南海上层对台风响应的模拟研究

利用中尺度海气耦合模式对2006年第1号台风Chanchu海气相互作用的模拟结果.分析了南海上层海洋对台风的热力和动力响应特征.研究发现:模拟的chanchu影响下南海SST分布与观测较为符合;与SST降低相对应的是混合层深度普遍增加,较大的海面冷却对应了较大的混合层加深;在台风作用下,海面上产生了一个气旋式环流,随着台风中心的移动而移动.流场呈现明显的不对称结构;模拟结果表明南海对台风的响应具有很明显的近惯性振荡特征.     

台风“Megi”(2010)过程中海浪的特征及其对大气海洋的影响研究

使用海-气-浪耦合系统模拟了台风"Megi"(2010)过程中海洋与大气变化过程,重点研究了台风浪的有效波高、波周期、波向和波长等波参数的分布特征,并通过一组针对海浪的控制试验检验了海浪对台风及海洋环流的影响状况。结果表明:台风过程中的海浪有效波高最高达到了12 m以上,波高高值区域在移动方向的右前方;台风中心附近的海浪波长最长,周期最大,谱峰周期大于平均周期,谱峰波向较平均波向向右偏转了15°～20°。通过与未耦合海浪模式的控制试验对比发现,通过拖曳作用,海浪调节了海面风速的大小,使得台风后部风速减小约3～5 m/s;同时,由于海面粗糙度的增加,台风内核区域潜热通量有所增加,最大达到了15%。另外,海浪的加入加剧了海洋混合,导致了更大程度的降温,模拟值更接近实况值,同时也改变了海流的方向,影响了SST等海洋热动力状态模拟的准确性。     

考虑飞沫影响的拖曳系数方案对台风条件下上层海洋海温数值模拟的影响

为了提高对上层海洋的模式模拟准确性,为台风海气耦合模式提供更加合理的动量交换耦合方案,文章应用一个分粒径段的海洋飞沫函数给出一个新的海面拖曳系数CD计算方案,它体现了台风高海况条件下海洋飞沫层使海面拖曳系数数值减小特点。论文以2014年第15号台风"海鸥"经过南海强化观测区域时段作为个例,应用POM(Princeton Ocean Model)三维海洋环流模式进行数值模拟试验,结果发现低风速情况下,考虑海洋飞沫因素后的CD与传统计算方案数值相近,在高风速情况下,考虑海洋飞沫因素后的CD方案与模式传统计算方案不同,表现出随风速增长趋缓,直至随风速略有下降现象。与传统拖曳系数方案相比,采用新的拖曳系数方案后,模拟的台风条件下上层海洋的温度降温幅度、混合层深度加深幅度、温跃层强度减弱程度都略有减弱,这些模拟特征与观测事实更加接近。     

SST对台风“珍珠”影响的数值试验

本文使用了最新的中尺度大气模式WRF模式,结合Nudging方法和自动移动嵌套方法,采用TRMM/TMI观测资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,进行了5组数值试验,模拟了0601号台风"珍珠",分析了在台风作用下的海面降温对台风路径和强度的影响,对比各组模拟结果表明,SST的变化对台风路径和强度都有较大影响,采用了TRMM/TMI观测资料后,能够显著提高对热带气旋强度的模拟,此外,数值模式模拟结果还表明:SST每增加或减少1℃,热带气旋的最低气压大约增加/减少16 hPa.     

吕宋海峡上层海洋对于台风南玛都响应的观测分析与数值模拟试验

利用海洋模式POM模拟了吕宋海峡上层海洋对历经其上的2011年8月1111号台风南玛都的响应过程。基于2个方面进行了模拟实验,其一是吕宋海峡上层海洋对固定大小及位置的台风风场响应;其二是吕宋海峡上层海洋对台风南玛都移动期间的响应。并分析了台风南玛都的风场和海洋响应南玛都的表层流场、SST及SSS。研究结果表明:(1)吕宋海峡上层海洋对台风风场结构不对称的响应表现出吕宋海峡上层海洋右侧的流速要远大于左侧,海流和台风一样具有右偏特征。海洋表面温度(SST)下降2~7℃,下降的空间范围直径在百公里,表现为右强左弱的不对称性。(2)上层海洋对驻台风的响应过程中,海洋流场及SST达到能量的极值后,会触发1个反气旋流场控制吕宋海峡,SST经过约10d时间恢复到初始态。(3)上层海洋对台风移动过程的响应表现为1个随台风移动的海洋流场,海流的强度和SST下降的幅度都较小,海流气旋式结构沿着路径有一定的拉伸,并且在路径后方出现尾流。     

