基于ESSG的空间轨道目标管理与碰撞检测方法

随着航天科技的快速发展,大量的空间目标(航天器与空间碎片)占用了有限的轨道资源,极大地改变了空间环境,影响了正常的航天发射、空间科学活动及其安全。该文针对空间目标的特点与安全性,提出了利用地球系统空间格网(ESSG)对空间轨道目标进行格网化管理的思路,介绍了格网管理的原理,设计了轨道目标碰撞检测方法。重点探讨了空间轨道目标对格网的映射、静态和动态空间目标的数据导入、空间目标碰撞风险检测等基本问题;设计了一个原理性实验,验证了该文方法的可行性。     

The geometry of space-time prisms with uncertain anchors

Space-time prisms envelop all spatio-temporal locations that moving objects may have visited between two of their known spatio-temporal locations, given a bound on their travel speed. In this context, the known locations are often the result of observations or measurements, and they are called ‘anchor points’. The classic space-time prism, in isotropic two-dimensional space, as well as in transportation networks, assumes that the measurements of these anchor points are exact. Whereas, in many applications, we can assume that time can be measured fairly precisely, this assumption is unrealistic for the spatial components of measured locations (we think of Global Positioning System (GPS) errors, for instance). In this paper, we extend the classical prism from anchor points to circular ‘anchor regions’ that capture the uncertainty or error on their measurement. We define the notion of a space-time prism with uncertain anchor points, called uncertain prism, for short. We study the geometry of uncertain prisms in an arbitrary metric space to make this concept as widely applicable as possible. We also focus on the rims of uncertain space-time prisms, which demarcate the area that a moving object can have visited between two anchor regions (given some local speed limitations).     

A framework to enhance semantic flexibility for analysis of distributed phenomena

While some geographic phenomena hold uniform properties, such as land‐use zones, many geographic phenomena are distributed such that their properties vary across an extended area. While such distributed phenomena are best represented as continuous surfaces, individual objects (or features) often emerge among clusters of high or low values in a field. For example, areas of relatively high elevation may be viewed as hills, while flat low‐lying areas are perceived as plains in a terrain. A comprehensive spatial analysis of distributed phenomena should examine both the spatial variance of its attribute surfaces and the characteristics of individual objects embedded in the field. An immediate research challenge to meet such spatial analysis needs is that these emerging features often have vague boundaries that vary according to the use and the user. The nature, and even existence, of these objects depend upon the range of values, or thresholds, used to define them. We propose a representation framework that takes a dual raster‐vector approach to capture both field‐ and object‐like characteristics of distributed phenomena and maintain multiple representations of embedded features delineated by boundaries that are likely to be relevant for the expected uses of the data. We demonstrate how boundaries influence the analysis and understanding of spatiotemporal characteristics of distributed phenomena. Using precipitation as a proof of concept, we show how the proposed framework enhances semantic flexibility in spatiotemporal query and analysis of distributed phenomena in geographic information systems.     

Efficient regionalization techniques for socio‐economic geographical units using minimum spanning trees

Regionalization is a classification procedure applied to spatial objects with an areal representation, which groups them into homogeneous contiguous regions. This paper presents an efficient method for regionalization. The first step creates a connectivity graph that captures the neighbourhood relationship between the spatial objects. The cost of each edge in the graph is inversely proportional to the similarity between the regions it joins. We summarize the neighbourhood structure by a minimum spanning tree (MST), which is a connected tree with no circuits. We partition the MST by successive removal of edges that link dissimilar regions. The result is the division of the spatial objects into connected regions that have maximum internal homogeneity. Since the MST partitioning problem is NP‐hard, we propose a heuristic to speed up the tree partitioning significantly. Our results show that our proposed method combines performance and quality, and it is a good alternative to other regionalization methods found in the literature.     

