流动人口居留时长意愿的空间分异及影响因素

基于2018年中国流动人口动态监测数据,根据流动人口愿意在流入地居留时间的长短将居留意愿划分为短期居留意愿、长期居留意愿、永久居留意愿3种类型,运用空间分析技术和分层模型对中国地级及以上城市流动人口不同类型居留意愿的空间分异及影响因素进行对比分析。研究发现：具有短期和长期居留意愿的流动人口比例合计超过60%,表明两栖和多栖生计仍是流动人口的主导生计策略;短期和永久居留意愿在空间上存在明显的“一高一低”分布差异,短期居留意愿在东部地区最高,东北地区最低,永久居留意愿则呈完全相反的分布格局;中西部地区流动人口长期居留意愿最高。模型结果显示,流入地特征和流动人口个体特征共同影响着不同类型的居留意愿：在东部和中部、经济发达以及职工平均工资高的地区,流动人口短期和长期居留意愿较高,永久居留意愿较低;男性、农业户口、受教育程度和家庭月均收入低、在外流动时间短、跨省流动的流动人口倾向于短期和长期居留;而女性、非农业户口、受教育程度和家庭月均收入高、在省内流动、在外流动时间长的流动人口更愿意在流入地永久定居。     

Space,Place, Population and Census Analysis in Australia

The Australian Census of Population and Housing is a census of people not places. However, where people live and work can be of major relevance in our search for explaining and understanding their behaviour. This paper argues that the place dimension in the Australian census has not been exploited very effectively in this respect. Three dimensions of the issue are addressed. Firstly, the spatial units commonly used for analysis of census data often are not appropriate to the problem being investigated. The spatial units in the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) used for census data rarely represent meaningful social, economic and environmental regions. Secondly, the use of a simple urban/rural dichotomy is criticised as being a very blunt instrument to differentiate settlement types. Thirdly, the relationship between people and place in the census is discussed. While for the most part the census relates people to a single location—their place of usual residence—this is only one of the places with which people regularly interact. It is suggested that there is a need to adopt practices in the census which allow a range of population geographies to be defined. In conclusion it is argued that innovation in the Australian census, especially with the introduction of meshblocks and contemporary methodology and technology in Geographical Information Systems, makes it possible to analyse spatially referenced data in ways that can address these three issues.     

中国流动人口概念和数据的有效性与国际可比性

长期以来,“流动人口”和“人口流动”这两个概念、以及基于这两个概念获取的数据在中国相关研究和政策制定中得到广泛使用,甚至主导着中国人口迁移流动的研究。在国际背景下对这两个概念和相关数据的有效性和可靠性进行了深入地检视,并通过对若干人口普查数据和流动人口动态监测调查数据的分析,揭示“流动人口”和“人口流动”在测量人口迁移流动事件时的失效和失真。结果表明,“流动人口”和“人口流动”概念及相关数据已与现实的迁移流动事件和过程严重脱节;它们既可能因高估迁移流动人口的规模而失真,也可能因系统性遗漏某些迁移流动人口（如城—城流动人口）而失效,同时还严重干扰对现实人口迁移流动方向的判断。此外,基于“人户分离”得到的流动人口数据还存在着不能用于“率”指标的计算和缺乏国际可比性等问题。基于此,本文认为中国人口迁移流动的相关概念、测量和数据收集应回归其反映空间变动事件的本质功能,逐步扩大使用基于5年前常住地（乃至1年前常住地）变动的人口迁移流动数据,并充分利用人口登记和行政管理数据开发基于迁移事件的人口迁移流动数据,为分析和判断中国人口迁移流动的演变趋势和规律提供有效且可靠的数据基础。     

