点位错引起的单层密度变化

采用求解地壳单层密度变化的一般公式，导出其平面近似公式并给出了相应的数值计算方法。在此基础上，将点位错引直民的地表形变和重力变化同时解析延拓至Ｂｊｅｒｈａｍｍａｒ球面上，得到了点位错引直民的地壳单层密度变化的图像。     

喜马拉雅及南藏的地壳俯冲带——地震学证据

地质学的证据表明 ,在喜马拉雅的冲断层带MCT和MBT处有大规模的地壳缩短 ;在雅鲁藏布缝合带附近也观测到冲断层 .但是 ,迄今还不知道这些冲断层向下俯冲多深 .我们根据地震学的证据 ,认为喜马拉雅及南藏的冲断层向下延伸至 80- 1 0 0km ,然后停止 .在MCT、MBT以及雅鲁藏布缝合带下面的冲断层与喜马拉雅以及南藏的多次地壳俯冲有密切关系 .这个现象为印度-欧亚的碰撞过程设定一个十分重要的框架 .该地区的地壳俯冲有一定深度 ,由于入侵的地壳太轻 ,使俯冲不能更深 ;此时由于印度板块的继续向北推进 ,在原俯冲带后方 ,出现另一个新的地壳俯冲带 .喜马拉雅与南藏的多重地壳俯冲与该地区地质活动的多幂性相吻合 .首先 ,在雅鲁藏布缝合带产生地壳俯冲 ,在到达 80- 1 0 0km处停止 .然后 ,在雅鲁藏布以南的MCT和MBT相继产生新的地壳俯冲 .它们也在 80- 1 0 0km的深处停止 .除了喜马拉雅和雅鲁藏布向北倾斜的地震带外 ,另外还观测到一个自地表从唐古拉山向南缓慢倾斜并到达雅鲁藏布地壳底部的地震带 .它可以解释为在唐古拉山附近的地壳向北仰冲 .喜马拉雅及南藏的多重地壳...     

滇西地区地壳上地幔速度结构特征的研究

本文描述滇西86-87工程资料处理解释的初步结果.结果表明,滇西地区自南向北速度结构有明显的横向不均匀性.莫霍界面深度从剖面南端的38km 加深到北端的58km.地壳的平均速度南低北高,在6.17-6.45km/s 之间.固结地壳为上、中、下三层结构,P10界面是上地壳中的一个弱界面,P20和 P30界面分别是中、上地壳和中、下地壳的分界面,个别地区,在下地壳内部还可以追踪到另一个较弱的 P30界面.PR 界面的深度为0-6km,P10界面的深度为9.2-16.5km,P20和 P30界面的深度分别在17.0-26.5km 和25.0-38.0km 之间.上地壳的速度由南向北逐渐增大,在南高寨与支梯之间达到最大值,基底面的速度可达6.25-6.35km/s,再向北又开始变小.中地壳的速度变化不大,自金河洱海断裂向北中地壳是一速度为6.30km/s 的低速层.下地壳为一较强的梯度层.在剖面南段的景谷与景云桥之间和无量山与澜沧江断裂之间存在-上地幔低速区,Pn 波速度只有7.70-7.80km/s,红河断裂以北 Pn 波速度也低,为7.80km/s.在上地幔顶部还追踪到一个P60界面,剖面南端深65km,北端深85km.      

球面水平应变场无偏计算的实现与滤波

GNSS观测资料为研究地壳应变场提供了必要的依托,但如何较为完整或恰当地反映各种地壳应变信息仍存在缺陷.从连续变化的角度出发,在ITRF参考框架下水平运动场的基础上,借助于多核函数获得水平运动场的解析式,据此,利用球面上无偏差应变计算式给出应变场结果,再利用多核函数法进行空间滤波,最后给出了利用本方法进行应变计算的实际算例.该方法有如下特点:①适用于各种空间尺度的地壳应变场描述,并且全面而又客观;②根据不同的需求和实际资料情况可提取不同频谱及其以内的应变信息;③可对应变参量进行严密的精度评定;④由于获得了解析式,故可在此基础上进行更深入的分析与计算.     

