煤系源岩倾油倾气性研究

利用固体13C核磁共振波谱检测源岩干酪根中油、气潜力碳的相对含量,并利用该参数直接判别各类源岩在"液态窗"阶段的倾油、倾气性.有些煤系源岩虽然其地球化学特征属腐植型母质,但由于其干酪根的脂碳中油潜力碳>气潜力碳,故仍以生油为主.该方法从生烃机理出发进一步揭示了新疆焉耆盆地中、下侏罗统煤系源岩以生油为主的根本原因.     

济阳坳陷下第三系优质烃源岩的发育及其意义

运用钻井取芯及测井资料，对烃源岩的沉积结构、生物发育、水化学环境、地球化学特征及生烃模拟实验研究认为，济阳坳陷下第三系纵向上由下向上发育有沙四上亚段、沙三下亚段及沙一段优质烃源岩。它们有机质丰度高，类型好，生烃潜力大，在生物标志化合物、碳同位素及成烃演化上具有明显的差异，为油源分析提供了可靠的证据。根据优质烃源岩与一般烃源岩在生烃潜力及成烃成藏贡献上的差异，结合济阳坳陷多年来的油气勘探实践，有理由认为优质烃源岩的存在是富油凹陷形成的决定条件，优质烃源岩层对陆相湖盆油气形成具有重要意义。     

中国海相碳酸盐岩的生烃研究

碳酸盐岩成烃有机质丰度下限值的确定,涉及到盆地实际资料的统计,以及源岩有机质类型、热成熟度、矿物组成、古地温、生储配置关系等诸多因素。提出了一种具有实验依据的高、过成熟碳酸盐岩原始有机质丰度及生烃潜力恢复法,经在我国一些盆地下古生界海相源岩中使用,效果良好。海相镜质体形成机制的研究揭示,同一生源前生物(菌、藻),因其沉积环境和演化途径不同,可形成地化性质完全不同的地质聚合物。首次提出了利用固体~(13)C 核磁共振波谱获得的干酪根中的芳核平均结构尺寸 X_b 作为前泥盆纪碳酸盐岩有机质热成熟度的新衡量标尺。自然演化与热压模拟两个系列的对比研究表明:脂族碳是干酪根热降解成烃的主要贡献者,油潜力碳在热演化过程中呈“三段式”的阶段变化特征。利用固体~(13)C 核磁共振波谱所提供的不同母质类型和不同演化阶段干酪根中各类结构组成的碳分数变化特征,不仅可揭示油气生成机制及过程,还可对各类源岩生成油气的定量研究提供新的途径。     

六盘山盆地白垩系马东山组烃源岩地球化学特征——以宁固参1井为例

为解决六盘山盆地白垩系马东山组生烃潜力不明、烃源岩演化不清等问题,依据岩心有机地球化学分析测试数据,对宁固参1井烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型、成熟度进行了研究,评价了马东山组烃源岩的生烃潜力。结果表明：马东山组烃源岩有机质丰度中等—低,类型主要为Ⅱ₂型和Ⅲ型,热演化程度处于低成熟—成熟阶段,以生油为主。该研究结果对六盘山盆地的烃源岩地球化学特征、生烃潜力评价、预测油气有利区具有指导作用。     

莺琼盆地中新统海相烃源岩地球化学特征及生烃潜力评价

通过有机碳测定、岩石热解分析、显微组分定量分析、饱和烃色谱、色谱-质谱等实验分析,对莺琼盆地中新统海相烃源岩的地球化学特征进行了研究,探讨了不同层位烃源岩的生烃潜力。结果表明：莺琼盆地中新统海相烃源岩有机质丰度总体较低,大部分烃源岩为中等烃源岩,有机质类型以Ⅱ2型和Ⅲ型为主,有机质热演化主要处于成熟阶段。烃源岩显微组分组成具有富含镜质组、壳质组+腐泥组次之、贫含惰性组的特征。烃源岩沉积环境主要为弱氧化-弱还原环境,具有陆生高等植物和低等水生生物生源混合输入的特征。莺歌海盆地梅山组烃源岩综合评价为中等烃源岩,生烃潜力相对较好,三亚组烃源岩综合评价为较差—中等烃源岩,具有一定的生烃潜力。琼东南盆地梅山组和三亚组烃源岩综合评价为中等烃源岩,具有相当的生烃潜力。     

