松辽盆地晚三冬期的黑碳记录及其古环境意义

黑碳(BC)是生物质和化石燃料等不完全燃烧产生的含碳物质,古老沉积物中的黑碳记录可以重建过去的火灾事件和陆地植被演化历史。文中通过对晚三冬期松辽盆地姚家车站剖面、后金沟剖面和岳王城剖面的黑碳记录进行分析,来揭示嫩江组一段到二段下部的火灾事件、气候特征及植被变化信息。研究结果显示:嫩江组一段BC的含量较低,为0%~0.22%,表明可能存在的火灾事件规模很小;在该段时期有几次BC/TOC值较高,暗示着小规模的火灾事件。在嫩二段下部BC的含量突然升高,最高可达1.4%,反映了大规模火灾事件的发生。黑碳的稳定碳同位素(δ~(13) CBC)数据表明:在嫩一段,黑碳的δ~(13) CBC值(-29.4‰~-25.0‰)表现为逐渐偏正的趋势,可能是由大气CO_2浓度逐渐降低所导致;在嫩二段下部,δ~(13) CBC值先呈现突然偏负的趋势,可能是由于大规模的火灾事件以及火山活动引起的大气CO_2浓度短暂升高以及植被类型的变化所造成的,之后δ~(13) CBC值又表现为逐渐偏正的特征。综合来看,在嫩江组一段仅发生小规模火灾事件,嫩二段下部则发生大规模火灾事件,由嫩江组一段到二段下部大气CO_2浓度呈现降低—升高—再降低的变化趋势。     

松辽盆地白垩纪缺氧地质事件的地质地球化学特征

松辽盆地白垩纪出现多期缺氧地质事件,它与全球白垩纪的地质事件相对应。青山口组一段及嫩江组一段出现较明显的缺氧地质事件,表现为有机质丰度高的源岩沉积。可溶有机质具有较低的姥植比,生物标志物出现了28,30 双降藿烷及保存了相对较为完整的C34或C35藿烷、重排甾烷的含量很低、有伽马蜡烷的存在等特征。松辽盆地在白垩纪时存在缺氧事件和海侵事件,与此同时,缺氧事件造成了这些地层中富含并具有高度分散性区域特征的生物化石的组合,形成了层序地层学上的密集段;缺氧事件又反作用于底栖生物,导致了松辽盆地古生物演化史上的生物绝灭事件。松辽盆地以持续沉降为主,湖盆水域迅速扩大,水体加深,近岸湖水表层生物生产率提高,底层水循环不畅导致了湖水底层水体缺氧,引发了古湖泊缺氧事件。在松辽盆地的缺氧事件中形成了青山口组一段及嫩江组一段的黑色泥岩(部分地区发育页岩),成为松辽盆地的主力油源层,为大庆油田的形成奠定了良好的物质基础。     

松辽盆地北部白垩纪青山口组黑色页岩元素地球化学特征及沉积古环境恢复

对松辽盆地北部青山口组118块页岩样品进行有机碳和元素地球化学测试,运用一系列判别古气候、古盐度、古生产力和古氧化还原条件的地化指标,恢复青山口组黑色页岩的沉积环境,探讨富有机质页岩成因机制。青山口组沉积期为温暖半湿润亚热带气候,古气温>15℃,水体为陆相微咸水—半咸水环境,盐度5‰～10‰。青山口组底部发育厚度约30 m的富有机质页岩,TOC最高达到9.39%,自下而上有机碳含量逐渐变低。富有机质页岩Cu、Ni、Mo和Zn含量高,发育大量胶磷矿、藻席,表明青山口组早期湖盆生产力达到峰值,为有机质富集提供物质基础。U元素含量以及V/（V+Ni）、V/Sc比值较高,表明青山口组早期水体为强还原环境,为富有机质页岩保存提供有利条件。中-晚期随着湖盆收缩、水体变浅,还原环境遭到破坏,有机碳含量降低。TOC与古生产力及氧化还原指标呈正相关关系,表明有机质含量的变化主要受控于湖盆生产力和氧化还原环境。古海侵事件带来丰富营养物质,极大提高了湖盆生产力,保证有机质大量供应;同时海侵造成盐度分层,使底部水体的强还原环境不受破坏,促进了有机质的保存。松辽盆地青山口组在白垩纪全球缺氧事件影响下形成了面积约5×10⁴ km²的黑色页岩,是页岩油勘探的重要目标。     