区域面波群速度反演的球谐函数法

一个定义在球面局部区域的复杂的面波速度函数如果直接利用球谐函数拟合可能需要展开到很高阶的球谐系数．通过保角变换，把一个球面局部区域扩展到球面上更大的区域上，变换过程中面波速度保持不变，在变换后的球面域上用球谐函数来拟合速度函数，达到降低球谐系数阶数的目的，使面波群速度的反演变成了球谐系数的线性化反演.通过球谐系数分析，可得到反演的分辨率.该方法不仅适用于面波群速度反演，同样适用于各种球面区域场的分析.     

基于深度学习的接收函数横波速度预测

远震接收函数中包含了大量台站下方速度间断面所产生的Ps转换波及其多次反射波的信息,被广泛应用于反演精细的地壳及上地幔速度结构.但当地壳结构复杂如存在沉积层或高速层时,转换波和多次波震相的到时和振幅发生变化,从而导致接收函数反演存在强非唯一性.深度学习作为一种高效的特征提取方法,能够建立接收函数与横波速度在空间上的映射关...     

青藏高原东北部及邻区快速走滑断层作用的散逸

青藏高原东北部的构造模式、全球定位系统(GPS)速度和第四纪断层的滑动速率表明,自昆仑断裂到东北方向海原断裂的200km宽的横跨带内发生了左旋滑动,地壳有小的缩短与旋转。相关的形变也至少持续了数百千米,海原断裂的北部进入到一个扩散的张性(?)剪切或旋转区,该区之下有平均厚度的地壳。沿昆仑断裂中部的快速、局部滑动转换为下地壳软弱区域横跨500km的分散形变。穿过该区平行于断层的GPS速度分布暗示断层滑动向断层的东端变小,向青藏高原的北部而非以前所提出的东部逐渐散逸。     

基于多面函数法的渭河盆地现今地壳构造形变特征分析

渭河盆地频发的地质灾害与其活跃的现今地壳构造活动密切相关.本文利用渭河盆地2001—2010年高精度GPS监测资料,采用多面函数法在球坐标系下建立了区域地壳速度与应变场模型,并探讨了平面与球面距离在多面函数模型构建中的最优化问题.结果表明:(1)利用多面函数法建立渭河盆地速度场时,随着区域结点数的增大,球面距离拟合精度较平面距离提升更大;(2)盆地内剪应变高梯度带主要位于三原—泾阳—咸阳、宝鸡—岐山一带,同时上述区域也是面膨胀与面压缩的显著过渡带,且为地震活动的多发区域;(3)盆地内最大、最小主应变轴优势方向与中强震震源机制解获得的P、T轴分布方位具有较好的一致性.研究结果进一步在大范围尺度内获得了渭河盆地现今地壳形变趋势性变化特征,为掌握该区域地壳运动及地质灾害深部驱动机制提供了一定的参考.     

长白山天池火山区岩浆系统深部结构的深地震测深研究

利用三维深地震测深技术，研究了长白山天池火山的岩浆系统．结果表明，以低P波速度为主要特征的长白山天池火山岩浆系统在地壳范围内可分为3个深度层次:在9～15km深度，岩浆系统分布的主要特征是范围广、尺度大、近南北走向，是地壳内储存岩浆的主要位置；自15km深度以下直至下地壳，其分布横向尺度较小，显示出岩浆自上地幔侵入地壳的痕迹，这也意味着长白山天池火山的岩浆系统极有可能延伸到上地幔，或更深；在地壳浅部，深度小于8～9km范围内，岩浆的分布范围更小一些，集中在天池火山口稍偏北的南北方向上．如果说低Ｐ波速度与岩浆系统关联的话，那么它反映出这部分岩浆仍然处于较高温度状态．从这个意义上讲，长白山天池火山的岩浆系统至少不是残留的，或者说是处于活动状态．      