大连商品住宅价格空间分异规律研究

文章通过收集、整理有关大连市住宅小区价格的信息资料,运用统计分析软件对大连市住宅小区房价进行因子分析和聚类分析。运用地理信息系统技术,绘制该市住宅小区价格分布图,以揭示住宅小区价格的空间分布规律,分析其形成的内在机制。据研究,大连市商品住宅价格空间分布是以单一核心为中心的同心圆状递减为基本规律,但由于受城市自然条件影响,在同心圆状临海周边出现零星的高房价中心。     

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUTING DISTANCE,RESIDENCE, AND EMPLOYMENT LOCATION: METROPOLITAN HAIFA 1972 AND 1983*

This paper highlights three major aspects of gender differences in employment in Haifa, Israel (1972 and 1983): commuting distance, place of residence, and employment location. In 1972 working womenaposs residences were more central-city-oriented, whereas in 1983 they were more suburbanized. Commuting distances increased between 1972 and 1983 for both sexes, but more for men than for women. This shorter “female'’distance is related to the location of employment and its occupational segregation. The lower commuting values in Haifa compared to other places relate to the size, housing patterns, and structure of the study area, and to its levels of suburbanization and automobile ownership.     

城市更新过程中流动人口居住-就业变动的协同机制研究——以北京为例

城市更新过程中流动人口面临居住与就业的不稳定.本文构建流动人口居住与就业协同变动的理论分析框架,使用北京大样本问卷调研数据,基于双层级双变量离散选择模型,分析城市更新背景下流动人口居住-就业变动协同性及其与背景环境的关系.结果发现:流动人口的居住/就业变动概率远高于本地人口,城市更新对流动人口居住和就业的不稳定性影响更...     

'To define the indefinable': population classification and the census in South Africa

The population of many countries, including South Africa, has been classified into discrete groups from colonial times until the present day, for purposes of census enumeration. A reading of the census results requires an understanding of the subtleties and shifts of the classification system, which were frequently related to a definition of legal and political rights, including place of residence. The national census has tended to reinforce the groups it was initially meant only to observe.     

Gender Differences in Chronic Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution—A Simulation Study of Working Females and Males

The objective of this study was to identify spatial variability in exposure to outdoor traffic-related air pollution with specific emphasis on comparing exposure estimates for working females and males across a metropolitan area. A spatial exposure simulation model was used to estimate annual average exposure to traffic-related nitrogen dioxide for males and females reporting regular work in census tracts other than that of their residence, in Vancouver, British Columbia. The model produced estimates of annual average exposure in six microenvironments (home indoor, work indoor, other indoor, outdoor, in-vehicle to work, and in-vehicle other) using time-activity patterns and work flow data, for males and females in each of 382 census tracts. This allowed for the identification of spatial variations in exposure estimates for each gender, due to mobility within the study region. Indoor sources of nitrogen dioxide were not included in the simulation. No significant differences in estimated total exposure were found between working females and males in general. Small but observable spatial differences, however, were found between working females and males at the 90th percentile of the exposure distributions associated specifically with the work indoor microenvironment. These were highest in suburban areas (+3 μ g/m³ for females, relative to total exposures in the range of 26 to 37 μ g/m³ annual average hourly nitrogen dioxide). These results identify specific geographic locations in the study area where personal monitoring studies might be warranted and suggest that the inclusion of workplace locations in multivariate modeling could be useful to further understand differences in estimated exposures.     

Multiple Residence and Cyclical Migration: A Life Course Perspective*

As a result of restrictive time-space bounds in viewing migration, surprisingly little is known about the tempos and rhythms of geographical mobility in America. We discuss limitations of the conventional definition of migration and develop a life course framework of multiple residence and cyclical migration. Results of an Arizona-based case study reveal that multiple residence is common and more diverse than the annual influx of elderly snowbirds. Coming to grips with multiple residence and recurrent mobility in the United States represents a fundamental challenge in population and migration studies.     

