U.K.-U.S. WORKSHOP ON INTERFACING MICRO- AND MACRO-MODELS OF SPATIAL BEHAVIOR

Five semiarid Montana ghost towns abandoned for more than 45 years were studied to understand better the nature of soil and vegetation recovery following severe human impacts. Discriminant analysis was used to interpret and classify variation among land-use intensity groups. Recovery at the five towns was strongly linked to the degree of the initial soil disturbance, vegetation type, and precipitation. Recovery of the vegetation to ambient conditions was far from complete in all but one town.     

A SPATIAL AND TOPICAL ASSESSMENT OF DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE ACTIVITIES IN THE U.S.*

Characteristics of digital geographic databases throughout the U.S. are examined using data from a nationwide survey of potential digital data users/producers. The survey, conducted by Rand McNally-Infomap, identified more than 900 digital databases. Emphasis is on categories of data, differences in data at various scales and among organization types, and the spatial distribution of databases and data categories. Categories examined include boundaries, locational identifiers, property/valuation, utilities/energy/communication, transportation, socioeconomic, physical environment, and natural resource utilization.     

改革开放以来广东省利用外资的时空差异特征

本文阐述了改革开放以来广东省利用外资的时空差异特征，结合国际内国政治经济形势将广东省利用外资的过程划分为５个阶段，并分析各阶段的主要特点，借助于定量分析方法考察外资在广东的地域分布特征及其形成原因，研究表明，改革开放以来广东省利用外资的不稳定增长过程和明显地域差异是省内各区投资环境的地域差异和国家外资政策综合作用的结果。最后，对广东省的经济发展和利用外资工作提出了建议。     

RATIONALIZATION AND DECONCENTRATION OF THE U.S. CONTAINER PORT SYSTEM

The recent development of intermodal transportation and the relaxation of U.S. transport regulations have encouraged ocean carriers to rationalize their port schedules. Container shipping is therefore believed to concentrate shipping at a few large ports. Port traffic analysis, using the Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient, reveals, nevertheless, that the structure of the U.S. port system is actually becoming less concentrated. The challenge of secondary ports and changes in the transportation system explain this deconcentration.     

"富营养化湖泊治理及湖泊管理昆明国际讨论会"综述

湖泊富营养化是国际上普遍存在而倍受关注的问题。以国家列为“三河三湖”重点环保项目整治的滇池为首的云南九大高原湖泊中,有6个已富营养化。在云南省即将大规模开展湖泊治理工作之际,为借鉴国际湖泊治理及管理的方法及成功的经验,2001年11月召开了此次会议。有众多国际湖泊学权威在内的10个国家的163名专家出席会议。重点讨论了5个主题：湖泊治理及管理研究;湖泊环境变化的沉积记录;湖水氮、磷负荷与湖泊生态健康;湖泊污染与治理;湖泊富营养化过程。专家们对云南高原湖泊的治理提出了4个方面的建议：以改善、恢复湖泊生态系统结构的方法控制富营养化;清淤一定要慎重;加强湖泊富营养化过程与机制的研究;加强流域管理研究。会议最后发表了《昆明宣言》,建议建立云南高原湖泊国际研究中心。     

U.K.USAGE OF CHEMOMETRICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN QSAR ANALYSIS

A survey of members of the U.K.QSAR Discussion Group has been made to determine the extent ofuse and development of chemometric and artificial intelligence(AI)methods in the analysis ofmultivariate quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR)data in the U.K.Chemometric methodswere found to be well established in both industrial and educational establishments and there wassignificant method development occurring.AI methods were not employed to any great extent and thegeneral level of interest in these techniques was low compared to chemometric methods.A requirementfor more education in multivariate statistical methods and regression methods was indicated.A need fora user-friendly,comprehensive,commercially available multivariate statistical package containingmultivariate stability testing and regression diagnostic methods was identified.     

乌鲁木齐市居民购物行为空间决策因素分析

通过分析乌鲁木齐市居民消费行为问卷调查资料,从不同类型商品和不同商业中心地的购物空间决策角度,对乌鲁木齐市居民购物行为空间决策的主要因素及决策过程的主要特点进行了初步研究,得出以下结论: (1)个人经验信息是最大的信息来源,重要性随着商品等级的上升而下降;人际交往信息因具体来源不同而呈现不同特征;媒体信息的影响力随商品等级上升而加强(2)不同类型商品购物地空间决策因素存在较大差异; (3)老商业中心地认知程度仍然较高(4)可达性因素加强了相对较新商业中心地的地位;商品因素是塑造商业中心地的认知特色的要素;提升服务因素是商业中心地保持竞争力的有效途径;消费心理因素对于商业中心地的发展起到无形的推动作用等.     