面向对象技术在GIS数据库中的应用研究

地理信息系统（GIS）在国民经济和社会生活中得到了广泛的应用，基于GIS的地理数据库是这些应用的重要组成部分，在论述地理信息系统数据库概念的基础上，讨论了现有的空间数据模型在表现地理对象方面的优缺点，提出应用面向对象技术来解决地理对象在地理信息系统数据库中的表示和存储，最后，对GIS数据库开发的趋势进行了展望。     

基于三维激光点云的复杂道路场景杆状交通设施语义分类

文章提出一种完整的全自动化处理框架,基于三维激光点云数据对高速公路和城市道路场景的杆状目标进行了检测和分类,主要包括3个步骤：数据预处理、杆状目标检测和分类。其中,在数据预处理阶段,采用基于布料模拟滤波算法自动分离地面点和非地面点,然后基于欧氏距离聚类方法对非地面点进行快速聚类,以及采用迭代图割算法进一步分割目标对象;在目标检测阶段,集成先验信息、形状信息和位置导向搭建滤波器,对杆状目标进行检测;在对象分类过程中基于多属性特征,利用随机森林分类器对目标的特征进行计算和分类。并使用3个道路场景数据集进行测试,结果显示,3个数据集的整体MCC系数为95.6%,分类准确率为96.1%。这说明文章所构建方法具有较高性能。另外,该方法还可以鲁棒地检测杆状目标的重叠区域,较为适应复杂程度不同的道路场景。     

新疆干旱区天然植被最低生态耗水量概念分析

干旱区天然植被的最低生态耗水量问题关系到该地区生态建设的标准问题，也是评价水资源生态承载力所必须考虑的指标。同时，天然植被的最低生态耗水量是制定绿洲农业用水和节水规划的依据之一。据不同的生态目标分析并提出了天然植被不同的最低生态耗水量的概念，指出植物的最低生态耗水量是最低生态效应下的植物的耗水量，而且不同生态区要求的生态效应不同，因此，植物在不同生态目标下会表现出的最低生态耗水量不同。进行天然植被最低生态耗水量评价时，首先要明确生态目标。另外，通过试验发现，天然植被存在着生态耗水效率的概念，水分的生态效应存在最优值。     

三维社区建模与分析的共形几何代数方法

利用共形几何代数的多维统一表达与分析优势,研究了集成多源数据的三维社区统一建模与分析方法。构建了基于多重向量存储结构的社区场景整体建模流程,实现了CityGML、DXF等多源数据的导入与集成,并设计了基于共形几何代数的对象运动表达与插值方法。以德国Waldbruecke村为例的验证结果显示,基于共形几何代数的三维社区建模可以较好地表达复杂社区对象,并可以有效支撑几何度量、动态对象跟踪、运动轨迹重建等功能实现。     

内蒙古兴安盟旅游资源单体的特征与开发

为了制定切实可行的兴安盟旅游资源开发战略,加快"旅游兴盟"的进程,需要明确该地的旅游资源单体数量、分布格局和组合状况。通过路线调查法,按照GBPT18972 —2003资源分类体系,建立旅游资源单体数据库,运用均方差和经验公式进行计算,重点研究兴安盟旅游资源单体等级、空间格局和均匀度。结果表明,兴安盟旅游资源基本类型具有鲜明的草原文化特色,旅游资源单体数量具有中部少、南北部多的特点。旅游单体密度以乌兰浩特市最大,科右中旗最低。科右中旗的 D (X) 最大,不同类型的单体数量对比十分显著,以科右中旗S最大,旅游资源组合状况最优。结合区域旅游业特点,提出了兴安盟和5个旗县市的旅游开发过程中,需要综合考虑资源的品质和数量的关系。     

广东省区域创新与经济规模互动关系的时空演变

从创新性和中心性两个角度构建了相对创新指数,并以广东省21个地市为研究对象,运用探索性空间数据分析方法分析广东省区域创新与经济规模互动关系的时空动态。研究结果表明:2005—2014年,广东的创新输出区域空间分布呈现出范围逐渐缩减的趋势,创新承接区域空间分布呈现出范围逐渐扩张的趋势,这反映出广东区域创新在全国的相对优势地位出现了一定程度的下降。创新输出区域和创新承接区域均倾向于与相似类型区域相邻,且这一趋势由不显著逐渐转变为非常显著,逐渐形成了珠江口两岸的创新输出集聚区。广东各地市区域创新与经济规模互动关系的差异程度在2005—2010年间有所增加,而在2010—2014年间有所减弱。     

The comprehensive evaluation of sustainabledevelopment in karst regions-Taking Shishanareas in Guangxi of China as an example