中国东部第三系陆相沉积中的甲藻甾烷：海侵指相的标志物？

通过对我国东部盆地洪泽凹陷和临清坳限德州凹陷第三系相沉积泥岩中生物标志物分析，检测到了丰富的甲藻甾烷异构体和２４－正丙基胆甾烷。结合它们的分布特征与产出的地层微体古生物资料，笔者推断它们可能是海侵作用的产物。     

松辽盆地晚白垩世古气候变化的测井替代指标

寻求指示古气候变化的测井替代指标是近年来古气候研究的重要途径和方向。测井曲线是地层岩 石学、岩石物理学、岩石地球化学特征的综合反映,具有连续性好、纵向分辨率高的特点,为反演古气候变化 提供了新的手段。松科１井作为专门为研究松辽盆地晚白垩世重大地质事件与古气候变化而部署的一口科学探 索井,具有系统的岩心资料和较完整的测井系列资料。文中在对松科１井南孔自然伽马能谱测井资料进行统计 的基础上,结合放射性元素地球化学分析结果,论证了钍／钾比（Th/K） 可以作为指示气候变化良好替代指标 的可行性,并据此对松辽盆地青山口组-嫩江组沉积时期的气候干湿变化进行了反演。结果表明：松辽盆地从 泉头组３段-嫩江组２段沉积时期气候总体表现为从潮湿向半干旱转化的趋势,垂向上可划分为３个完整的干 湿变化旋回。这一研究结论与前人在松辽盆地南部采用古生物学以及元素地球化学分析得出的结论相吻合,表 明根据自然伽马能谱资料统计得出的Yh/K值可以作为反演古气候变化的替代指标。     

松辽盆地滨北地区晚古生代林西组油气条件分析

以松辽盆地滨北地区为研究区,结合野外露头资料,钻井及地震资料,围绕晚古生代林西组开展油气地质特征研究.结果表明,滨北地区晚古生代林西组发育厚层暗色泥岩,向盆地内部方向暗色泥岩增厚;林西组暗色泥岩有机质丰度为0.96％～2.79％,Ro为2.28％～5.53％,处于高-过成熟阶段.有机质类型以Ⅱ、Ⅲ型干酪根为主,为有效烃...     

晚三叠世中卡尼期极端气候事件:研究进展及存在问题

作为三叠纪最显著的气候变化事件,全球性的卡尼期气候事件以幕次降雨量增多为特征,在西北特提斯洋地区表现较为明显,主要反映了从碳酸盐岩到黑色页岩的岩性变化,近年来这一地质事件在美国、中国、日本等地的卡尼阶地层中也有识别.其成因一直是学者研究的重点,有人认为是板块构造运动促使大气或大洋循环发生了变化,或是超级大陆聚合碰撞而触发大火成岩省喷发致使全球气候发生了紊乱,也有人认为是地球系统综合因素相互作用的结果.联系到中国西南部地区卡尼阶现状,认为超级季风、构造运动和卡尼期气候变化的关系值得深入研究,此外卡尼期气候事件过程中碳酸盐补偿深度上升问题、卡尼期黑色页岩事件反映的大洋生产力以及多幕卡尼期气候事件反映的气候波动事件等科学问题也是今后的研究中值得重视的.     

松辽盆地北部构造回返期的油气藏

松辽盆地白垩纪以来经历了断陷期、坳陷期和回返期3个主要构造演化阶段。其中回返期表现的构造应力的反转在嫩江组末期、明水组末期和第四纪早期均有活动。中浅层和深层油气的运移、保存、破坏和再分配直接受控于回返期的3次构造运动。通过盆地东北部油气系统分析和重点油气藏的剖析，揭示反转构造运动与油气藏形成和破坏的深层关系。     

松辽盆地北部湖盆萎缩期层序结构与沉积充填

萎缩期是陆相湖盆演化的重要阶段,但和断陷期、坳陷期相比,对湖泊萎缩期的沉积充填和层序构成的认识非常不足,研究也非常薄弱。松辽盆地的四方台期和明水期是典型的湖盆萎缩期,对其沉积充填和层序构成的研究有助于加深学术界和工业界对这一重要阶段的认识和促进油气勘探。将四方台组、明水组划分为一个超层序,六个三级层序。对比分析了松辽盆地坳陷期与萎缩期地质特征,认为盆地萎缩期为地形平缓的浅水盆地,具有构造幅度低、可容空间小、湖平面升降频繁等特点。层序界面多表现为低角度不整合、低幅上超面以及沉积转换面等;沉积上,该段主要发育河流相、浅水湖泊、浅水三角洲等沉积相。层序结构上,由于没有明显坡折带,故采用两分法划分体系域,包括湖侵体系域(TST)和湖退体系域(RST);盆地边缘没有明显的的下切谷特征,砂体主要发育于湖侵体系域,很少发育湖底扇。从层序主控因素看,由于构造整体稳定,湖平面变化主要受气候和盆地古地貌影响。     

