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利用高频粒子图像测速PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)系统对明渠弯道水流进行了测量,在两种不同试验方式的配合下,不仅提供了大量高精度的平面二维流场数据,还成功重构了弯道水流的三维平均流速场,为深入研究弯道水流复杂的时均流动结构提供了试验依据。试验结果表明,由于弯道曲率不连续,水流主流区在弯道入口位于凸岸附近,随后在离心力的作用下逐渐转移至凹岸,并一直维持至弯道出口;凹岸顶托及环流运动导致不同横向位置处的纵向流速剖面近床面区域速度梯度及最大流速的位置沿程发生改变;弯道曲率越大,最大水深平均纵向流速转移至靠近凹岸一侧的位置离弯道入口越远;受上游直段二次流的影响,环流运动在弯道入口断面呈三涡结构,随后快速衰减为双涡结构;弯道主环流的强度沿程先增加后减小,涡核位置沿程往复摆动。 相似文献
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采用DynaRICE二维河冰模型模拟弯道及其取水口附近的水面冰运动和堆积过程,探讨弯道取水口导冰筏的优化设计。该模型耦合了水动力方程和冰动力方程,分别采用有限元法和光滑粒子流体动力学法对水动力方程和冰动力方程进行求解。模拟得到弯道取水口处水流水力特性、不同角度导冰筏下河冰运动规律及其受力情况。结果表明河冰靠弯道凹岸一侧运动,并在取水口附近及其下游堆积,横向环流对河冰运动影响可忽略,取水口上游设置角度和长度合理的导冰筏可有效阻止河冰进入引水渠。但是,下游也需设置导冰筏来防止河冰在取水口下游堆积及向上游延伸到取水口。 相似文献
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采用DynaRICE二维河冰模型模拟弯道及其取水口附近的水面冰运动和堆积过程,探讨弯道取水口导冰筏的优化设计。该模型耦合了水动力方程和冰动力方程,分别采用有限元法和光滑粒子流体动力学法对水动力方程和冰动力方程进行求解。模拟得到弯道取水口处水流水力特性、不同角度导冰筏下河冰运动规律及其受力情况。结果表明河冰靠弯道凹岸一侧运动,并在取水口附近及其下游堆积,横向环流对河冰运动影响可忽略,取水口上游设置角度和长度合理的导冰筏可有效阻止河冰进入引水渠。但是,下游也需设置导冰筏来防止河冰在取水口下游堆积及向上游延伸到取水口。 相似文献
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弯道水流结构在天然河流形态演变过程中起着重要作用,为进一步深化对弯道环流结构与紊动特性的认识,以三峡库区黄花城河段具有的连续弯道为研究对象,采用声学多普勒剖面流速仪(ADCP)开展原型三维瞬时速度测量,初步分析弯道环流结构与湍流结构尺度分布特性。研究结果表明:三峡库区黄花城河段存在河道层面宏观尺度的弯道环流结构;受局部壅水以及河床地形影响,在测量垂线上表现为全水深环流结构或双环流结构特征;超大尺度湍流结构仍然存在于库区连续弯道河流中,但尺度以及分布受弯道环流结构影响较大。 相似文献
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泥石流流速是难以实测和准确推算的重要参数。在分析既有各类弯道超高计算公式的基础上,探讨适用于各类泥石流的弯道超高计算模式,进而改进基于弯道超高的粘性泥石流、稀性泥石流和泥流的流速计算公式,用实例加以验证。 相似文献
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通过黄河下游游荡性河道典型河段河势观测资料,统计分析了河势的调整关系。研究表明,尽管游荡性河道河势多变不定,但主流线在河宽方向的摆动位置仍有一定的统计规律可循;主流线弦高与弦长之间的调整符合弓形参数间的一般函数关系;随主流线长度增加,弯曲半径不会无限制减小,将会趋于某一相对稳定状态;弯曲系数与主流线长度、弯曲半径之间的统计关系表征了黄河下游游荡性河道河势易出现陡湾且易坐小湾坐陡湾的特性;弯曲半径与河面宽之间具有一定的相关趋势,河面越宽,弯曲半径增加的可能性越大。 相似文献
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由于降水较少以及地下水超采,北方地区大部分河流基流匮乏,河水主要来自未经深度处理的城市生活污水和工业废水,河水水质难以达标.在这些地区,利用河流漫滩土壤和含水层的天然净化能力,建立近自然土壤-含水层侧渗系统是净化河水的有效途径之一.在介绍侧渗系统净化机理及适用条件的基础上,通过室内试验和野外示范工程研究索须河土壤-含水层对河水中氨氮的去除效果.室内试验表明该处土壤及浅部含水层对氨氮的去除主要通过稀释、吸附和微生物等作用;通过对示范工程典型剖面上的监测井观测表明该系统对氨氮的去除效果良好,受降水补给的土壤和含水层使得河水中的氨氮硝化为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐.硝酸盐在地下水中很难被去除,只有少部分通过反硝化作用转化成N2.土壤-含水层侧渗系统行之有效,可应用于类似索须河的北方河流. 相似文献
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Many state departments of transportation and consulting firms continue to use dynamic formulas because they are simple and inexpensive as compared to the preferred dynamic loading test with signal matching. Efforts to reduce the error and uncertainty associated with dynamic formulas are therefore warranted until dynamic monitoring becomes standard for every driven pile. However, dynamic formulas calibrated to national test pile databases have indicated inaccuracy and high uncertainty in the capacity prediction using dynamic formulas. A region-specific dynamic load test database was used to assess the accuracy and uncertainty in the Janbu, Danish and FHWA Gates formulas, recalibrate the equations for local conditions (construction practice, geology) and to generate resistance factors for use with Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). Following recalibration, the capacity predictions became more accurate, and an