基于RS和GIS技术下城镇空间变化分析及应用研究

城镇空间变化分析，是城镇发展趋势分析的基础，对城镇远景规划有十分重要的指导作用。它也是区域生态环境演变调控研究的重点内容和基础内容。本文将引用RS和GIS技术方法对城镇空间变化进行研究。其基本思路是，利用RS的TM卫片数据进行宏观监测，再利用GIS的空间分析功能，方便地进行城镇分布状况和迁移变化的空间分析与评价。该技术方法已被成功地应用于新疆城镇分布状况及动态变化研究项目中，收到较好效果。     

旅游对目的地社会文化影响空间分异研究进展

对于旅游社会文化影响空间分异研究,国内研究相对较少,而国外已有相关的研究。由于研究的尺度、资源类型以及研究方法和目的不同,旅游影响区域会有不同的划分类型。归纳了4类旅游社会文化影响空间分异的相关理论：旅游罩和飞地旅游、RBD理论和旅游绅士化、旅行和旅游流模式、利益相关者理论。旅游罩、RBD理论、旅行模式比较适合解释小尺度的空间分异,而飞地旅游、旅游绅士化和旅游流模式比较适合解释大尺度的空间分异。最后,提出在旅游的规划和管理中,必须要考虑不同区域居民的不同观点和看法,只有这样才能保持旅游业的可持续发展。     

澳门回归与粤澳经济和空间一体化

在澳门回归、广东与澳门之间政治关系转变的基础上, 结合改革开放后两地在经济与空间互补和紧密结合的历史事实, 指出澳门回归后, 在历史、经济、政治、文化等因素作用和影响下, 粤澳经济和空间一体化是一种必然趋势, 应充分利用两地资源和空间优势互补关系, 推动两个地区的发展。     

国内外空间集聚研究回顾与展望

空间集聚会导致区域生产要素密度的提高及其空间结构和形态的变化,一直是地理学、经济学领域研究的热点.首先对国外空间集聚相关研究进行了回顾,涉及到空间集聚的理论探索、空间集聚程度与效应、分布特征及其影响因素的实证分析等.然后梳理国内空间集聚研究发现,国内相关研究主要集中在20世纪90年代以后,且对集聚理论与测度方法本身研究较少,而以实证研究居多.最后对国内外相关研究进行了简评,并对国内相关研究提出了展望,认为应该加强相关理论和方法研究,注重社会调查,加强微观企业层面的集聚研究,考虑集聚效应中时空交互作用的影响,并重视集聚与区域经济和区域空间结构关系的研究,以及加强地理学和经济学对空间集聚研究的相互借鉴和融合.     

CITIZENSHIP,PARTNERSHIP AND THE POPULAR RESTRUCTURING OF U.K. URBAN SPACE

For over a decade the New Right philosophy of Thatcherism has directed the political, economic, and social development of the United Kingdom. The pursuit of market-dominated urban policies has marginalized large sections of the population who have remained untouched by the benefits of national economic growth. The concepts of citizenship and partnership are central to the doctrine of Thatcherism. This paper examines the nature of these concepts in the context of contemporary urban development and considers how redefinition can contribute to the formulation of policies to promote the popular restructuring of urban space.     

NON-COMPENSATORY DECISION RULES AND CONSUMER SPATIAL CHOICE BEHAVIOR: A TEST OF PREDICTIVE ABILITY*

Two major possible shortcomings of existing spatial choice models are addressed: the inclusion of distance as a monotonically decreasing utility function and the use of compensatory utility-maximizing composition rules. A conceptual framework is outlined incorporating distance as a spatial constraint and non-compensatory composition rule. The findings of a case study which evaluates the predictive ability of this approach suggest that these rules perform satisfactorily, although less so than compensatory rules.     

城乡边缘区农户家庭就业空间行为模式及机制研究——以衡阳市珠晖区酃湖乡4个样本村为例

在湖南省衡阳市酃湖乡4个村268家农户的访谈和问卷调查的基础上,通过主导因子分析法,总结了城乡边缘区农户就业空间行为的模式,即传统农业模式、城郊农业就业模式、省域就业模式、市域就业模式、本村置业模式和本市置业模式等6种就业空间行为模式,并从城市化、农业生产效率和城乡二元结构等3个方面总结了各种模式的形成机制。     

干旱区水土资源时空变化的定量研究

水资源是制约干旱区土地资源开发利用的主要自然因素，水、土资源利用在时间和空间上平衡与否的矛盾影响着干旱区生态环境与社会发展。用定量化的数学模型表示二者的互相影响，能描述、解释和预测二者关系并能为制定对策提供依据。本文首先分析了干旱区土地利用与水资源的相互影响，然后对水土资源相互影响下时空变化的模拟方法和理论进行了综述。一方面从蒸散的计算、模拟地下水补给、模拟区域尺度上土地利用影响、模拟土地管理措施影响、模拟抽取地下水影响、以系统方法模拟土地利用影响等几方面对土地利用影响下水资源的时空变化模拟进行了综述。同时对水资源影响下土地利用变化的模拟从主要考虑水文作用的水文－植被模型的建立应用及引入人为因素为驱动力的土地利用变化模拟两方面做了综述。文章最后进一步概括了干旱区水土资源时空变化模拟的趋势并就此方面的研究提出了三点展望意见。     

SOIL DEVELOPMENT AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY ON GEOMORPHIC SURFACES OF DIFFERENT AGE

Twenty-four soil pedons on each of four sandy lake terraces in northwestern lower Michigan that ranged in age from 3000 to 11,000 years BP were studied to assess trends in soil morphological variability with time. After verifying the general uniformity of parent materials within and between the four surfaces, we examined temporal trends in the spatial variability of soil color, cementation, horizon thickness and development. E horizons attained high color values (lightness) by 3000 years and changed little after that time, whereas B horizons continued to get darker with time. Cementation within B horizons increased in strength and amount with time, as did B horizon thickness. Soils ≥4000 years old had deeper eluvial zones but much greater variabilities in the thickness of that zone than did younger soils. Soil development increased with time, but spatial variability in degree of development also increased with time. These patterns are best explained by invoking spatially random soil mixing upon a surface that is otherwise undergoing podzolization. [Key words: podzolization, chronofunction, Michigan, soil variability, soil genesis.]