德国境内沿欧洲地学断面中部的深部反射地震数据的评述

过去三十年内在德国采集的深反射地震数据使得我们能够透彻地理解德国境内的华力西地壳结构.虽然该区地壳厚度相对恒定,反射数据还揭示了其重要的内部结构.大多数剖面表明上地壳(不考虑断裂区)的反射很微弱而下地壳则有很多平伏的反射层.但是在DEKORP反射测线上也观测到上地壳和下地壳的倾角反射.在乌拉赫地热异常区下能观测到与一显著的低速体一致的下地壳的隆起.在Moldanub灿,翻沉othurir叫an和Rhenoher们阳以山之间的缝合带附近,中地壳和下地壳有丰富的衍射.其西部则是例外,那里华力西后的发展产生了萨尔河一纳厄河(s冶ar一Nahe)深谷. 在莱菌河西,北华力西变形前缘区呈薄皮构造,而在其较远的东部,观测到更为陡倾的断裂带. 就在华力西构造带之北,北德国盆地中的一条工业用的南北向剖面表明在中地壳和Moho面的深度上都存在着强烈的反射带.这些带之间的距离向北变小.在塞尔市南,石勒苏益格一荷尔斯泰因州的一条东西长达90 km的工业用的测线表明,虽然MOh。面上并无断层,但地壳向北海方向变薄约6场.其沉积物至少深达15kzn.     

Dynamics of escape of high-energy electrons from a spherical plasma volume in the geomagnetic field

Using results of numerical modeling, the dynamics of escape of electrons, produced as a result beta-decay, to the external magnetic field from a spherical plasma volume with an expelled magnetic field is studied. The dependence of the fraction of escaped electrons on time and radius of the plasma volume has been obtained for two kinds of electron sources: a point isotropic source, located at the center of the sphere, and a volume isotropic source. It is shown that for a point source some part of electrons remains in the sphere, whereas for a volume source all electrons, at different values of the magnetic cavern radius, leave it at an identical relative escape rate.     

Point source radiation in inhomogeneous anisotropic structures

The ray formulae for the radiation from point sources in unbounded inhomogeneous isotropic as well as anisotropic media consist of two factors. The first one depends fully on the type and orientation of the source and on the parameters of the medium at the source. We call this factor the directivity function. The second factor depends on the parameters of the medium surrounding the source and this factor is the well-known geometrical spreading. The displacement vector and the radiation pattern defined as a modulus of the amplitude of the displacement vector measured on a unit sphere around the source are both proportional to the ratio of the directivity function and the geometrical spreading.For several reasons it is desirable to separate the two mentioned factors. For example, there are methods in exploration seismics, which separate the effects of the geometrical spreading from the observed wave field (so-called true amplitude concept) and thus require the proposed separation. The separation also has an important impact on computer time savings in modeling seismic wave fields generated by point sources by the ray method. For a given position in a given model, it is sufficient to calculate the geometrical spreading only once. A multitude of various types of point sources with a different orientation can then be calculated at negligible additional cost.In numerical examples we show the effects of anisotropy on the geometrical spreading, the directivity and the radiation pattern. Ray synthetic seismograms due to a point source positioned in an anisotropic medium are also presented and compared with seismograms for an isotropic medium.     

Determination of Tectonic and Crustal Structure of the Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey) Using Gravity and Magnetic Data

The Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt is one of the most complex geodynamic settings within the Alpine belt. Subduction polarity, which is responsible for the formation of the Eastern Pontide Magmatic Arc, is still under debate because of limited geological, geophysical and geochemical data. This orogenic belt is mainly divided into three subzones depending on lithological characteristics and facies changes as in Northern, Southern and Axial Zones from North to South. These zones are separated from each other by near-vertical faults that display the block-faulting tectonic style of this belt. In this study, the tectonic and crustal structure of the Eastern Pontides, which as yet have not been prospected by using geophysical data, has been investigated with potential field data. The horizontal gradient map obtained from gravity data shows a number of steep and gentle lineaments. It seems that these lineaments E-W, NE and NW-trending correspond to major structural zones of continental crust. Additionally, The Moho depth and Curie point depth variation maps of the Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt have been computed with the power spectral method of the radial wavenumber carried out by using the fast Fourier transform method. As a result of this method, we estimated that the depths of the Moho and Curie point varied between 29.0 ± 1.2–47.2 ± 1.9 km and 14.3 ± 0.7–27.9 ± 1.4 km, respectively. Our findings indicate that the Moho depth generally increases from north to south in the region. However, the Curie point depth level within the crust has an undulating surface, not a horizontal one.     