observed dependence of the accuracy on the magnitude of resistance was eliminated for most driving conditions (e.g. end-of-driving, restrike). Previously reported static load test data were used to incorporate the transformation error associated with using the dynamic capacity to predict an equivalent static capacity. Resistance factors for use in Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) were developed in consideration of American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials–recommended load statistics and target reliability indices. Efficiency factors were used to assess the economic performance of each dynamic formula. Comparison of the accuracy and uncertainty of the recalibrated equations to a nationwide calibration illustrated the advantage of using a geologic-specific database for the calibration of resistance factors. 相似文献
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Complex variations in sediment transport at three large river bifurcations during discharge waves in the river Rhine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
River bifurcations strongly control the distribution of water and sediment over a river system. A good understanding of this distribution process is crucial for river management. In this paper, an extensive data set from three large bifurcations in the Dutch Rhine is presented, containing data on bed‐load transport, suspended bed sediment transport, dune development and hydrodynamics. The data show complex variations in sediment transport during discharge waves. The objective of this paper is to examine and explain these measured variations in sediment transport. It is found that bend sorting upstream of the bifurcations leads to supply limitation, particularly in the downstream branch that originates in the outer bend of the main channel. Tidal water level variations lead to cyclical variations in the sediment distribution over the downstream branches. Lags in dune development cause complex hysteresis patterns in flow parameters and sediment transport. All bifurcations show evidence of sediment waves, which probably are intrinsic bifurcation phenomena. The complex transport processes at the three bifurcations cause distinct discontinuities in the downstream fining trend of the river. Differences among the studied river bifurcations are mainly due to differences in sediment mobility (Shields value). Because the variations in sediment transport are complex and poorly correlated with the flow discharge, prediction of the sediment distribution with existing relationships for one‐dimensional models is problematic. 相似文献
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基于能量守恒原理,通过实体模型试验的方法,对河流发生弯曲的机理进行了探讨。研究认为,河流具有弯曲的自然属性,其弯曲程度主要取决于水流能量的大小,与流量、比降有很大关系;河流发生弯曲是水流为补偿能量损失得以保持运动而形成的一种自然造床过程,河流在运动过程中,通过弯曲形成上游壅水,增加势能,使下游比降相对增大,动能得以增加,从而保持河段内的水沙输移达到相对平衡,此即"动能自补偿"的弯曲机理;河流弯曲程度与需要补偿的动能多少有关,河段上下断面的动能差越大,河段弯曲系数就越大。"动能自补偿"的机理得到了实验室观测结果的验证和野外原型定位观测资料的佐证。 相似文献
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为预测黄河下游游荡性河道大规模整治后对河床演变的作用,基于河流动力学理论,通过物理模型试验的方法,以黄河下游游荡性河道典型河段为对象,研究了河床过程对河道整治的复杂响应关系。研究结果表明,河槽横断面形态的调整与人工边界约束程度、流量变差及含沙量变差有关;只要整治工程体系平面布设合理,整治工程量达到一定规模后,通过河道整治,可使河槽横断面形态趋于窄深方向发展,促使游荡型河道向限制性弯曲型河道转化,同时,河道泄洪输沙能力有所提高;河道整治后,不同河段的比降调整不会平行进行。 相似文献