中国古生界海相烃源岩生烃潜力评价标准与方法

中国古生界海相高、过成熟烃源岩原始生烃潜力评价问题是一个没有解决的老问题,至今没有可靠的评价方法与统一评价标准。低成熟元古宇—古生界海相泥岩/页岩与碳酸盐岩地球化学分析揭示,由于有机质组成不同,不同时代烃源岩的有机碳含量与热解生烃潜力之间存在着不同的线性关系。按照岩石热解生烃潜力来衡量,泥岩/页岩与碳酸盐岩作为有效烃源岩的有机质丰度下限没有本质区别,其有机碳含量必须大于0.5%;对于元古宇-下古生界海相烃源岩,达到中等生烃潜力的有机碳含量必须大于0.75%,好烃源岩的有机碳含量必须大于1.5%,很好烃源岩的有机碳含量大于2%,有机碳含量大于4%的属于极好的烃源岩;上古生界海相泥岩各级烃源岩相应的有机碳界线值高于下古生界泥岩。按照低成熟元古宇—古生界烃源岩有机碳含量与热解生烃潜力之间的关系方程,由有机碳含量基本上可以定量评价高、过成熟的元古宇—古生界烃源岩的原始生烃潜力。     

准噶尔盆地中I区块侏罗系三工河组烃源岩有机地球化学特征

借助油气评价仪、色谱-质谱、稳定同位素质谱仪、显微镜等分析测试手段,从有机碳含量、可溶有机质含量及其转化率、热解参数、饱和烃的生物标志化合物特征、有机岩石学特征和碳同位素分布特征几个方面资料,综合分析了准噶尔盆地腹部地区中I区块侏罗系三工河组烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,对其进行了综合评价.结果表明:①侏罗系三工河组烃源岩在不同地区质量存在差别,庄1井区为中等-好烃源岩,沙1和征1井属于差-非烃源岩;②有机质类型属于Ⅱ2—Ⅲ干酪根,有机质处于低成熟-成熟演化阶段;③烃源岩沉积环境为淡水湖相和湖沼相沉积,生源母质多为陆源高等植物,但仍有相当量的低等水生生物源的贡献,样品间在母质来源上可能存在差异;④根据地球化学资料和沉积相资料综合分析,准噶尔盆地中I区块侏罗系三工河组烃源岩具有较好的生油气潜力.     

Evaluation Criterion and Methods of the Hydrocarbon Generation Potential for China's Paleozoic Marine Source Rocks

中国古生界海相高、过成熟烃源岩原始生烃潜力评价问题是一个没有解决的老问题,至今没有可靠的评价方法与统一评价标准.低成熟元古宇—古生界海相泥岩/页岩与碳酸盐岩地球化学分析揭示,由于有机质组成不同,不同时代烃源岩的有机碳含量与热解生烃潜力之间存在着不同的线性关系.按照岩石热解生烃潜力来衡量,泥岩/页岩与碳酸盐岩作为有效烃源岩的有机质丰度下限没有本质区别,其有机碳含量必须大于0.5％;对于元古宇一下古生界海相烃源岩,达到中等生烃潜力的有机碳含量必须大于0.75％,好烃源岩的有机碳含量必须大于1.5％,很好烃源岩的有机碳含量大于2％,有机碳含量大于4％的属于极好的烃源岩;上古生界海相泥岩各级烃源岩相应的有机碳界线值高于下古生界泥岩.按照低成熟元古宇—古生界烃源岩有机碳含量与热解生烃潜力之间的关系方程,由有机碳含量基本上可以定量评价高、过成熟的元古宇—古生界烃源岩的原始生烃潜力.     