断层脆塑性转化带的强度与变形机制及其流体和应变速率的影响

野外、实验和地震数据表明:浅部地壳的变形以脆性破裂为主,深部地壳的变形以晶体塑性流动为主.在这种认识的基础上,提出了地壳变形的2种机制模型,即发生脆性变形的上部地壳强度基于Byerlee摩擦定律以及发生塑性变形的下部地壳强度基于幂次蠕变定律.而位于其间的脆塑性转化带的深度与浅源地震深度的下限具有很好的一致性.然而,二元结构的流变模型局限性在于其力学模型过于简单,往往过高估计了脆塑性转化带的强度.问题的根源在于对脆塑性转化带的变形机制的研究已有很多,但没有定量的力学方程来描述脆塑性转化带强度;而且以往对断层脆塑性转化带的研究主要集中在温度引起的脆塑性转化方面,对因应变速率和流体对脆塑性转化的影响方面的研究也比较薄弱.对断层带内矿物变形机制研究表明,某些断层带脆塑性转化发生在相同深度(温度和压力)内,发生脆塑性转化的原因是应变速率的变化,而这种变化被认为与地震周期的同震、震后-间震期蠕变有关,这种变化得到了主震-余震深度分布变化的证实.对断层流体特征分析表明,断层带内可能存在高压流体,这种高压流体会随断裂带的破裂及愈合而周期性变化,在地震孕育及循环中起着关键性作用.高压流体的形成(裂隙愈合)有多种机理,其中,压溶是断层带裂隙愈合的主导机制之一.研究在水作用下的压溶,可以对传统的摩擦-流变二元地壳强度结构及其断层强度进行补充与修正.通过以上分析,认为有必要通过野外变形样品和高温高压实验,深入研究应变速率及流体压力对断层脆塑性转化的影响,同时,通过实验建立压溶蠕变的方程,近似地估计脆塑性转化带的强度.     

Inverse problem for the current loop model: Possibilities and restrictions

The possibilities of determining arbitrary current loop parameters based on the spatial structures of the magnetic field components generated by this loop on a sphere with a specified radius have been considered with the use of models. The model parameters were selected such that anomalies created by current loops on a sphere with a radius of 6378 km would be comparable in value with the different-scale anomalies of the observed main geomagnetic field (MGF). The least squares method was used to solve the inverse problem. Estimates close to the specified values were obtained for all current loop parameters except the current strength and radius. The radius determination error can reach ±120 km; at the same time, the magnetic moment value is determined with an accuracy of ±1%. The resolvability of the current force and radius can to a certain degree be improved by decreasing the observation sphere radius such that the ratio of the source distance to the current loop radius would be at least smaller than eight, which can be difficult to reach when modeling MGF.     

青藏高原东南缘的地壳结构与动力学模式研究综述

青藏高原东南缘的川滇地区壳幔变形特征及地球动力学模式一直是研究的热点问题之一,多年来一直受到各国地球科学家的高度关注.青藏高原演变的"下地壳流模型"模拟得到的地表速度和变形场与GPS观测具有很好的一致性,该模型在当前国际地学界很流行,因而寻找下地壳流存在与否的证据,是深部地球物理学必须面对的一个科学问题.本文综合了川滇地区GPS观测、震源机制解和Pms相分裂的结果,旨在探讨川滇地区地壳演变模式的合理性;另外,从层析成像、接收函数反演和大地电磁测深结果分析,认为川滇地壳内存在大范围的低速层,但分布的几何形态较复杂.在云南地区,这一壳内低速区似乎被小江断裂和金沙江—红河断裂限制在特定的区域内.     

利用有限单元计算地应力时的边界条件处理

本文借助于弹性力学中的弹性约束方法,利用了物理学上的镜像法,对边界条件进行了特殊处理,从而把整体结构表面上未知的分布面力转化成边界单元的节点力,解决了未知边界条件的约束问题。通过实例论证了本文提出的边界处理方法是可靠的和有效的     

GPS观测结果反映的尼泊尔M_w7.8地震孕震特征

针对2015年4月25日尼泊尔Mw7.8地震的孕震特征,本文首先对覆盖尼泊尔及周边地区的5套GPS水平速度场结果进行了融合,得到了近似统一参考框架下的速度场结果;在此基础上通过对此次地震震源区及周边地区的速度场、应变率场、基线时间序列分析,识别了震前变形特征.GPS应变率场结果显示,喜马拉雅主边界断裂存在大范围挤压应变积累,震源区处于近南北向应变积累高值过渡区.跨喜马拉雅构造带的GPS基线时间序列结果表现为持续缩短现象,表明印度板块与欧亚板块之间的持续挤压变形特征,2012年以来的缩短增强现象反映了印度板块对青藏块体的推挤增强作用明显.距离震中较近的西藏南部GPS同震位移结果以南向运动为主且指向震中,反映了青藏高原存在逆冲应变释放现象.综合此次尼泊尔地震前变形和同震应变释放特征,认为此次地震的孕震区域和同震应变释放区域均较大,将会对青藏高原的地壳变形与强震孕育产生深远影响.     