Late Cretaceous ostracod fauna from the Shenjiatun section (Songliao Basin,Northeast China): Biostratigraphic and palaeoecological implications

This work provides the first detailed taxonomic study of ostracod species from the Shenjiatun section (Nenjiang Formation, Songliao Basin, northeast China). Ten species belonging to seven genera are recognized. At the species level, this ostracod fauna shows a high degree of endemicity. The ontogeny of two species is recognized in this study, and sexual dimorphism within Daqingella arca is unequivocally recognized for the first time. The ostracod fauna suggests that this fossil-bearing sedimentary succession should be assigned to members 3–4 (Campanian) of the Nenjiang Formation (mainly Member 3) instead of representing ‘Quaternary sediments’ as previously thought. On the basis of the ostracod fauna, Member 3 of the Nenjiang Formation at Shenjiatun represents a shallow-littoral, lacustrine depositional environment that, at least in the upper part of Member 3, potentially included less stable conditions characterized by smaller, ephemeral waterbodies and increased (non-marine, oligohaline) salinities through evaporation.     

松辽盆地滨北地区油气运移输导体系分析

传统的围绕生烃洼陷的油气勘探在滨北地区受到了严峻的考验,面积占整个松辽盆地1/3的滨北地区的油气勘探一直没有取得突破性进展.分析认为滨北地区存在三大背斜构造带(绥棱背斜带、乾元背斜带和克山-依龙背斜带)和滨州走滑断裂带所构成的输导体系.三大背斜带的形成和定型均早于盆地青山口组主力烃源岩大规模生排烃时间(白垩纪末),并分别倾没于齐家-古龙凹陷北部、黑鱼泡凹陷和三肇凹陷,凹陷生烃潜力的差异决定了紧邻输导体系油气勘探潜力的差异,其中齐家北凹陷和三肇凹陷已经发现了较丰富的油气资源,决定了绥棱背斜带和克山-依龙背斜带油气勘探的潜力较大.乾元背斜带临近黑鱼泡凹陷,由于黑鱼泡凹陷烃源岩成熟度低,烃源岩没有进入大规模生排烃阶段,因此勘探潜力有限;滨州走滑断裂带横穿齐家-古龙凹陷和三肇凹陷,断裂活动时间与烃源岩成熟时间一致,有利于油气的定向运移,同时晚期构造活动西段强而东段弱,从油气保存的角度看,有可能东段优于西段,但从油气的垂向运移看,西段更有可能形成垂向上多层系含油的复式油气聚集带,因此沿整个滨州走滑断裂带是有利的勘探领域.     

Risk assessment of water resources utilization in Songliao Basin of Northeast China

The demand of water is increasing with the socioeconomic development, and the contradictions between supply and demand of water resources in regional scale have become increasingly intensified. Scientifically evaluating the risk caused by the contradictions between supply and demand of water resources has become a useful way to solve the imbalance of water resources effectively. In the current study, the utilization of water resources in Songliao Basin was analyzed based on the water quantity, water quality, and socioeconomic data in 1999?C2006. Accordingly, a risk-evaluation index system of water resources utilization was generated, which included ten indicators, such as the total quantity of regional water resources. Three common factors (i.e., high water-demand, high water-supply, and low-quality water) were identified by factor analysis. These factors were then evaluated with spatial clustering. Thus, the risk distribution of water resources was made in the study area. The results indicate that (1) the pattern of water resources utilization in Songliao Basin was high risk in Songnei Plain and low risk in Changbaishan Mountain, and (2) Nenjiang and Songhua Rivers were high risk; however, Tumen and Wusuli Rivers were low risk.     

