近40 a毛乌素沙地荒漠化过程研究

毛乌素沙地位于我国北方农牧交错带上,生态环境具有较强的敏感性和脆弱性。采用1977-2010年Landsat数据,运用决策树和非监督分类相结合的方法对近40 a来毛乌素沙地荒漠化过程进行了研究。结果表明：（1）决策树分类和ISODATA非监督分类相结合可快速实现荒漠化地区地物遥感解译,图像总分类精度大于87.28%;（2）近40 a毛乌素沙地流动沙地面积在20世纪90年代末最大,2010年最小;半固定沙地面积在2010年最大,90年代末最小;固定沙地面积在2010年最大,70年代末最小;（3）70年代末荒漠化程度最为严重,流动和半固定沙地面积之和占了毛乌素沙地总面积83.64%;80年代末、90年代末和2010年的流动和半固定沙地面积之和分别占总面积74.51%、77.10%和67.90%;（4）流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地、耕地和水体间的相互转换过程活跃,荒漠化演替过程显著区在70年代末到80年代末主要分布在北部、西北部和南部,80年代末到90年代末主要分布在西部和南部,90年代末到2010年主要分布在西北部、西部、南部和东北部;（5）近40 a毛乌素沙地气温以0.039 ℃/a的平均速度递增,降水则以0.095 mm/a的平均速度递减,气候总体上体现出暖干的趋势。降水是影响荒漠化过程的重要因素,但不是唯一原因,人文因素中的人口、土地利用结构和政策实施等也是影响荒漠化过程重要因素。     

沙漠编目技术规范的初步设计

本文在阐释沙漠编目的意义与目的的基础上,从沙漠编目的目标、关键概念、资料来源、编码规范和编目内容等方面对沙漠编目规范提出了初步的设想,并尝试性地按照沙漠（沙地、戈壁）大类、所处自然地带、所在行政区域和编号这4部分的组成原则,用字母和阿拉伯数字相结合的表达方式,首次提出了中国主要沙漠、沙地和戈壁编码一览表,以期为中国沙漠、沙地、和戈壁编目工作的开展奠定一定基础。     

毛乌素沙地草场荒漠化评价的指标体系

毛乌素沙地草场荒漠化的主要原因是开垦、过度放牧、樵柴和挖药材等,沙地草场荒漠化过程分为4个阶段,即轻度退化、中度退化、严重退化和极严重退化。应用植物被分类、排序和梯度分析等技术研究了沙地草场荒漠化过程。轻度退化阶段以臭柏、麻黄等中旱生灌木为主;中度退化以油蒿、柠条等为主;严重退化以籽蒿、羊柴等为主;极严重退化以沙米、牛心朴子等为主。随着退化的发展,地表覆沙厚度逐渐增大,土壤中各种营养成分大幅度下降,土壤机械组成粗化,由沙壤土向沙土发展,沿退化梯度群落种多样性呈现单峰曲线变化。在此基础上提出沙地草场在群落水平上的荒漠化评价指标体系。     

基于全球土地退化零增长监测体系构建的中国沙化土地监测体系及效果评估

土地荒漠化是非常重要的生态环境问题,而科学评价荒漠化治理和零增长目标是否实现的必要前提是具有完善统一的评价体系。为此,联合国防治荒漠化公约（UNCCD）提出了土地退化零增长（LDN）的概念和监测指标。防治土地退化是中国的重要生态目标,中国已开展了多次全国土地荒漠化和沙化监测工作。但是,如何将这些监测结果用于土地退化的评估实践,尚未见报道。因此,本研究针对中国四大沙地,利用3期全国荒漠化和沙化监测数据,与基于UNCCD框架体系下的土地退化零增长（LDN）指标进行对比分析,并基于土地沙化程度变化趋势提出了中国沙化土地退化指标体系（CSLDN）。结果表明：UNCCD所提出的LDN监测指标与中国的荒漠化监测数据总体精度为0.51,中国沙化土地监测指标与LDN指标具有宏观一致性。此外,经本地优化后的CSLDN指标克服了低植被盖度区域LDN对土地退化和恢复的评价不准确的问题,更准确刻画了精细尺度空间内的土地动态变化状况,对土地退化防治意义重大。     

半干旱典型风沙区植被覆盖度演变与气候变化的关系及其对生态建设的意义

中国北方四大沙地(毛乌素沙地、浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地、呼伦贝尔沙地)是半干旱地区荒漠化发展的典型地区和荒漠化防治的重点区域.分析四大沙地植被覆盖度的时空演变规律及其对气候要素的响应机制,对保护北方生态脆弱区的生物多样性与生态安全具有重要意义.基于1998-2018年SPOT-VEGETATION的植被覆盖度指数(ND...     