福建漳州地热田及其邻近地区的地壳深部构造特征

本文根据1985-1986年在福建省穿过漳州热田地区完成的一条NNE向地震折射剖面资料,采用一维与二维射线追踪和理论地震图拟合、反演等方法,获得了该地区比较详细的地壳与上地幔顶部结构及速度分布图像.结果表明:漳州热田地区正好位于一个地壳厚度突变带上,从漳州市往南向海岸方向地壳上隆,厚度只有29.5km,往北迅速加大到32.0 km左右;在这个突变带上地壳内所有速度界面均发生扭曲甚至错动,它可能是一个断裂带;地壳中部有一个横向延伸有限的低速区,其最低速度小于5.80km/s,顶部深度大于10.2km,这个低速区正好位于漳州市下方的地壳突变带上.作者推断它很可能就是漳州热田的壳内热源体,并可能是一个部分熔融体.     

ESTIMATING THE LOWER CRUSTAL VISCOSITY OF THE WESTERN QINLING-SONGPAN TECTONIC NODE AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS BY USING LANDFORM MORPHOLOGY

The western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node is located at the intersection of three major tectonic units of Tibetan plateau, the South China Block and the Ordos Block, and is at the forefront of the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau. It has unique geological and dynamic characteristics from the surface to the deep underground. Based on the model for ductile flow in the lower crust, the geomorphological form is used to estimate the viscosity of the lower crust, and how the rheological process of the deep lithosphere acts on the upper crust deformation and structural geomorphology. And combined with GPS velocity field data, the current crustal deformation is analyzed to further study the regional dispersive deformation process. The results show that the viscosity of the north and northeast of the Zoige-Hongyuan Basin is smaller than that of the east and southeast. Therefore, the lower crust flow has a tendency of flowing to the northeastern low viscosity zone. We believe that when the lower crust flows from the central plain of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the rigid Sichuan Basin with a higher viscosity of the lower crust, it cannot flow into the basin, and part of the lower crust flow accumulate here, causing the upper crust to rise, and the uplifting led to the formation of the Longmen Mountains and a series of NNE-striking faults as well. When the lower crust flows to the northeast direction with a low viscosity, the brittle upper crust is driven together. Because of the remote effects from the Ordos Basin and the Longxi Basin, the mountains in this region are built slowly and the stepped arc-shaped topography of the current 3 000-meter contour line and the 2 000-meter contour line are developed. At the same time, a series of NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults are developed. This explains the seismogenic tectonic model of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node as from NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faulting to the NNE-trending right-lateral strike-slip faulting and both having a thrust component. The current crustal movement direction revealed by the GPS velocity field is consistent with the direction of historical crust evolution of the lower crust revealed by the viscosity, implying that there is a good coupling relationship between the lower crust and upper crust. The results provide a basis for studying the development of fault systems with different strikes and properties, the formation of orogenic belts, the macroscopic geomorphological evolution characteristics, and the rheological and uplift dynamics of the lithosphere in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. In addition, our research differs from the previous studies in the spatial and temporal scale. Previous studies included either the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or only the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, our analysis on the contours and topographical differences in the topography of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic knot reveals that the study area is controlled by the lower crust flow. Our results are confirmed by various observations such as seismology, magnetotellurics and geophysical exploration. Moreover, the previous studies did not point out enough that the elevation contours are elliptical, and the elliptical geomorphology further illustrates that the formation and evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has rheological characteristics and also conforms to the continuous deformation mode. Meanwhile, in terms of time scale, the evolution time of the study area is divided into three types of simulation time according to geochronology. And the GPS velocity field is introduced to observe the present-day crustal deformation.