准噶尔盆地陆梁油田油气源研究

地质色层效应、输道层矿物的吸附和储集层中油气的热演化，导致了生物标志物的多解性和常规油气源研究的不确定性。四面临凹，且凹陷都有可能成为其油气源区的陆梁油田油气源研究更具挑战性和难度。笔者通过对周边凹陷的构造演化、烃源岩生烃能力和地球化学特征、输道层的演化和特征以及陆梁油田油气地球化学特征进行分析，运用三环二萜烷C20、C21、C23和甾烷C27、C28、C29等生物标志物进行对比，认为陆梁油田的油主要来源于具有巨大生烃潜力的盆1井西凹陷二叠系烃源岩，气主要来自侏罗系烃源岩。     

二连盆地石炭系—二叠系烃源岩有机地球化学特征及生烃潜力

二连盆地海相烃源岩主要为海槽沉积的石炭系—二叠系泥岩和碳酸盐岩。根据盆地周缘69个露头剖面样品的残余有机碳含量等地球化学实验数据,分析了石炭系—二叠系海相烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型、热演化程度。针对地表烃源岩样品具有高热演化、低丰度的地球化学特征,在有机质丰度的热解损失和地表风化损失校正基础上,采用TSM盆地模拟技术计算烃源岩生烃强度。综合分析认为,二连盆地石炭系—二叠系海相烃源岩具有低—中等级别的生烃能力。     

Characteristics and Evaluation of the High-Quality Source Rocks of Cretaceous Continental Shale Oil in Tonghua Basin,China

The presence of shale oil in the Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation in the Tonghua Basin, drilled by the well TD-01, has been discussed in this geological investigation for the first time. To evaluate the high-quality source rocks of Cretaceous continental shale oil, the distribution characteristics and the evolution of the ancient environment, samples of shale were systematically analyzed in terms of sedimentary facies, organic geochemistry, and organic carbon isotopic composition. The results demonstrate that a TOC value of 1.5% represents the lower-limit TOC value of the high-quality source rocks. Source rocks have an aggregate thickness of 211 m and contain abundant organic matter, with TOC values of 2.69% on average and a maximum value over 5.44%. The original hydrocarbon-generative potential value(S_1+S_2) is between 0.18 mg/g and 6.13 mg/g, and the Ro is between 0.97% and 1.40%. The thermal maturation of the source rocks is relatively mature to highly mature. The δ¹³C value range is between -34.75‰ and -26.53‰. The ratio of saturated hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons is 1.55 to 5.24, with an average of 2.85, which is greater than 1.6. The organic types are mainly type Ⅱ_1, followed by type Ⅰ. The organic carbon source was C_3 plants and hydrophytes. The paleoclimate of the Hengtongshan Formation can be characterized as hot and dry to humid, and these conditions were conducive to the development of high-quality source rocks. A favorable paleoenvironment and abundant organic carbon sources provide a solid hydrocarbon generation base for the formation and accumulation of oil and gas in the shale of the Tonghua Basin.     

Control Factors and Diversities of Phase State of Oil and Gas Pools in the Kuqa Petroleum System

Based on the analysis of the hydrocarbon geochemical characteristics in the Kuqa petroleum system of the Tarim Basin, this study discusses the causes and controlling factors of the phase diversities and their differences in geochemical features. According to the characteristics and differences in oil and gas phase, the petroleum system can be divided into five categories: oil reservoir, wet gas reservoir, condensate gas-rich reservoir, condensate gas-poor reservoir and dry gas reservoir. The causes for the diversities in oil and gas phases include diversities of the sources of parent material, maturity of natural gas and the process of hydrocarbon accumulation of different hydrocarbon phases. On the whole, the Jurassic and Triassic terrestrial source rocks are the main sources for the hydrocarbon in the Kuqa Depression. The small differences in parent material may cause diversities in oil and gas amount, but the impact is small. The differences in oil and gas phase are mainly affected by maturity and the accumulation process, which closely relates with each other. Oil and gas at different thermal evolution stage can be captured in different accumulation process.     