京北浑善达克沙地荒漠化现状、成因与对策

位于首都圈北部内蒙古高原的浑善达克沙地是威胁京津地区的一个主要风沙源区,近几十年来荒漠化发展十分迅速,但相应的荒漠化研究却很薄弱。目前对该区一些局部地区的研究已经揭示了荒漠化快速发展的趋势,但仍缺乏整个沙地荒漠化状况全面和细致的了解。虽然过度放牧等不合理的人类活动被看作是该区荒漠化的主要驱动力,但只有揭示人类生产系统与土地系统之间的反馈作用机制,才能深刻认识荒漠化的成因,才有望对防治荒漠化提供有效的理论依据。最后,提出了围绕浑善达克沙地荒漠化问题需要开展的4个方面的研究工作,即潜在生态系统空间格局、荒漠化动态与监测、荒漠化机理、土地质量评价与土地承载力确定。     

中国荒漠化病因诊断

荒漠化研究和治理工作在中国已有多年,提出的治理措施与发表的研究论文硕果累累。但时至今日,荒漠化危害不仅依在,而且危害仍在逐年加剧,呈现这种局面的主要原因在于虽然对荒漠化的物理、生物机理有较透彻的认识,但对其社会机理还认识不够。社会管理者的科学求实态度、管理系统的自我调节功能、运转效率、协调程度以及受监督机制等深刻影响着一地区荒漠化的走势与治理结果。正在进行的西部大开发使中国荒漠化发展处于整体加速或减速的十字路口,一个好的环境结局将取决于干旱区社会管理者们科学素质的提高,思维决策模式与管理体制的革新。     

中国古代沙质荒漠化的历史演变

荒漠化是全球性的环境问题,威胁到人类的生存和发展,中国是受荒漠化严重危害的国家之一。依据历史文献的记载和现代学者研究成果,分秦汉魏晋南北朝时期、隋唐宋元时期和明清时期三个历史阶段,梳理了中国沙质荒漠化的演变过程。研究表明：秦汉魏晋南北朝时期,中国沙质荒漠化主要集中在西北地区,如鄂尔多斯高原、河西走廊和新疆地区;隋唐宋元时期,荒漠化扩展到东北地区,如呼伦贝尔沙地、科尔沁沙地等;明清时期,政府通过修筑长城和封禁政策,客观上抑制了边疆地区的垦殖开荒,但在人口压力下,明朝后期和清朝后期北部边疆的农垦快速发展,加速了鄂尔多斯高原、科尔沁沙地等地区的荒漠化进程。因此,数千年来的气候变化和人类活动,特别是滥垦、滥牧、滥樵采等不合理土地利用方式,致使我国北方干旱和半干旱区的荒漠化日趋严重。     

戈壁分类体系与编目研究

建立统一的戈壁分类和编目体系,是进一步深入研究戈壁的理论基础,也是合理开发利用戈壁资源的前提。到目前为止,只有少量文献或著作提到戈壁或戈壁类型,关于戈壁编目的研究更鲜有报道。为了促进戈壁研究的规范化,本文在参照现有戈壁分类基础上,结合戈壁科学考察成果,根据戈壁的形成原因、地表物质组成与植被类型,分三级建立了戈壁分类体系,并对每一级每一类的戈壁特征进行了较为详细的阐述。在戈壁分类基础上,提出戈壁编目设想,以期为进一步深入开展戈壁研究奠定基础。     

基于CART决策树的沙地信息提取方法研究

为研究沙地信息提取的方法,采用基于CART决策树的面向对象方法,提取中卫市沙坡头区的沙地信息。首先对研究区进行多尺度分割和光谱差异分割得到对象层,然后选择合适的提取特征和训练样本点,最后输入选择的提取特征和样本点生成CART规则树,并对地物进行分类,提取出沙地信息。结果表明:采用面向对象的CART决策树方法提取沙地信息具有较高自动化程度和精确度,依此构建的CART决策树总体分类精度可达到77%,是最近邻分类结果的1.12倍,支持向量机分类结果的1.57倍,此外,NDBI(归一化裸露指数)、GSI(粒度指数)和SWIR 2(第七波段)均值可以成功的将沙地、戈壁和裸岩石砾地三个易混地物区分开来,是沙地提取过程中三个重要的特征指数。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

Journal of Resources and Ecology Total Contents of Volume 5, 2014

<正>~~     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.