台风“巴蓬”对南海上层海洋水文特征与生态环境的影响

研究台风过境影响下海洋生态环境的变化是系统认识强天气过程下海洋响应问题的重要内容,对于防灾减灾、远洋运输等具有积极的意义。基于混合坐标海洋环流模式（Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, HYCOM）数据,结合Aqua卫星搭载的中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）传感器数据,研究了慢速移动的台风“巴蓬”（1929号）过境对南海海表温度、叶绿素浓度以及水体垂向温盐结构和流场特征的影响。结果显示,台风“巴蓬”过境期间,波高由3 m增加至9 m,海表流速由0.3 m/s增加至0.7 m/s,台风周围最大流速甚至超过1.8 m/s;台风过境后,海表温度由原25.8℃下降至24.9℃。在台风影响下,水体垂向混合增加,混合层深度增加近15 m,从23 m到38 m。混合层内上部温度降低、盐度略微增加,下部温度升高、盐度降低;上层水体流速增加,方向偏转近90°,流速变化幅度由表及底逐渐减小。台风过境后3天内,由于温度降低、光照减弱,并且垂向混合增强补充的营养盐仍未被浮游植物充分利用,因此,叶绿素浓度并未快速升高,而是呈现短期内浓度微增的现象。     

海洋表层温度对台风"蔷薇"路径和强度预测精度的影响

基于中尺度大气模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model),首先对2007年3次船舶辐射通量观测进行模拟,以检验WRF对长波和短波辐射通量的模拟能力,结果表明使用中国近海海洋环境数值预报系统环流模式POM(Princeton Ocean Model)模拟的高时空分辨率的海洋表层温度能够显著改进短波辐射通量的模拟,而对长波辐射通量模拟的改进不明显。然后,将业务化运行的中国近海海洋环境数值预报系统后报的逐时海洋表面温度(SST)作为WRF底边界条件,对2008年15号强台风"蔷薇"(Jangmi)过程进行了数值后报试验。结果表明,与使用NCEP/NCAR的SST试验后报的台风中心位置偏差相比,使用高时空分辨率的SST能够较为显著地改善"蔷薇"的路径模拟,台风中心位置模拟偏差减少11%,尤其在台风减弱阶段,台风中心位置模拟偏差减少37%。台风强度在台风发展的不同阶段对下垫面SST的变化敏感性不同。台风路径附近的海表面温度下降会导致海洋向大气输送的热量减少从而减弱台风强度。     

海洋表层温度对台风"蔷薇"路径和强度预测精度的影响

基于中尺度大气模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model),首先对2007年3次船舶辐射通量观测进行模拟,以检验WRF对长波和短波辐射通量的模拟能力,结果表明使用中国近海海洋环境数值预报系统环流模式POM(Princeton Ocean Model)模拟的高时空分辨率的海洋表层温度能够显著改进短波辐射通量的模拟,而对长波辐射通量模拟的改进不明显。然后,将业务化运行的中国近海海洋环境数值预报系统后报的逐时海洋表面温度(SST)作为WRF底边界条件,对2008年15号强台风"蔷薇"(Jangmi)过程进行了数值后报试验。结果表明,与使用NCEP/NCAR的SST试验后报的台风中心位置偏差相比,使用高时空分辨率的SST能够较为显著地改善"蔷薇"的路径模拟,台风中心位置模拟偏差减少11%,尤其在台风减弱阶段,台风中心位置模拟偏差减少37%。台风强度在台风发展的不同阶段对下垫面SST的变化敏感性不同。台风路径附近的海表面温度下降会导致海洋向大气输送的热量减少从而减弱台风强度。     

黄、东海海洋对于台风过程的响应

强天气过程下海洋的响应是海洋环境预报的重要内容,它的研究对于防灾减灾、远洋运输、水产养殖等有积极的意义。本文中作者运用一个改进后具有模拟和预报能力的河口海洋模式ECOM-si,引入全强迫条件,对一个真实的强台风下的海洋响应进行了研究。模拟结果表明,海洋对台风过程有强烈的响应,强台风引起SST出现大幅降低,最大达5℃,其中大风抽吸和大风夹卷影响最大;大风引起的平流输送在实际情况中对海水温度、盐度的水平分布有重要影响:台风诱导海水上翻,会使得海洋的混合层明显加深,最大达20—30m;海洋在台风作用下,在上层海洋产生明显的气旋式流场,海面产生的明显下陷可达30cm,台风中心、气旋式流场中心和海面下陷中心三个位并不重合。同时在台风登陆位置附近产生风暴潮,最大增水可达0.8—1.0m,但沿海各地最大增水时间不相同。     

北太平洋副热带潜沉率及其变化中海面风的作用

采用中国科学院大气物理研究所的高分辨率逐日风场驱动的全球海洋模式(LICOM1·0)对北太平洋海域的潜沉(Subduction)过程和副热带模态水形成区潜沉率的年际变化进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与同化的海洋模式资料(SODA)进行了比较。研究结果表明,该高分辨率的海洋模式对北太平洋的绝大部分海域晚冬混合层底水质点的运动方向和路径的数值模拟结果较好,模式模拟的副热带环流比SODA资料中的副热带环流流速强;模式模拟的混合层深度比SODA资料中的混合层深度深,更接近观测;模式中副热带海域的潜沉率大于SODA资料中的副热带海域的潜沉率。模式结果表明,副热带环流和副极地环流交界处是潜沉过程发生的最主要区,该区气候平均的潜沉率超过100m/a,最大为150m/a,海面风变异引起的海洋平流的年际和年代际变化,是该区潜沉率发生年际和年代际变化的主要原因;在太平洋副热带东部模态水形成区,气候平均的潜沉率超过50m/a,在该区潜沉率的年际变化中,局地风应力旋度决定的Ekman抽吸要比海洋平流效应更加重要。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.