Palynological record from a composite core through Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene deposits in the Songliao Basin, Northeast China and its biostratigraphic implications

Two boreholes drilled approximately 75 km apart in the Songliao Basin, Northeast China, have together provided a composite core that represents an almost continuous section through Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene deposits. Eight biozones have been established for this succession of seven formations based on occurrences and associations of biostratigraphically significant palynomorph genera. Seven of these suggest that there was more or less continuous deposition from the late Turonian to the early Paleocene, with the eighth encompassing a Miocene formation that overlies the succession unconformably. This zonation provides a new chronostratigraphic framework for the Late Cretaceous deposits of the Songliao Basin. The ages of most of the formations involved differ from those determined previously. One of the sedimentary units, the Mingshui Formation, includes the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary, which seems to be indicated by an apparent “mass extinction” of palynomorph taxa, a comparatively rare occurrence outside North America. The upper Quantou Formation, the lowest unit in the succession, is dated as late Turonian-Coniacian, which is much younger than previously thought. The same applies to the overlying Qingshankou and Yaojia formations, and also to the other three (Nenjiang, Sifangtai and Mingshui) but to a lesser extent, in the conformable succession. The Early/Late Cretaceous boundary must now be located probably below the Quantou Formation, either between it and the underlying Denglouku Formation or within the latter.     

松辽盆地异常压力系统及其形成原因探讨

松辽盆地泥岩声波时差反映盆地纵向上存在四套欠压实泥岩,即嫩江组一、二段泥岩,青山口组一段泥岩,泉头组一、二段泥岩和登楼库组一、二段泥岩.泥岩欠压实顶界面位于1000m左右,向盆地东部有逐渐抬高的趋势,局部地区位于800m附近.钻杆测试数据(DST)、重复地层测试数据(RFT)反映盆地储层压力系统以龙虎泡阶地和大庆长垣为界,分为西部斜坡带常压-低压系统(压力系数<1.06)、齐家古龙凹陷-大庆长垣高压系统(压力系数>1.06)和三肇凹陷及其以东的低压-异常低压系统(压力系数<0.96).分析这种特殊压力结构的原因及其对油气运移聚集的影响,认为晚期构造活动是形成松辽盆地特殊流体动力场空间分布特征的触发器,嫩江组沉积末期以来东部斜坡带和西部斜坡带的抬升剥蚀作用与水热效应结合是形成松辽盆地异常低压的主要原因,而泥岩生烃作用是形成齐家古龙凹陷异常高压系统的主要原因.     

Late Cretaceous chronostratigraphy （Turonian-Maastrichtian）： SK1 core Songliao Basin, China

Non-marine ostracodes,charophytes and palynomorphs are abundant in most Cretaceous lacustrine basins of East Asia.However,their ranges are not directly integrated with marine biota that defines the Cre...     

Late Cretaceous marine fossils and seawater incursion events in the Songliao Basin,NE China

The Songliao Basin is the largest non-marine oil-bearing basin in China. Because of the absence of substantial evidence, the hypothesis of seawater incursion events into the Songliao Basin remains controversial. The presence of marine fossils could provide direct proof to support this supposition. Here, we report new discoveries of foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, brackish dinoflagellates, and other marine and brackish-water fossils to support the suggestion of seawater incursion events in the Songliao Basin. Relatively abundant benthic and planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, marine and brackish-water dinoflagellates, fish, and bivalves have been discovered in Members 1 and 2 of the Nenjiang Formation, a few foraminifera and brackish-water dinoflagellates have been found in the lower Qingshankou Formation, and just a few brackish-water bivalves have been found in the uppermost Qingshankou Fm. Based on the presence of marine molecular fossils and other evidence, we suggest that relatively large seawater incursion events occurred during the sedimentation of the lower Nenjiang Fm., relatively smaller seawater incursions occurred during the deposition of the lower Qingshankou Fm., and possibly a very small seawater incursion occurred during the sedimentation of the uppermost Qingshankou Fm. These seawater incursion events in the Songliao Basin were controlled by regional tectonic activity, evolution of the palaeo Songliao Lake, and global sea level change. These periodic seawater incursions brought marine biota into the palaeo Songliao Lake.     

徐家围子断陷火山岩充填的层序地层

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷晚侏罗世-早白垩世期间火山岩十分发育,火山喷发岩的盆地充填样式与其在盆地中喷发的构造位置和构造断阶样式有关。根据火山岩的喷发构造位置和赋存情况,徐家围子断陷火山岩的盆地充填样式可以分为三种类型：沿断裂喷发-赋存样式、在上升盘喷发-赋存样式和在下降盘喷发-赋存样式。这些火山岩的充填样式具有不同的几何学特征。在层序发育过程中火山的喷发与火山岩的充填分别出现在低水位早期、低水位晚期和水进期。在层序地层格架中不同火山岩的充填样式影响或控制了盆地的地形、沉积作用类型、沉积体几何学和层序结构。这种构造[CD*2]火山活动背景下的层序地层模式可以作为油气勘探的地质模型,进行储集层预测。