1IntroductionThelocalnameofKarStregionsreferstoShhoanareasinGuanghZhUangAuonomousRCgionofChaIllGuanedkarStlandfrmiswelldseloPedandoriginalinStyle.onaccountofthekarstificahon,theert'ssurfceisroughndbrokCn,cavesareveniCalandhorizontal;innumerablekarStheelsealStundopund,sothatthe~cewatersedlydIainintoundergroundrivers.JUStforthesereasons,triregionsorShishanareasareallbarrenandinfenile;vegetationcannotgrowhealthilythere,ecologicalsystemisfredleandsenShve,andenvirnmentalbearincaPaciIyisve…     

Scaling of foreign attractiveness for countries and states

People’s behavior on online social networks, which store geo-tagged information showing where people were or are at the moment, can provide information about their offline life as well. In this paper we present one possible research direction that can be taken using Flickr dataset of publicly available geo-tagged media objects (e.g., photographs, videos). Namely, our focus is on investigating attractiveness of countries or smaller large-scale composite regions (e.g., US states) for foreign visitors where attractiveness is defined as the absolute number of media objects taken in a certain state or country by its foreign visitors compared to its population size. We also consider it together with attractiveness of the destination for the international migration, measured through publicly available dataset provided by United Nations. By having those two datasets, we are able to look at attractiveness from two different perspectives: short-term and long-term one. As our previous study showed that city attractiveness for Spanish cities follows a superlinear trend, here we want to see if the same law is also applicable to country/state (i.e., composite regions) attractiveness. Finally, we provide one possible explanation for the obtained results.     

地理空间中不同分层抽样方式的分层效率与优化策略

地理空间对象中分层抽样的效率受抽样总体的空间相关性特征限制,分层效率的提高源于两个方面,一是 抽样总体的空间相关性会使分散的样本布局精度得到提高,二是先验知识使层内方差变小,只有在空间相关性特 征较强时,追逐先验知识的分层方式才会比任意分层方式具有更好的分层效率,当空间相关性较弱时,知识分层并 不会比任意分层得到更高的抽样精度,地理空间相关性特征对分层抽样设计有重要影响,而这在实际应用中往往 被忽视。本文采用蒙特卡罗模拟抽样方法以山东省1985 年和1995 年细小非耕地地物面积比例的抽样调查为例分 析了空间相关性特征对不同分层方式抽样效率的影响,并提出了地理空间对象中分层方式的优化选择策略。     

Visualizing and quantifying the movement of vegetative drought using remote-sensing data and GIS

Remote-sensing-based drought monitoring methods provide fast and useful information for a sustainable management strategy of drought impact over a region. Common pixel-based monitoring methods are limited in the analysis of the dynamics of this impact at regional scale. For instance, these hardly allow us to quantify the movement of drought in space and time and to compare drought with rainfall deficits without losing the variability of these events within a region. This study proposed an object-based approach that allowed us to visualize and quantify the spatio-temporal movement of drought impact on vegetation, called vegetative drought, in a region. The GIS software Dynomap was used to extract and track objects. Measures of distance and angle were used for determining the speed and direction of vegetative drought and rainfall deficit objects, calculated from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) normalized difference vegetation index and rainfall estimates data. The methods were applied to the two rainy seasons during the drought year 1999 in East Africa. Results showed that vegetative drought objects moved into the southwestern direction at an average angle of??138.5° during the first season and??144.5° during the second season. The speed of objects varied between 38 km dekad^?1 and 185 km dekad^?1 during the first season and between 33 km dekad^?1 and 144 km dekad^?1 during the second season, reflecting the rate of spread between dekads. Vegetative drought objects close to rainfall deficit objects showed similar trajectories and sometimes regions overlapped. This indicated that the two events are related. We conclude that a spatiotemporal relationship existed between the two types of events and that this could be quantified.     

Study on the technology for highway construction and engineering practices in permafrost regions

In order to systemically summarize and integrate technology of highway construction in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,we studied disciplines and mechanisms of formation and development of problems and challenges in highway engineer-ing in high-altitude permafrost regions based on construction experiences for 50 years and on 30 years of research regarding the Qinghai-Tibet and Xikang highways.Embankments,pavements,bridges,and countermeasures for ecosystem protection in per-mafrost regions were the main study objects.We combined extensive analysis of key problems of engineering stability with inter-action between permafrost and highways,theoretical models,indoor tests,and field tests to reveal the interaction between em-bankments,pavements,bridge piles,and permafrost.In this paper,we propose a series of engineering measures for highway sta-bility,design parameters,key indexes for pavement durability in low temperature,relationships between re-freezing time of bridge-pile foundation and strength development as well as ecosystem recovery in high-latitude cold regions;these eventually form a construction technology package for permafrost regions.     