漠河盆地北部中侏罗统烃源岩有机质评价

通过漠河盆地北部油气地质调查,圈出了与油气形成密切相关的烃源岩层（含炭泥岩）的分布范围,为下一步寻找油气资源提供了靶区。研究表明：漠河盆地烃源岩类型为黑色泥岩,烃源岩w（TOC）为0.20%~30.30%。圈出26处烃源岩区,面积134.69 km²。烃源岩样品的最高热解温度（T_max）平均值为442℃,烃源岩演化处于成熟-过成熟阶段。漠河盆地西北部的成烃地质条件：中侏罗统沉积岩系为油气储藏提供了良好的空间和气源;中生代岩浆活动及韧性剪切作用为烃源岩成气作用提供了良好的温度条件;张性断裂、裂隙和碎裂岩化构造为油气运移和储存提供了运移通道和储存空间。     

Characteristics of Triassic Petroleum Systems in the Longmenshan Foreland Basin, Sichuan Province, China

The Triassic in the Longmengshan foreland basin is rich in oil and gas resources. Its reservoirs feature low-porosity, low-permeability, small pore throat, high water saturation, and strong heterogeneity. The existence of abnormally high pressure and various reservoir-cap combinations developed at different times provide favorable conditions for trapping oil and gas. Taking the theory of petroleum systems as a guide, and beginning with research on tectonics, sedimentary history, distribution and evolution of source rocks, reservoir evolution, hydraulic force distribution, and hydrocarbon migration, analysis and study of static factors like source rocks, reservoirs and cap rocks, and dynamic factors such as hydrocarbon generation, migration, and accumulation revealed the characteristics of the Upper Triassic petroleum system in western Sichuan province. The deepbasin gas in the central hydrocarbon kitchen of the Upper Triassic, structural-lithological combination traps on the surrounding slopes, and the structural traps of the Indo-Chinese-Yangshan paleohighs, are potential plays. The relatively well- developed fault zones in the southern segment of the Longmengshan foothill belt are favorable Jurassic gas plays. Pengshan-Xinjin, Qiongxi, and Dayi are recent exploration targets for Jurassic oil/gas reservoirs.     

海相、陆相油气及其成因概述

国外油气主要在海相地层中发现,而中国油气主要在陆相地层中找到,根本原因在于地层形成顺序两者相反,前者浅层以海相为主,后者浅层则以陆相为主,大量油气是通过壳深断裂从深部垂直向上运移所形成,储集于浅部的首先被勘探开发。中国海相油气勘探中面临三大问题:(1)海相碳酸盐岩的有机碳含量均很低,难以形成大规模的烃源岩;(2)无法解决碳酸盐岩中的油气运移问题;(3)一些海相地层油气田的油气来源存在争议。共可归纳出三种油气生成模式,即壳源有机质、壳—幔相互作用以及费-托合成。目前人们过于执着于壳源有机质生成,而对费-托合成模式还没有足够认识和重视,这种思维定势阻碍了油气勘探在理论和实践上的进一步发展。大量油气是在地幔深部通过费-托合成或在地壳深部通过壳—幔相互作用形成,并沿深大断裂向上运移,除了浅部有大量聚集,在地壳深部的花岗岩、火山岩、变质岩等基岩中,在我国深部的海相地层和国外深部的陆相地层中同样可以大量聚集。     

陆相生油及其衍生热点

对陆相生油而言,关键性的问题是何种地质背景是形成优质油源层和向成油转化的环境。认识之一是古气候和占构造有利因素的叠加,如“陆相、潮湿、拗陷”的学说。70年代以来陆相牛油地球化学研究在陆相油源岩的质、量,成烃转化特征、油气源对比等方面确证了陆相沉积中存在优质源岩和向成油转化的条件,并足以保证陆相大、中型油气田形成的油源供给。陆相有机质的特性衍生出近年油气地学的2个热点,即煤成气、煤成油、未熟-低熟油气,并取得了理论和实践的双丰收。笔者在文中提出了陆相生油的地质构架——环境控源、源控藏。     