Estimation of groundwater residence time and recession rate in watershed of the Loess Plateau

Groundwater residence time is an important indicator of hydrological cycle and essential for water resources development and utilization. In this paper, groundwater residence time in non-flood season, flood season and water year has been determined from daily streamflow hydrograph of ten hydrological stations in Wudinghe River Basin located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin. Results have showed that: baseflow recession constant in Wudinghe River Basin ranges from 0.72 to 0.94 with a larger recession rate in flood season than that in non-flood season. Spatially, the recession rate of baseflow in loess area is the biggest, but is the smallest in the sandy area. The half-residence time of groundwater varies from 1.8 to 45.5 days while overall residence time of groundwater is between 34 and 342 days in different sub-basins of the Wudinghe River Basin. The annual average overall residence time of groundwater decreases from 117 days in the upper reaches to 73 days in the lower reaches.     

基于流动性视角的第二居所旅游研究综述

第二居所产生于后现代城市的多元居住与流动性环境中,在目的地城市中创造了新的居住空间与物质景观。作为现代性演进中更大的流动性生活的代表,它深刻影响着迁移者的行动、地方依恋与身份感知,引导城市社会、文化、环境、空间结构发生变革。基于流动性的研究框架,文章综述了第二居所与第二居所旅游的研究概况,从流入地、流出地、旅游通道、宏观环境4 个空间范畴概括了国内外第二居所旅游研究的现有成果与框架模型。第二居所研究存在概念定义模糊、国家专项统计缺失、研究对象可进入性差、国际横向比较困难等问题。在城市化与现代性交错发生、城市空间快速变革的背景下,对于消费导向的流动性及第二居所旅游的研究需要更深层次的拓展。     

Race and Primary,Return, and Onward Interstate Migration

This paper uses the U.S. 1990 Public Use Micro Sample to characterize the 1985-1990 primary, return, and onward interstate migration patterns for blacks and whites. The classification of these three types of migration is based on the state of birth and state of residence at the start and end of the census interval. Major migration streams, migration rates, and net migration are evaluated for each migrant type and compared for blacks and whites. Overall, the migration patterns of blacks resemble those of whites, with an attraction to the South and the Southwest and movement out of the Northeast and the Midwest. Some differences were observed, however, between the two races. Return migration rates were somewhat higher for black migrants as compared with whites, and onward migration rates were lower. Black primary out-migrants represented a larger proportion of the total flows from the southern states as compared with white out-migrant flows, and they represented a larger share of the out-migrants from the rust belt states. The major migration streams also had different regional and national patterns by race and migrant type.     

广州市商品住宅价格分布特征研究

通过收集整理、统计分析有关广州市商品住宅销售价格的信息资料，探讨了广州市商品住宅价格时空分布规律及影响因素。结果认为，广州市商品住宅价格分布不平衡，价格分布东山东东湖区为最高价中心，并向四周逐渐降低。而且住宅价格呈直线上升，其影响因素主要与地价、城市形态与功能结构、交通与绿化环境、生活服务设施以及物业管理水平有关。并就此提出一些建议。     

城市流动人口长期居留意愿的空间分异及影响因素 ——以长三角城市群为例

以长三角城市群为例,采用多层Logistic回归分析方法,分析城市流动人口长期居留意愿的空间格局及其影响因素.研究发现:1)长三角城市群流动人口长期居留意愿比例为38.09％,其中安徽的城市流动人口以省内流入为主,长期居留意愿比例普遍较高;而沪、苏、浙的城市大多以省际迁移人口为主,高和较高居留意愿城市主要为上海、南京、...     