Representing geographical objects with scale‐induced indeterminate boundaries: A neural network‐based data model

The degree of uncertainty of many geographical objects has long been known to be in intimate relation with the scale of its observation and representation. Yet, the explicit consideration of scaling operations when modeling uncertainty is rarely found. In this study, a neural network‐based data model was investigated for representing geographical objects with scale‐induced indeterminate boundaries. Two types of neural units, combined with two types of activation function, comprise the processing core of the model, where the activation function can model either hard or soft transition zones. The construction of complex fuzzy regions, as well as lines and points, is discussed and illustrated with examples. It is shown how the level of detail that is apparent in the boundary at a given scale can be controlled through the degree of smoothness of each activation function. Several issues about the practical implementation of the model are discussed and indications on how to perform complex overlay operations of fuzzy maps provided. The model was illustrated through an example of representing multi‐resolution, sub‐pixel maps that are typically derived from remote sensing techniques.     

经济地理学视角下中国经济新常态的格局与类型划分

面对外部国际需求萎缩,内部支撑经济高速增长的传统人口红利、资源环境红利等逐渐衰减,中国经济增长将面临逐步回落到中低增速的“新常态”。从经济地理学角度开展针对中国经济新常态这一新事像及其格局研究具有重要意义。以全国31个省区单元（港澳台除外）为研究尺度,通过关键指标,分析了中国经济新常态的格局态势,开展了类型划分。结果表明：近年来,中国财政收入、电力消费量、铁路货运量指标,主要行业门类,以及投资、出口和消费的增速均呈现明显下降,绝大多数省区与全国发展态势保持一致。将全国31个省区划分为较快增长、下行压力较小和下行压力较大3类区域,下行压力较大区域细分发展阶段型、整体衰退型、能源原材料型以及其他等4种类型,不同类型区域具有明显的地理集聚特征。针对这一轮经济下行风险,不同地区应采取不同的对策,重点关注东北区域的整体衰退风险,以及山西等省能源原材料省区的经济下行风险。     

Modeling the scale dependences of topological relations between lines and regions induced by reduction of attributes

The scale dependences of topological relations are caused by the changes of spatial objects at different scales, which are induced by the reduction of attributes. Generally, the detailed partitions and multi-scale attributes are stored in spatial databases, while the coarse partitions are not. Consequently, the detailed topological relations can be computed and regarded as known information, while the coarse relations stay unknown. However, many applications (e.g., multi-scale spatial data query) need to deal with the topological relations at multiple scales. In this study new methods are proposed to model and derive the scale dependences of topological relations between lines and multi-scale region partitions. The scale dependences of topological relations are modeled and used to derive the relations between lines and coarse partitions from the relations about the detailed partitions. The derivation can be performed in two steps. At the first step, the topological dependences between a line and two meeting, covered and contained regions are computed and stored into composition tables, respectively. At the second step, a graph is used to represent the neighboring relations among the regions in a detailed partition. The scale dependences and detailed relations are then used to derive topological relations at the coarse level. Our methods can also be extended to handle the scale dependences of relations about disconnected regions, or the combinations of connected and disconnected regions. Because our methods use the scale dependences to derive relations at the coarse level, rather than generating coarse partition and computing the relations with geometric information, they are more efficient to support scale-dependent applications.     

海峡西岸经济区与长三角、珠三角经济区产业同构化的实证研究

产业同构化是目前国内各大经济区产业升级优化和彼此合作发展的瓶颈之一。选定海峡西岸经济区,长三角和珠三角经济区为研究对象,从三次产业、工业和第三产业内部结构3个方面着手,应用相似系数这一指标,分别从静态与动态的角度着重分析海西区/珠三角区和海西区/长三角区的产业同构的现状与变化,并在此基础上,依据分形理论中的R/S分析方法,预测其产业同构化的未来发展趋势,期望能够为海西区确定未来经济发展的合理方向和产业结构调整的原则提供理论依据。