惠民凹陷上古生界烃源岩的生烃动力学研究

以化学动力学方法定量评价烃源岩是近些年发展起来的一种新方法。本文采用金管-高压釜封闭体系研究了惠民凹陷上古生界烃源岩(碳质泥岩)生烃动力学,取得了热解产物C1和C2～C5烃类气体组分生成动力学参数,结合Kinetics生烃动力学专用软件计算,模拟了具体地质条件下的成烃规律。结果表明,生成CH4所需活化能较高,分布范围较宽;随着碳数的增加(C2～C5),所需活化能与甲烷相反。结合惠民凹陷埋藏史与受热史,烃源岩发生过二次生烃过程,模拟计算结果与实际地质背景相吻合,指出古地温演化模式对烃源岩的生烃行为有重要的影响。生烃动力学参数为计算含油气盆地烃源岩油气生成量提供了科学依据。     

东濮凹陷膏盐岩对烃源岩成烃演化的控制作用及其石油地质意义

东濮凹陷北部盐湖相膏盐岩极其发育,膏盐岩对烃源岩性质及生烃特征的影响研究薄弱。采用地质与地球化学相结合途径,探讨了含膏盐岩层系烃源岩特性及其成烃演化规律。结果表明,盐区与无盐区烃源岩的特性有很大差异,北部盐湖相含盐区深灰色、褐色等暗色页岩有机质丰度一般大于15%,有机质类型以Ⅱ1型和Ⅰ型为主,是区内主要的优质烃源岩;南部淡水湖相无盐区主要发育有利生气的Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根,反映东濮凹陷烃源岩的质量及生烃潜能与膏盐岩的发育密切相关。观察到膏盐岩影响烃源岩的成烃演化进程,当膏盐层厚度为50 m时,生油窗的范围显著增加;随着盐岩厚度(>50 m)的增加,湿气窗的范围也逐渐增加;当膏盐岩厚度约400 m时,生油窗范围开始减小,湿气窗的范围仍有增加趋势。膏盐岩对烃源岩“生油气窗”的影响是基于其较高的热导率属性,通过影响地温场而实现。以地质解剖为依据,建立了文留地区含膏盐岩层系烃源岩成烃演化模式。东濮凹陷含膏盐岩层系烃源岩的演化特征对该凹陷及同类含膏盐岩盆地油气勘探具有重要指示意义。     

Study on petroleum geological conditions in Dazhuom area of Southern Qiangtang Basin of Tibet

Previous researchers in Dazhuoma area of Southern Qiangtang Basin have found some sporadic oil and gas on the surface and collected a small amount of source rocks for analysis, but the exploration degree was generally low and they have not carried out systematic analysis of the generation, storage and cap of oil and gas. Based on the previous data, the authors in this paper have studied the characteristics of the source rocks, reservoir rocks and cap rocks in Dazhuoma area of Southern Qiangtang Basin by means of field petroleum geological survey, sample collection, indoor analysis and comparative research. The results suggest that the mudstone and shale of Adula Formation in the study area are considered as good source rocks, and the mudstone and silty mudstone of Sewa Formation are poor-medium source rocks, while Buqu Formation, Shari Formation and Suowa Formation are poor source rocks. The main reservoir rocks are the sandstone of Adula Formation and the dolomite of Buqu Formation. The cap rocks are argillaceous rocks, limestone and gypsum, and are mainly Ⅰ and Ⅱ cap rocks. Furthermore, the discovery of oil exposure shows that this basin has underwent the process of oil and gas generation, migration, gathering and losing, which builds the material foundation of oil and gas generation and the petroleum geological conditions of hydrocarbon accumulation. It is suggested that more drilling should be arranged in Darzhuoma anticline with good oil and gas storage conditions, and further deep research should be carried out to achieve oil and gas breakthrough in this area.