祁连圆柏的树轮宽度年表. 相关分析显示, 树轮宽度与前一年积雪深度和当年3-6月积雪面积呈显著负相关. 同时, 建立了树轮宽度与前一年9月份积雪深度的转换函数方程, 解释方差为35.9%, 树轮-雪深重建数据能较好的反映积雪深度变化. 重建序列显示, 自1740年以来, 研究区共有3个积雪深度高值时段, 分别为1740-1780年、1825-1880年和1910-1980年. 并且, 在长时间尺度上, 积雪深度变化与祁连山地区以及中国西部其他地区的冰川进退有较好的对应关系. 另外, 积雪深度在年际变化和长期变化上都与温度变化表现为负相关.     

Glacier variations in the Sierra Nevada, California, as related to a 1200-year tree-ring chronology

A time-series of tree-ringwidth indices for alpine timberline foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) from the Sierra Nevada of California shows a growth response to summer, late fall, and early winter temperatures that is the inverse of that resulting in the expansion of alpine glaciers. These are correlated with lichen-dated moraines and avalanche deposits that accumulated during subsequent decades. Minima in the ringwidth record, reflecting marked temperature declines occurred at 810, 1470, 1610, 1700 and 1810. Cold periods of lesser extent are also indicated between 1190 to 1400 and suggest that the initial pulses of the Sierran Matthes advances may have begun as early as 1190, or 150 yr earlier than previously dated. The Matthes advances were preceded by a period of pronounced warmth from 900 to 1190 during which timberline rose 10 m to its present elevation. A warm period is also indicated between 1500 and 1580. Recent work extending the tree-ring chronology to 3031 yr B.P. and radiocarbon dating of weathered samples to 6300 yr B.P. suggests that the chronology may ultimately be applicable to the dating of earlier Sierran glacier advances.     

The variations of stable-carbon isotope ratios in Qilian juniper in northwestern China

This is the first study of δ¹³C values that considers elevational influences of the Qilian mountains of China. The δ¹³C values of different parts of the Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) at different elevations of the Qilian mountains, China, were measured. Relatively constant differences in δ¹³C values existed between the tree leaves and the trunk wood. No strong dependency of δ¹³C values on elevation was found. The temporal changes of wood δ¹³C values with directions, elevations and height in the tree showed general similarity. These results suggest that the isotopic effects of environmental factors expressed initially at the site of photosynthesis, i.e., the leaves could be contained in the trunks of a tree. Regardless of elevation, direction or height in the tree, wood δ¹³C values have been decreasing during the past 60 years. A composite 600-year δ¹³C chronology developed from four trees showed that δ¹³C values remain relatively constant before 1800. After 1800 AD, however, δ¹³C values became significantly more negative. The trend in wood δ¹³C values was consistent with that obtained for δ¹³C values in atmospheric CO₂. The results showed that for Qilian juniper, tree-ring δ¹³C chronology could be established to ascertain fluctuations of the atmospheric δ¹³C.     

利用树轮宽度重建近280 a来祁连山东部地区的春季降水

利用采自祁连山东部的祁连圆柏样芯样本，建立标准化年表，并将标准年表的树轮指数与附近的乌鞘岭气象站的温度和降水进行相关分析，结果表明，年轮指数与3－4月降水呈显著正相关，相关系数为0．525，利用标准化年表与3－4月降水的线性回归方程重建了研究区近280a来的3－4月降水，统计检验表明重建结果是可靠的。     

Advance of Norway spruce (Picea abies) onto mafic Lommoltunturi fell in Finnish Lapland during the last 200 years

As a result of global changes, shifts of alpine tree lines towards higher elevations have been recorded, but the role of the spatial variability of the snowpack and zonal‐pattern soil‐nutrient regimes is poorly understood. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) is best suited to fertile soils, and hence we applied soil physical‐chemical and snow measurements and the age chronology of Norway spruce along an elevational gradient (380–557 m a.s.l.) to address a vertical soil zonality hypothesis on mafic Lommoltunturi fell in Finnish Lapland. With regard to increasing elevation, we found an increase in soil N_TOT, C_TOT and Al, but a decrease in soil Ca, Mg and Ca:Al ratio as well as in electrical conductivity (EC). In addition, the snowpack was significantly thicker in low‐elevation forest than in the tree line and open tundra. In the 1840s, spruce established on low‐elevation soils with a Ca:Al ratio of 2.2. Starting from the 1920s a significant shift of spruce occurred such that it took 60 years to expand the tree line by 55 m in elevation. The spruce tree line has advanced, and the age distribution indicates new colonization of spruce in closed forest up to tundra. The poor soil Ca:Al ratio of 0.02 on tundra apparently is a constraint for spruce. Spruce forest is young (<165 years), and hence we argue that spruce has expanded onto formerly tree‐free sites of this mafic fell. This paper demonstrates that vertical soil zonality is a potential driver for the diffuse tree line of Picea abies on mafic Fennoscandian fells.