基于作息空间思想的人口统计数据空间化方法

探讨了基于作息空间思想的人口统计数据空间化方法。定义居住和工作的活动空间范围为作息空间,并结合土地利用类型数据和泰森多边形构建了作息空间,以作息空间人口密度作为人口空间分布的表达方式。对辽宁省2005年人口统计数据进行了实例分析,精度优于传统的面积权重内插法,结果的地图渲染能够表现受自然因素和社会经济因素影响的人口分布特征。该方法不涉及复杂的权重计算过程,也可以避免主观因素的干扰,简单易行,有较强的实用性。     

Use of the census of population to discern trends in the Welsh language: an aggregate analysis

The aim of this paper is to present a preliminary analysis of unitary authority level data from the 2001 census of population on the spatial (and, where available, temporal) patterns in proportions of Welsh speakers in Wales. In so doing we draw attention to the advantages (and limitations) of the census as a source of information on the state of the Welsh language. Although a 2 per cent increase in the percentage of Welsh speakers between 1991 and 2001 has been welcomed, several commentators have drawn attention to the change in the nature of the question asked at the 2001 census which may account for some of this increase. In this paper, we assess what is, and is not, possible to discern from the census, draw attention to other potential sources of information on the language and make some preliminary recommendations for those agencies concerned with monitoring trends in the future, both with regard to the need for more detailed language use surveys and the nature of the question included in subsequent censuses that would permit a more useful comparison of spatial and temporal trends.     

黄土高原流域地下水更新时间估算(英文)

Groundwater residence time is an important indicator of hydrological cycle and essential for water resources development and utilization.In this paper,groundwater residence time in non-flood season,flood season and water year has been determined from daily streamflow hydrograph of ten hydrological stations in Wudinghe River Basin located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin.Results have showed that:baseflow recession constant in Wudinghe River Basin ranges from 0.72 to 0.94 with a larger recessio...     

名人故居免费开放对客源市场的影响——以孙中山故居为例

通过实地调研和2007～2010年孙中山故居客源市场统计数据,对孙中山故居免费开放后的客源市场变化情况进行了分析。研究表明免费开放对客源市场空间构成及消费行为产生了积极影响,并呈现以下特征:客流量逐年大幅度增加;周边地区及本地旅游市场集中度显著增加;游客数量春夏季增幅较大,在时间分布上相对均衡;客源市场消费动机日趋多元化,休闲旅游需求增加;游客购物行为明显增加。免费开放在一定程度上使孙中山故居从传统的教育基地馆变为大众休闲旅游场所,这种变化给予名人故居新的发展契机。针对客源市场的新需求,景区管理委员会应该改变管理思路,采取相应的经营管理措施。     

黄土高原草地和农田生态系统碳滞留时间及固碳潜力

采用概率反演分析法估算黄土高原草地和农田生态系统各碳库滞留时间及固碳潜力。结果表明:除农田植物地上部分外,植物地上部分、地下部分、代谢性凋落物及土壤活性有机碳库滞留时间最短,为25~203d;惰性凋落物碳库滞留时间为2.4~3a;慢性有机碳库和惰性有机碳库滞留时间最长,分别为57.4~79.6a和593~598a。多年生草地的根系滞留时间显著高于农田;而农田代谢性凋落物碳库和慢性有机碳库的滞留时间显著高于草地。根据反演所得参数模拟,在当前气候和土壤条件下,农田和草地系统土壤有机碳在250a左右时达稳定状态,农田系统固碳潜力约为2 680g C·m^-2,草地约为3 130g C·m^-2。农田有机肥的输入能使土壤有机碳多固定4 000g C·m^-2。有机肥的输入及土壤有机碳周转缓慢使耕作农田比草地更有利于土壤有机碳积累。     

Immigration impacts on internal migration of the poor: 1990 census evidence for U.S. states

"This article presents newly-available migration data from the 1990 U.S. census to assess immigration and internal migration components as they affect state poverty populations. New immigrant waves are heavily focused on only a few 'port-of-entry' states. It is suggested that these immigrants have begun to impact upon internal migration into and out of these 'high immigration states', and have also altered the national system of internal migration patterns. This article addresses three questions: How do the magnitudes of poverty population out-migration from high immigration states compare with those of other states? Is this out-migration selective on particular social and demographic groups? Is immigration a significant determinant of internal migration of the poor population? The results of this analysis are consistent with the view that recent, focused immigration is associated with out-migration among a state's poor longer-term residents."